I forskningen har organisatoriskt lärande uppmärksammats, men inte institutionaliserats. Det organisatoriska lärandet påverkas i stor grad av nyckelpersoner vilket ledare och mellanchefer är. Organisatoriskt lärande styrs av det individuella lärandet vilket därför har en stor betydelse i sammanhanget. Ansvaret för det individuella lärandet läggs oftast på organisationens ledare och för ledares individuella lärande är reflektion och erfarenhet en avgörande faktor. Därför var studiens syfte att bidra till forskningen genom att undersöka hur kritiska situationer påverkat ledares lärande och bidragit till det individuella och organisatoriska lärandet. Syftet har studerats utifrån hur ledares reflektion görs och hur reflektionen påverkat ledares ledarskapsstil och orientering. För att studera detta användes vår egen tolkning av kritiska situationer tekniken. Studiens teoretiska referensram baserades därför på individuellt och organisatoriskt lärande, ledarskapsstilar, samt reflektion.Tillvägagångssättet som valdes var att intervjua ledare på mellanchefsnivå, halvstrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes baserat på kritiska situationer tekniken där olika kritiska scenarion diskuterades. I studien genomfördes även en enkät med samtliga intervjuade ledare där de fick uppskatta sin upplevda grad av orientering. Studiens konklusion är att fokus inte bör läggas på kombinerade ledarskapsstilar utan att vikten bör läggas på graden av orientering inom uppgift, relation och förändring. I studien kunde även ett samband identifieras som förklarar vad som krävs av ledare för att uppnå och bidra till organisatoriskt lärande. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

Hospital readmissions are a major burden for patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). On average, one in three hospital discharges among patients with ESRD are followed by a readmission within 30 days. Currently, dialysis facilities are held accountable for readmissions via the ESRD Quality Incentive Program standardized readmission ratio (SRR) clinical measure. However, little is known about facility-level factors associated with readmission. Additionally, unlike other standardized measures of quality in the dialysis setting, incident patients within their first 90-days of dialysis are included in the performance calculation. This study analyzed CMS Dialysis Facility Report data from 2013 to 2016 to examine dialysis facility and incident patient factors associated with SRR using multivariate mixed models. Among 5,419 dialysis facilities treating 104,768 incident patients, the mean SRR remained stable across all four study years at 0.99. Factors significantly associated with a lower SRR (p<0.0001) included Western geographic region and higher patient care technician ratios. Several incident patient pre-dialysis nephrology care characteristics were associated with lower SRRs including higher percentages of patients with a fistula present at first dialysis treatment, higher percentages of patients receiving 6-12 months or greater than 12 months of nephrology care prior to dialysis and higher facility average hemoglobin. Factors significantly associated with a higher SRR (p<0.0001) included Northeastern geographic region, higher registered nurse ratios, higher percentage of incident patients, and higher facility average GFR. Understanding facility-level and patient-level factors associated with higher SRRs may inform interventions to reduce 30-day hospital readmission among patients receiving dialysis.

Nigerian entrepreneurs face government barriers and lack the skills and awareness needed for successfully creating and scaling public value in resource-constrained environments. The concept of bricolage, which involves doing business by making do with resources at hand, has been addressed in the literature, but not as it occurs among Nigerian entrepreneurs. This study was conducted with the aim of narrowing this gap in knowledge by exploring how Nigerian entrepreneurs have successfully carried out their businesses. The research question addressed how Nigerian entrepreneurs overcame critical situations to successfully address the challenges of scaling and creating public value, and whether the theory of entrepreneurial bricolage can support their actions. A qualitative descriptive single case study with a purposeful sample of 22 interview respondents was employed. A total of 145 critical incidents were analyzed by fitting them into themes constructed a priori from the known behavioral patterns that emerged through the theoretical taxonomy of the concept of entrepreneurial bricolage. The results showed that Nigerian entrepreneurs made do with the resources at hand, improvised, and invoked stakeholder participation and persuasion to solve critical challenges of business continuity. The outcome of the research should help potential entrepreneurs determine strategies to scale their ideas or innovations to achieve positive social change. The results may be useful to any fledgling entrepreneur who needs encouragement when feeling overwhelmed by the challenges of doing business in Nigeria. Budding entrepreneurs can learn from the experiences of those who are deemed successful in their businesses, thereby avoiding challenges when they can and strategizing for those challenges that are unavoidable.

