Some past work indicates that sexual minorities may experience impaired social relationship outcomes relative to heterosexuals. However, a number of limitations of the extant literature imply the need for further work on potential social relationship disparities. Furthermore, if potential disparities are indeed confirmed, researchers should begin to investigate etiologic mechanisms, including both risk and protective factors. The primary aim of Study 1 was to gauge potential disparities in social relationship outcomes (i.e., social network size, loneliness, relationship strain and social capital) based upon sexual orientation among adults in the United States. Consistent with hypotheses, across each of these measures sexual minorities reported impaired social relationship outcomes relative to heterosexuals. Study 1 also explored whether perceived discrimination and structural discrimination may be involved in producing these disparities. Confirming hypotheses, controlling for perceived discrimination attenuated disparities across three of the four social relationship outcomes. Furthermore, among sexual minorities structural discrimination moderated the association between perceived discrimination and both social relationship strain and loneliness. The primary aim of Study 2 was to test both risk and protective factors stemming from the experience of social devaluation that may be tied to social relationship outcomes among sexual minorities. Specifically, indirect paths from perceived discrimination to social relationship strain through emotional suppression, chronic inflammation and group identification were examined. Study 2 built upon Study 1 by explicating stigma-related variables that potentially exacerbate (suppression, inflammation) and attenuate (group identification) social relationship disparities for sexual minorities. Partial support for the proposed model was found in Study 2. While the pathway through emotional suppression was supported, there was mixed support for the pathway through chronic inflammation and poorer support for the pathway through group identification. Finally, results from these two complementary studies are synthesized and implications for public policy, programmatic interventions and efforts to build resilience among sexual minorities are discussed. / acase@tulane.edu

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:24:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 720566 bytes, checksum: 02160c840c9a83f2c96ff08931c31cd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Before the Discovery of Poliquimioterapy PQT the treatment used to combat leprosy was the model isolationist. For a long time families were separated and people removed from its social coexistence, or placed in leprosy colonies far from the cities. This model of treatment helped the development of the social stigma related to the disease of prejudice and discrimination by the society to the carriers and their families. The aim of this work is to investigate the social stigma from the point of view of bearers of the city of leprosy Cajazeiras PB. The search feature has developed empirical, exploratory and quantitative-qualitative held in two stages (participatory observation and application of questionnaires). The research subjects were 25 carriers registed in the Program Hall of Control and Elimination of Leprosy Cajazeiras PB. These people were patients of the Family Health Program FHP, the clinical School of the Faculty Santa Maria FSM and Polyclinic Hall, of both genders and with a confirmed diagnosis of leprosy. Of these 25 patients, 12 were male and 13 female, in relation to age was not relevant prevalence of the disease in any particular age group; as to the profession/occupation have interviewed all professions/occupations whose income is less than or equal to a minimum wage (farmer and domestic), according to the location of housing, 21 live in the urban area and only 04 live in the rural area; in relation to the time of appearance of the first signs and diagnosis of leprosy, the average time was most common among 01 to 06 months, but only 05 interviewed has a diagnosis of leprosy after 02 years of the appearance of the first sign of the disease and 16 were interviewed the only clinical diagnosis, while 09 of them had to submit to smear; as to the time of treatment that patients are searched using the PQT, it was observed that 03 were interviewed by high cure; agree with the view of them with regard to the treatment PQT, only 05 said finding the bad treatment or reasonable, while 20 o considered good or great, despite some deploy the adverse reactions; about the disease, 05 only the family, 15 that family and friends and 05 knew about suffered any attitude of prejudice and/or discrimination, 06 individuals said that yes. The small number of cases, although it is unacceptable, shows that there were advances with regard to the understanding of the disease, its social representation and attitude of the people who come into direct contact with