Background: Health promotion is significant for reducing health inequalities at local and global levels. The Swedish Government has developed a policy for sustainable global development in the pursuit of implementing Agenda's 2030 sustainability goals in the international arena. Svalorna Latinamerika works in Peru with implementing the global goals at local level. Aim: The purpose of the field study is to analyze how Svalorna Latinamerika works strategically with involving local citizens to participate in the development work at the local level. The work is based on the global sustainability goals (Agenda 2030). Methods: The study applied a qualitative method and deductive approach to test whether the theory could be applied in to achieve sustainable development goals. Community participation theory claims that participation (i) is a strategy within the health promotion work that aims to involve local residents in the developing work that affects their lives (ii) it creates trust and legitimacy for the development work (iii) it can strengthen people's self- esteem, knowledge and development of new skills and (iv) the level of participation can affect the sustainability and efficiency of social development. A targeted sampling technique was applied to select the interviewees while data collection was performed through semi- structured interviews. Furthermore, manifest content analysis was used to analyze the collected material. Result: Participation as a health promoting strategy was applied by the non-profit organization. The level of participation consisted of partnership, a collaboration with both top-down and bottom-up approach. The co-operation and involvement of local citizens in decision-making processes created trust and legitimacy and enabled the development program to meet local needs and conditions. It also resulted in increased participation in the program's capacity building activities. Conclusion: The involvement of local citizens in decision-making processes created the conditions for the citizen to strengthen the individual and the community empowerment. Keywords: Community participation, empowerment, global sustainability goals, health promotion, local community development

<p>Globalization and international competition put pressure on local communities to adjust to international standards of price and quality in production. Tirupur in India produces clothes for exports to the first world market. Because of the process of dyeing and bleaching of fabrics the river Noyyal that flows through the town and the surrounding ground water have become polluted. At the local level actors, like the state, business, NGOs and grassroots take action in different ways depending on their interests. The aim with this thesis is both to analyze the situation at the local level from the views and actions of different actors and how the local situation is influenced by globalization. Qualitative interviews have been made with representatives from these actors in Tirupur and its surroundings. This material has then been analyzed from the theory of Third World political ecology and globalization. The conclusions drawn from this study are that the situation in Tirupur cannot exclusively be explained at just one level. Local, national and global politics affect Tirupur. A politicized environment characterizes the local situation where actions against the pollution are not taken for the benefit of the powerful. People also lack empowerment to take action because of dependency on the industry. At the national level centralization is a problem in India because it results in difficulties for the civil society and people to reach elected representatives and influence from the local community. Another problem is the policy maker’s lack of understanding of the local situation. At last globalization limits the way to handle the pollution because of the global competition and the retreat of the state. But it also gives possibilities for the civil society to grow stronger internationally, perhaps with the possibility to create a change.</p>

Leadership in an egalitarian society is a contradiction in terms. Still, a collective has to be vocal in order to gain a bargaining position, and to have its identity reflected and accepted. This is not the least true for a marginalised society like När socken, on the Swedish island of Gotland. In this farming community of some 550 inhabitants - as on Gotland in general - there are, in the conventional sense of the word, no leaders to perform this presentation. However, the concept of spokesperson is well established. They are locally defined by the use of labels, which in turn are based on descriptions or adjectives like "firebrand", "nay-sayer", "good", "balanced" etc. I propose that this way of defining spokespersons is founded on a strong egalitarian notion and is best described as a semantic field, rather than in hierarchical terms. Throughout the centuries the geographical and social base for the individual spokesperson has been the farm or ensamgård, i.e. a group of economically, jurally, ritually, as well as spatially linked homesteads. Thus, the socken of När may be described as an example of a house-based society. Successively these ensamgård have given place to more individual farms and these in turn have become linked directly with the socken as such. Presently the socken itself has ceased to exist, at least as a formal unit within the administrative set-up of Sweden. Nevertheless, locally När socken continues to act as the prime key organising symbol. As such, När socken forms the prime focus for the processes of identity formation and the most important forum for passing information, decision-making and implementation. On the one hand, the individual farms, with links of kinship, neighbourhood, co-operation, and co-ownership, constitute the basis for the formation of social ties within the socken. On the other, such ties are also established by popular participation in an astounding amount of voluntary associations as well as quite a few projects benefiting the community as a whole. These are undertakings that mobilise the absolute majority of the population. These processes have here been summarised as När’s socken-democracy. To the outsider the projects are the most obvious result of localised popular participation. From a local point of view these projects are, apart from being socially and economically significant, primarily regarded as sources of enjoyment - the satisfaction of which is considered in itself the single most important reason to participate in any collective social action. När socken is successfully represented as a thoroughly dynamic "modern" industrious and thriving community. At the same time it is regionally regarded as one of the most traditional Gotlandic farming socken with all the connotations of a warm-embracing but also somewhat backward, marginalised community. These rather contradictory rhetoric tools are successfully employed by the spokespersons as they, in unison, represent the community. However, the spokespersons of När socken are not a homogenous group with a single goal. Local solidarity obscures the fact that the presentation is based on a complex process. One can find strong urges among farmers/farms not only to be good enough (duga) but to excel at the cost of one’s neighbours, there is also a continuos competition to define what is to be the dominant local paradigm. This way of consciously devising rhetorics and keep a firm line between the community and the outside may be interpreted as a result of an expressed need to come to terms with political and economic, as well as moral marginalisation of the individual and community. Still, these rhetorics do not directly determine the ways in which the community members interact on När or vice versa. Everyday practices, be they socialising or engaging in a project, answer to a felt need to smoothen out everyday community life. The duality of a symbolically constructed rhetoric identity and local practice may be regarded as complementary ways to construct a viable collective identity in an increasingly individualised and globalised world. The combination of rhetoric and practice can be seen as answers to the expressed local concern as how to make life in the margin a feasible proposition.