Many curricular innovations, including cross-curricular teaching, are started in schools without adequate teacher preparation and support, reducing the effectiveness of the interventions in supporting student learning. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to describe the implementation of the cross-curricular connections teaching technique in middle schools. Research questions focused on how middle school teachers experienced implementation of cross-curricular teaching at the incident level and how teachers perceived cross-curricular teaching and its long-term value. Myers-Briggs personality type theory informed the study, supporting the postulation that teachers are more comfortable teaching from their personality types. Data from 10 middle school teachers from 3 urban and semirural parochial schools in the northeastern United States were collected through interviews, focus group sessions, journals, and documents such as lesson plans and classroom materials. Open coding was used within progressive and comparative analyses. Primary themes included teacher comfort with cross-curricular connections; various applications of the teaching technique; cross-curricular connections within lessons; time constraints in planning, preparation, and implementation; and creative enhancement of lessons. Recommendations included enhanced professional development, more planning time for teacher teams, and more research about the technique. Positive social change implications include sustaining teachers' adoption and implementation of cross-curricular instruction in support of student achievement.

O Incidente de Resolução de Demandas Repetitivas foi criado pelo Código de Processo Civil de 2015, com expectativa de prestigiar os princípios da segurança jurídica, isonomia e celeridade processual, impactando na melhora ao acesso à justiça. Diante disso, esse estudo visa a examinar se o IRDR é realmente compatível com os princípios processuais constitucionais apontados e se, de outro lado, não afronta outros princípios igualmente de alçada constitucional, verificando-se se este instrumento está apto a funcionar como uma verdadeira ferramenta capaz de contribuir para o desenvolvimento no Estado Democrático de Direito, considerando a necessidade de se expandir as liberdades individuais, aqui alinhadas ao acesso a uma ordem jurídica íntegra, estável e coerente, mas que respeite as garantias imprescindíveis ao devido processo. Nesse contexto, propõe-se uma sistematização do incidente, a partir das disposições pelo Código de Processo Civil, em cotejo com a teoria desenvolvida sobre o instituto, bem como com a análise de dados empíricos, coletados nos autos, acórdãos, andamentos e demais informações referentes a incidentes já julgados por diversos tribunais. Assim, dialogando teoria e prática, propõe-se a melhor compreender o contexto e a sistemática do IRDR, buscando estabelecer uma leitura crítica, mas que contribua para as discussões e para o próprio aprimoramento da aplicação do incidente. / The Incident of Resolution of Repetitive Demands was created by the Civil Procedure Code of 2015, with the expectation of respecting the principles of legal certainty, isonomy and celerity of procedure, impacting on the improvement of justice access. Therefore, this study aims to examine whether the IRDR is actually compatible with the constitutional mentioned procedural principles and if, on the other hand, it does not affront other equally constitutional principles, verifying if this instrument is able to function as a real tool capable of contributing to development in the Democratic State of Law, considering the need to expand individual freedoms, here aligned with access to an integral, stable and coherent legal order, but respecting the guarantees indispensable to due process. In this context, it is proposed to systematize the incident, based on the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code, in conjunction with the theory developed about the institute, as well as with the analysis of empirical data collected in the process, decisions, reports and other informations related of incidents already tried by various courts. Thus, discussing theory and practice, it is proposed to better understand the context and systematics of the IRDR, seeking to establish a critical reading, but that contributes to the discussions and to the improvement of the application of the incident.

Traffic signals are very cost effective tools for urban traffic management in urban areas. The number of intersections in Sweden controlled by traffic signals has increased since the seventies, but efforts to study the traffic performance of the employed strategies are still lacking. The LHOVRA technique is the predominant isolated traffic signal control strategy in Sweden. Past-end green was originally incorporated as part of LHOVRA (the “O” function) and was intended to reduce the number of vehicles in the dilemma zone. Coordinated signal control in Sweden is often fixed-time with local vehicle actuated signal timing adjustments and bus priority. This research study was undertaken to increase the knowledge of the traffic performance impacts of these strategies. The aim was to evaluate the following control strategies using Stockholm as a case study: 1. The LHOVRA technique with a focus on the “O” function; 2. Fixed time coordination (FTC); 3. Fixed time coordination with local signal timing adjustment (FTC-LTA); 4. FTC-LTA as above + active bus priority (PRIBUSS); 5. Self-optimizing control (SPOT). Field measurements were used for study of driver behavior and traffic impacts as well as for collecting input data needs for simulation. The results from low speed approaches showed a higher proportion of stopped vehicles after receiving green extension. Moving the detectors closer to the stop line, and/or making the detectors speed dependent were suggested as measures to solve these problems. The VISSIM simulation model calibrated and validated with empirical data was used to study traffic performance and safety impacts of the LHOVRA technique as well as to test the suggested improvements. The simulation experiment results from these design changes were shown to reduce accident risk with little or no loss of traffic performance. TRANSYT was used to produce optimized fixed signal timings for coordinated intersections. HUTSIM simulations showed that local signal timing adjustment by means of past-end green was beneficial when applied to coordinated traffic signal control in the study area. Both delays and stops were reduced, although not for the main, critical intersection which operated close to capacity. To study the impacts of strategies for coordinated signal control with bus priority, extensive field data collection was undertaken during separate time periods with these strategies in the same area using mobile and stationary techniques. A method to calculate the approach delay was developed based on the observed number of queuing vehicles at the start and end of green. Compared to FTC-LTA, the study showed that PRIBUSS reduced bus travel time. SPOT reduced both bus and vehicle travel time. Future research efforts for the development of signal control strategies and their implementation in Sweden should be focused on strategies with self-optimization functionality. / QC 20100408

Los estudios de necesidades de información aportan una metodología con lo cual investigar, de manera sistemática, las características de los usuarios con relación a la información que necesitan para el desarrollo de su trabajo. Igualmente proporcionan criterios objetivos para tomar decisiones a la hora de planificar nuevos sistemas de información o adecuar los ya existentes. Esta tesis ha profundizado en los estudios de necesidades de información en el entorno hospitalario desde dos puntos de vista. Por una parte, se ha establecido un marco teórico de referencia que guíe las investigaciones en este campo. Para ello se ha buscado exhaustivamente la información publicada sobre la materia aportando el procedimiento que se ha empleado. De los trabajos recuperados, se ha realizado el análisis tanto del modo de producción y consumo como de su contenido. En segundo lugar, se ha realizado el estudio de las necesidades de información de los médicos del Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia utilizando como método de recogida de información la Técnica del Incidente Crítico. / Information needs studies provide a methodology to investigate, systematically, the characteristics of users in relation to the information they need to develop their work. Also it provides criteria for making decisions when planning new information systems or adapting the existing ones. This thesis focuses on information needs studies in hospital setting and has developed two complementary strategies. First, it has established a theoretical framework to guide research in this field. This has been an exhaustively searched of published information on the matter by providing the procedure to be used. Of retrieved papers, it has conducted the analysis of both production and contents. Secondly, a study has been made of the doctorâ s information needs in the Hospital Clinico Universitario in Valencia and the critical incident methodology has been used for data collection.