This study deals with the qualities of professionalization of public child welfare. Its relationto general social policy is emphasized. The potentials of welfarism are explored as a part ofthe study of crisis of legitimacy and rationality prevalent in welfare systems.The special situation of child welfare in Iceland with a large variation in local socialservices forms an important background of the work. This is related to sociologicaltheorizing and a position taken turns against viewing professionalization as an accumulatingprocess of power as well as the opposite, the blindness of belief in extensive professionalismas a means for creation of "the good life". The line of "family-state-individual" is traced inrelation to the emergence of social work. Child welfare is found to be imprisoned bytradition, since the idea behind children's placement is not thoroughly explored. The issueof a noted technifying and expansive tendency of professional action in cases of child abuseand custodial disputes is treated. A biased treatment of the family is here called "the childwelfare trap". The search for qualities in what traditionally is identified as "bad parenting" infoster care is suggested to be a potential to transcend central dilemmas of the field.A documentation study of poor relief and the support of mothers in the capital of Iceland,Reykjavik of th e 1930's showed an early coexistence of administrative and client-centeredapproaches. In a survey of records on children's placements in the capital of Icela nd,Reykjavik, it was confirmed that this work in an organization with professional employeeswas predominantly bureaucratic and not child-centered, also other results were similar asfound in Nordic studies. In an interview study of two small towns a passivity was shown toprevail in a laymen dominated child welfare practice at the cost of c hildren's needs, whileschool and day care provided support for families. Three significant achievements emergingin interplay with professionalization of social child care, found valid for the Icelandic çase,are seen as having lead to an increased societal sensitivity to deal with human problems.This has created a new acknowledgement of children's right to well-being despite seriouspractical limitations. Due to coexistent conflicting professional practices, a relative absenceof reg ulation and modernizing of services occurring simultaneously with the revision ofwelfarism, a space of action is presumed to exist for shaping of an outline of new practices.Theoretically opposing views on professionalization act as a kind of negative dialectic, onecentered on reproduction of existing practice, the other by presenting a gloominess of anempty-handed doctrine. The analyses of societal changes and child welfare are seen asfrequently ignoring the search for potentials to hand over power to children, not only bygender-blinaness, but by an age-neutrality which excludes children. The "deepening ofwelfare state crisis" is presumed to constitute a required possibility of a new kind of selfreflectionamong professionals. It is suggested that qualitative aspects of commonlyaccepted societal dichotomies will be challenged by the revision of welfare systems and thatthis creates a potential of a reshaping of pr actices, including the support-control dilemmaof c hild welfare. / digitalisering@umu