葉立欽時期十多年的自由民主改革實踐，使俄羅斯陷入了嚴重的困境。在殘酷的現實面前，俄羅斯人民希冀政治權威的產生。 藉由觀察尤科斯集團的崛起以及日後的「尤科斯事件」，我們發現俄羅斯社會轉型時期金融寡頭集團勢力的形成有其深刻的社會因素。隨著金融寡頭們自身實力的不斷增強，其對社會的阻礙作用日益顯露。普京上台後欲推行權威政治改革，不斷的加強總統集權，然而他所面臨的挑戰之一即是俄羅斯金融寡頭問題。為此，普京企圖以打擊經濟犯罪為名，打擊金融寡頭，藉以收攬人心，從而裂解葉立欽時期所遺留下來的「家族」集團勢力，建立以國家安全團隊為主幹的執政團隊，以鞏固其政權基礎。 普京執政以來，放棄空洞的「民主」口號，在社會政治領域建立以總統集權為核心的「可控式民主」，為社會發展和經濟提升提供了有力的保障。觀察俄羅斯近來所舉行的議會選舉和總統大選顯示出俄羅斯的政治力量對比、社會情緒和社會意識型態已發生變化。總統普京的聲望亦達到頂點。俄羅斯政治將進入以可控式民主為特點的新時期。 關鍵詞：金融寡頭、尤科斯事件、葉立欽、普京、可控式民主 / More than ten years of free demorcratic reforms of the Yeltsin’s era made the Russia society get into serious trouble. In face of the ruthless reality, Russian people call for the return of political authority. Through observing the establishment of “Yukos Group” and the development of “Yukos Incident”, we know that at the beginning of Russia transition, the financial oligarch groups came into being for deeply social reasons. With amplifying in energy, the financial oligarch groups have hampered the social development more and more seriously. After coming into power, Putin wants to promote the authoritarian political reforms and enhance president’s absolute power continuously. However, one of the challenges he faced to is the problem of Russian financial oligarch groups. Because of this, Russian president Putin was attempted to wipe out some of these oligarchs in the name of combat against economic crimes, in order to rally the popular support, to wipe out the “Family” force left by Yeltsin’s regime and replace them with a new ruling command of national security elite, and to consolidate his own power. Since Putin took power from Yeltsin, he has dropped empty “ Democratic” slogans and instituted “ Controllable Democracy” in the socio- political field with presidential power as the core, providing powerful guarantee for socio- political development and economic rejuvenation. Through observing the recent parliamentary and presidential elections held in Russia, it shows that Putin’s power and influence have reached the climax with the change in the balance of political forces, social mood and social ideology in Russia. With this, Russia has entered into a new period featuring “ Controllable Democracy”. Keywords: Financial Oligarchs, Yukos Incident, Yeltsin, Putin, Controllable Democracy

本論文共分五章。第一章為緒論，包括研究問題、研究動機與研究意義。研究問題在探詢「二二八事件」當時台灣主要官方報紙《台灣新生報》呈現了什麼觀點、其言論立場的轉變的原因為何？此轉變對日後台灣媒體論述有什麼影響？研究動機主要想瞭解「二二八事件」期間《台灣新生報》言論立場轉變之原因，進而反省當今媒體意識形態問題，藉以瞭解國民黨意識形態如何運用媒體形塑文化霸權論述。同時說明「二二八事件」與《台灣新生報》的研究意義與價值。 第二章為文獻回顧與理論探討，首先回顧「二二八事件」的相關研究，並藉由與文獻對話的過程體現研究者對「二二八事件」的論述觀點。理論的部分則在檢視葛蘭西的「文化霸權」理論，思索身為國家意識形態機器的《台灣新生報》在事件期間的角色與其報導論述之取向。 第三章觀察《台灣新生報》文本在「二二八事件」期間的論述立場、報導題材與版面處理的變化，瞭解在政府介入下該報霸權論述的形塑過程。 第四章進一步探究《台灣新生報》文本內容，指出該報在特定意識形態力量召喚下所呈現出的幾種霸權論述樣貌。 第五章為結論，說明《台灣新生報》霸權論述的意義，指出國民黨的意識形態霸權對台灣媒體論述的影響，反思當前台灣媒體諸問題。 / This thesis is divided into five chapters. It starts, in “Introduction,” with the explanation of the author’s problem, motivation and the significance of this study. For a start, the problem is to find out what kinds of news were represented and why its remarks had transformed Taiwan Shin Sheng Daily News（hereafter TSSDN）, Taiwan’s major publicly-owned newspaper at that time, on its viewpoints of the Feb.28 Incident. In addition, questions are asked about how this change has made an impact on Taiwan media accounts and remarks. Secondly, the motivation is mainly to understand why TSSDN altered its statement and remarks during the Feb.28 Incident. In observing this change, the author tries to discover how KMT ideology took advantage of the media and formed its hegemony as a reminder of present-day media ideological problems in Taiwan. At the same time, the researcher manifests the meaning and value of this thesis. The second chapter deals with“literature review”and“theory probing.”To begin with, the author reviews studies regarding the Feb.28 Incident and makes clear his own view on the Incident by means of a dialogue with the literature. Moreover, by inspecting Gramsci’s hegemony theory, the author ponders on TSSDN’s role as the Ideological State Apparatus and its accounts of the incident In the third chapter, the author scrutinizes TSSDN’s discourse to find out its perspective, accounts and layouts during the Feb.28 Incident in an attempt to understand the progress of TSSDN’s discursive hegemony built in the era of government intervention. In the fourth chapter, the author probes further into TSSDN’s discourse to identify several patterns under the summons of the specific ideology. In the concluding chapter, by interpreting the meaning of TSSDN’s hegemony discussion, the author points out the influence of KMT’s ideological hegemony on Taiwan media remarks and introspects on current problems of Taiwan media.