The present dissertation focuses on the appointment of clergy in the rural areas of Swedish province of Hälsingland during the period 1650-1800. The aim has been to analyse the practical process of clergy appointments as well as to discuss the development of the political culture of the said period in the way that it was reflected through the actions of the actors involved. The discussion concentrates on two aspects of the political culture, firstly on what kind of influence the parishes had in regard to the clergy appointments, secondly what the actions of the various actors in this context tell us about the local political culture. The study shows that the parishes did indeed assert their rights in connection with the clergy appointments. It is also shown that the parishes exerted a certain influence in terms of which clergyman to promote, but that this influence seems to have been limited to conditions dictated by the authorities. The clergy election reforms effected in the 1730's brought a significant change to the local political culture. Whereas the earlier legislation assumed that decisions were made unanimously, the elective reforms of the 1730's inaugurated the majority principle as election method, with the result that each voting parish member was now regarded as an independent actor. The investigation of the practice of clergy appointment in Hälsingland shows that the opinions reflected in the unanimous parish demands raised prior to the 1730's reforms primarily belonged to the most leading actors of the community. However, through the formalising of the decision-making procedure, the reforms made way for a broader participation in that process. All farm owners were entitled to vote in the clergy elections, which means that also women farm owners - primarily widows - had the right to vote. Nevertheless, as shown in the present study, the political culture was not as gender neutral as the legislation, seeing that, relatively speaking, the widows voted through proxies to a considerably larger extent than did the men. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2003</p> / digitalisering@umu

Abstract of contents: The process of Lithuania’s turning into a democratic state requires changes in public thinking and this process should involve all the areas of state. Sociality is the basis for existence of a democratic state. The future of a democratic society depends on the ability of youth to take over and further develop the principles of community life. Therefore school takes a crucial role and has to form the ground for the development of personality. School is responsible for raising a person of the future here-and-now. The major aim is to educate a sensible, independent and creative person, a citizen with a critical thinking and able to drive his life to the right direction; provide him with scientific and cultural knowledge, as well as teach to love the homeland. It is obvious that education objectives set are impossible to reach with help of school only. Therefore the cooperation between school and local community is essential. Aim of the paper: to establish the impact on public administration by means of analysis of possibilities of school and local community cooperation. The paper aims to establish what factors influence public administration effectiveness as well as discuss efficiency attributes of school as one of the administration institutions. Compare different settlement residents’ views towards cooperation between school and local community. Riešė Neighbourhood was chosen for conducting the study. Respondents from three settlements were selected... [to full text]