九一八事變自始就是一部由關東軍自導自演的軍事行動，與日本政府沒有直接關聯。因而事變初起時關東軍、陸軍中央和外務省間存在許多分歧與矛盾。由於關東軍掌握了主動權，軍部則因理念認同故主張對其行為予以追認，導致政府、外務省都很難約束關東軍的躁進，但為顧及國際觀感不得不製造出一個不擴大的方針，事實上則只能透過內閣決議、佐之以國際戰略的分析，勸阻其從整體戰略利益角度停止軍事行動，許多時候後者還比前者有說服力。 若槻內閣時期日本經歷了三次國聯行政院調停會期，當時外相為幣原喜重郎，向以「協調外交」主張聞名。九一八事變爆發初期，若槻內閣確曾遵循協調外交精神，做出「不擴大事端」決議，並透過各種命令手段，軟硬兼施約束關東軍躁進。但一來受限於施政效能不彰，再者軍部高層又有意包庇，更重要的，是它本身亦有利用軍事戰果協助談判的想法，故未能堅持壓制關東軍初衷，反逐漸向其靠攏，於國聯議場為之辯護。 接任若槻組閣者為政友會的犬養毅，該內閣歷經了兩次國聯調停會期。犬養和中國素有淵源，其組閣確實給包括蔣介石、居正等人解決中日糾紛之期待。但畢竟犬養上台有其特殊背景，加上政友會傳統的對華強硬路線，這些都逼使他不得不收起對華友好的態度，轉趨嚴厲。同時伴隨日軍在東北戰場的百戰百勝，日本輿論也興起一股擁戴擴張熱潮，這股情緒似乎漸漸感染到原先最富國際視野、最能盱衡國際情勢的外交官僚，政友會組閣後該趨勢更趨明顯。於是日本外交代表為掩護滿洲國成立，遂於國聯議場演出了拖延上海談判、力戰小國集團之戲碼。 接任犬養組閣者為前海軍大將齋藤實，該內閣經歷兩次國聯調停會期。自「五一五事件」後軍方掌握政治大權，政黨內閣步入尾聲，外交政策更傾向為擴張服務。儘管少數情況中仍存在與軍部相左聲音，但這一切在軍部高層有力決定政策走向下變得毫無意義。齋藤實任命內田康哉為新任外相，內田隨即改變了日本長期來對滿洲國所持模糊態度，於當年9月正式承認之，等同給了國聯決議一巴掌，加上松滬事變的經驗與1933年1月日本對熱河進攻，凡此皆堅定列強抵制滿洲國決心。而當雙方都不願稍作讓步時，日本退出國聯似乎已成必然。