A tese versa sobre a detecção e avaliação de padrões de coexistência de espécies arbóreas, buscando esclarecer as relações entre a diversidade fito-estrutural e os fatores condicionantes em escalas local e regional em uma zona de contato entre duas regiões fitoecológicas (Florestas Ombrófilas Mista e Densa). O trabalho está dividido em duas abordagens; a primeira trata de um inventário fitossociológico de comunidades definidas como “sítios”, onde o grau de singularidade local é avaliado através da identidade das espécies com maior valor de importância (VI) estrutural e de suas possíveis conexões fitogeográficas, bem como através de indicadores de diversidade alfa e beta. Na segunda abordagem, comunidades são definidas estatisticamente (Multivariada, Análise do Valor Indicador das Espécies) com base na composição e abundância de espécies (área basal dos troncos), testando-se a hipótese de que comunidades distintas devem diferir pelo menos na diversidade específica, fertilidade do solo e ou produtividade primária (produção de serrapilheira PS). O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza Pró-Mata, localizado na borda sudeste do Planalto Meridional Brasileiro (29o30’S; 50o11’W). Cinco sítios de 100m x 100m (dois sítios no planalto, dois na encosta e um na borda planalto-encosta) foram selecionados, onde em cada sítio as árvores (DAP>10 cm) foram medidas e determinadas em vinte e uma unidades amostrais de 100m2 (regularmente distribuídas). Sessenta e seis espécies foram levantadas, no conjunto Cabralea canjerana e Myrcia retorta tiveram os maiores valores de importância. A primeira caracteriza a encosta e a segunda o planalto, sendo ambas co-dominantes no sítio da borda do planalto-encosta. Riqueza e diversidade foram maiores nessa borda, menor no planalto e intermediária na encosta. A beta-diversidade apresenta-se maior com medidas de abundância do que apenas com a composição de espécie, em função da diferenciação das dominantes, caracterizando comunidades discretas, indicando ao mesmo tempo um contínuo gradiente florístico. As análises de ordenação e agrupamento foram utilizadas com dois tamanhos de unidade amostral (100 m2 e 500 m2), das quais somente a última apresentou padrões interpretáveis, similares aos obtidos fitossociologicamente nos sítios, onde dois principais tipos de vegetação apresentam afinidades fitogeográficas e riqueza de espécies peculiares. Os subgrupos refletiram processos histórico-ecológicos mais recentes, como a perturbação antrópica e condições locais especiais. A determinação de espécies com valores indicadores significativos é útil para a diferenciação ecológica dos tipos de comunidades. Apenas uma comunidade diferiu significativamente das demais na fertilidade do solo, devido à condição especial topográfica e litológica. A produção de serrapilheira destas florestas foi similar aos valores médios das florestas brasileiras tropicais e subtropicais. Conclui-se que, na zona de transição estudada, tende a ter um ecótono da vegetação associado à transição geomorfológica planalto-encosta. Algumas considerações sobre o alcance metodológico de detecção de biodiversidade e das perspectivas de pesquisas integradas sobre os processos ecossistêmicos são apresentadas. / This thesis searches to detect patterns of the arboreal species coexistence on a transition zone of two phyto-ecological regions, Mixed and Dense Rainforests, contributing to the knowledge of ecological processes on the local to regional scale. The work is divided in two approaches; the first is a phytosociological inventories aiming to answer if in this zone exists a set of local communities with similar floristic-structural patterns, or not, and what are their phytogeographical affinities; the second tests the hypothesis that the communities types statistically defined have indicator species and differs in specific diversity attributes, soil fertility and the primary productivity (litterfall). The study was carried out at CPCN Pró-Mata, a research center located on the southeastern border of the Meridional Brazilian Plateau (29o30’S; 50o11’W). Five sites of 100 x 100m (two plateau sites, two slope sites, and one plateau-slope site) were selected; the trees (DBH>10cm) were measured and determined and twenty-one sampling units of 100m2 (regularly distributed), in each site. Sixty-six species were surveyed. Cabralea canjerana and Myrcia retorta had the highest importance value indexes. The first species characterizes the slope; the second species characterizes the plateau; and both are co-dominant at the slope-plateau site. Richness and diversity (Shannon index) were higher at slope-plateau transition, lower at the plateau and intermediate at the slopes. The Beta diversity shows that the sharpness between slope and plateau communities is more associated to species abundance than to species composition only. The Ordination and Cluster analyses were used with two sized sampling units (100 m2 and 500m2), which only the latter showed interpretable patterns, similar to those phytosociological results, where emerges the two main vegetation types indicated the broader regional floristic affinities and its influence on species richness. The sub-groups reflected more recent local historical-ecological processes, mainly identified as anthropic disturbance regime and special local conditions. The Indicator Species Analysis was very responsive to the present objective helping to define the best indicative species and ecological context. Soils differ significantly only for one group, differentiated by special topographic condition and lithologic origin. The annual litterfall of these forests were equivalent among sites and they are similar to register for average the tropical and subtropical Brazilian forests. Conclude that in this transition zone trends to have a vegetation ecotone is associated to the geomorphologic transition slope-plateau. Then, communities types statistically defined reflect hierarchically phytoecological regional affinities and particular ecological conditions. Some considerations about methodological biodiversity detection integrated to researches about ecosystem process are shown.

The tourism industry is growing rapidly worldwide. In 2016, Bali, Indonesia, had a record year in tourism, and the industry is continuously growing. One can argue that tourism is a culture exploiter and disrupts traditional culture. Nevertheless, it can also revitalize culture. Since the tourism in Bali is based on the Balinese culture and traditions, the writers wanted to acquire a deeper understanding of how the locals look upon - does tourism affect their cultural traditions and can residents preserve their local culture? A qualitative method was used for this study. For the collecting of data the writers conducted semi-structured interviews. The result of the study was, according to the Balinese, that people in Bali have become more money oriented due to the development of tourism and that some ceremonies have lost their spiritual meaning. In addition, the writers found that the locals are continuously working on preserving their culture but the challenge is to preserve what is actually authentic Balinese.

Culture Change in a Local Cultures of Papua New Guinea Author: Julie Grúzová Abstract The subject of this dissertation is the study of the local Nungon community living in Papua New Guinea. It focuses mainly on those sociocultural changes, which occurred as a result of the environmental protection in this area, and on their impacts on the cultural identity of the local inhabitants. Special attention is devoted to the study of visualization and representation of culture, nature, biodiversity protection, social and cultural changes and the future of the community. A partial objective is also to present ethnographic data and facts about the local Nungon community. A range of methods has been employed in the effort to fulfil the set objectives; the work is based on field research in the observed local community and on the techniques associated with it. The specific technique used to study cultural identity is a native drawing which was used to analyze cultural representations and visualizations of culture. Analyses of native drawings enable uncover a native understanding of the phenomenon of biodiversity conservation and related cultural changes. The thesis represents a unique visual material, which served as the basis for the analysis and interpretation of the sociocultural changes that are taking place in the...

A presente investigação visa dar subsídio à melhoria da gestão das áreas naturais protegidas que são afetadas pela irregularidade fundiária. Para isso, o objetivo foi identificar, analisar e descrever a maneira pela qual os conselheiros, moradores, funcionários, pesquisadores e visitantes da Parte Baixa do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI) percebem e interagem com o mesmo, assim como os possíveis conflitos de interesse, ressaltando a importância da participação das comunidades envolvidas e a qualidade das relações sócio-ambientais construídas no lugar ao longo do tempo, propondo formas partilhadas de criação, gestão e apropriação das áreas naturais, de modo a dividir a responsabilidade sobre o patrimônio natural e seus recursos. O atual momento vivenciado no Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, em que distintas articulações e proposições estão sendo (re)feitas, descritas e discutidas, são analisados, buscando compreender como os atores sociais do PNI sedimentam os conflitos encontrados, assim como a existência ou não de laços afetivos com o Parque. Para isto, foi utilizado o método qualitativo da pesquisa participante, através da aplicação de questionários. Os moradores/sitiantes expressam emoções, trazendo identidade, sentimento de pertencimento e personalidade ao lugar, sempre carregado de muita afetividade e apreensão pelo futuro de sua propriedade. Os outros atores sociais, com raras exceções, não demonstram comprometimento afetivo com o lugar, relatando significados conceituais e generalizados, teóricos ou essencialmente práticos, relativos à natureza, administração e gestão do Parque, juntamente com o sentimento ético de obrigação para preservar a natureza, mostrando indignação pela insuficiente proteção ao mundo natural e pelas decisões governamentais pautadas exclusivamente em condições políticas passageiras. Os turistas/visitantes se destacam por relatar sempre grande preocupação com as gerações futuras e os pesquisadores pelas condições insuficientes oferecidas para realização de pesquisa científica. As diferentes motivações encontradas são passíveis de transformar sentimentos, atitudes e valores nas pessoas, colaborando para novas políticas de gestão ambiental no Brasil e como se posicionar diante dos impasses sociais colocados pelas populações residentes em áreas naturais protegidas. / The current investigation aims to subsidize the improvement in the management of natural protected areas which are affected by latifundiary irregularity. For doing so, the goal was identify, analyze and describe the way counselors, inhabitants, employees, researchers and visitors at the Low Part of the Itatiaia National Park (INP) perceive and interact with it, in as much as possible conflicts of interests, emphasizing the importance of the participation of the involved communities and the quality of socio-environmental relationships built in the place throughout time, proposing shared ways for the creation, the management and the appropriation of natural areas, so to share the responsibility over the natural heritage and its resources. . The current time at INP, in which distinct articulations and propositions are being (re)made, are described and debated, trying to understand how the social actors at INP sediment the found conflicts, just as the existence or not of affective links with the Park. To do that, it was utilized the quantitative method of the participant research, through the application of questionnaires. The inhabitants/land owners express emotions, bringing identity, a sense of belonging and personality to the place, always charged with much affectivity and concern about the future of ones land. The other social actors, with rare exceptions, do not demonstrate affective commitment to the place, reporting conceptual and generalized meanings, theoretical or excessively practical, concerning nature, park administration and management, together with an ethical feeling of obligation to preserve nature, showing indignation with the insufficient protection of the natural world and the governmental decisions exclusively guided by transient political conditions. The tourists/visitors are noted for always reporting great concern with future generations and the researchers with the insufficient conditions offered for scientific research. The distinct motivations found are likely to transform peoples feelings, attitudes and values, collaborating for new environmental management policies in Brazil and also in how to stand in face of the social embarrassment placed by the population residing in natural protected areas.