their carriers. Although the cases of the city of Cajazeiras not allow us to say that the decline in cases of prejudice and discrimination is a trend throughout country, we can at least consider that, especially in that city, the incidence of the phenomenon is much lower than people commonly imagine when we think about the disease and social mistreatment suffered by the patients. / Antes da descoberta da Poliquimioterapia PQT, o tratamento adotado pra combater a hanseníase era o modelo isolacionista. Durante muito tempo famílias foram separadas e pessoas retiradas do seu convívio social, colocadas em leprosários ou colônias longe das cidades. Esse modelo de tratamento ajudou o desenvolvimento do estigma social relacionado à doença, do preconceito e da discriminação por parte da sociedade para com os portadores e suas famílias. O objetivo desse trabalho é investigar sobre o estigma social do ponto de vista dos portadores de hanseníase do município de Cajazeiras PB. A pesquisa desenvolvida tem característica empírica, exploratória e quantitativa-qualitativa, realizada em duas etapas (observação participativa e aplicação de questionários). Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram 25 portadores cadastrados no Programa Municipal de Controle e Eliminação da Hanseníase. Tais pessoas eram pacientes do Programa de Saúde da Família PSF, da Clínica Escola Integrada da Faculdade Santa Maria FSM e da Policlínica Municipal, de ambos os sexos e com diagnóstico confirmado de hanseníase. Desses 25 pacientes, 12 eram do sexo masculino e 13 do sexo feminino; em relação à idade não houve predomínio relevante da doença em nenhuma faixa etária específica, quanto à profissão/ocupação todos os entrevistados possuem profissões/ocupações cuja renda é igual ou inferior a um salário mínimo - agricultor(a) e doméstica/do lar; de acordo com a localização das habitações, 21 moram na zona urbana e apenas 04 na zona rural; em relação ao tempo de aparecimento dos primeiros sinais e o diagnóstico de hanseníase, a média de tempo mais freqüente foi entre 01 06 meses, porém 05 entrevistados só tiveram o diagnóstico de hanseníase após 02 anos do aparecimento do primeiro sinal da doença 16 entrevistados tiveram o diagnóstico apenas clínico, enquanto 09 deles tiveram que se submeter a baciloscopia; quanto ao tempo de tratamento que os pacientes pesquisados estão fazendo uso da PQT, foi observado que 03 entrevistados tiveram alta por cura; de acordo com a opinião deles a respeito do tratamento PQT, apenas 05 disseram achar o tratamento ruim ou razoável, enquanto 20 o consideraram bom ou ótimo, apesar de alguns destacarem as reações adversas; quanto a quem sabe a respeito da doença, 01 paciente afirmou que apenas o(a) esposo(a) sabia sobre a doença, 05 que apenas a família, 15 que a família e os amigos e 05 que a família, amigos, colegas (trabalho e/ou escola). A questão acerca se eles sofreram alguma atitude de preconceito e/ou discriminação, 06 indivíduos afirmaram que sim. O número reduzido de casos, ainda que seja inaceitável, revela que houve avanços no que se refere à compreensão da doença, suas representações sociais e a postura das pessoas que entram em contato direto ou indireto com os seus portadores. Ainda que o caso do município de Cajazeiras não nos permite afirmar que a diminuição dos casos de preconceito e discriminação é uma tendência verificada em todo país, podemos pelo menos considerar que, particularmente naquela cidade, a incidência do fenômeno é bem menor do que as pessoas comumente imaginam quando pensam na doença e nos maus tratos sociais sofridos por seus portadores.

Det övergripande syftet i denna uppsats är att studera finska romers identitetsskapande. De frågeställningar som studien avser att besvara utgörs av hur finska romer anser att de blir bemötta utifrån de stereotypa föreställningar som finns och om stigmatiseringen påverkar deras identitetskapande. Studien tillämpar ett kvalitativt angreppssätt baserat på fyra intervjuer. Studiens teoretiska ram består av Erving Goffmans teori om stigma och Randall Collins teori om sociala ritualer. Arbetet visar att det finns ett diskriminerande bemötande som bygger på fördomar av gruppen finska romer och för att hantera dessa är deras grupptillhörighet viktig. I den skapas emotionella energier genom gemensamma traditioner som bidrar till att känna samhörighet och trygghet. Gruppen är avgörande för identiteten och i ett majoritetssamhälle som präglas av stereotypa föreställningar om finska romer är gruppen ännu viktigare för att identiteten ska kunna upprätthållas och utvecklas. / The aim of the thesis is to study how the identities of Finnish romani are affected by prejudgments within the society. The main questions addressed are how individuals feel they are being treated in relation to the existing stereotypical images of Finnish romani and whether the social stigma affects their identities. The qualitative study is based on interviews with four Finnish romani. The theoretical framework of the study includes Erving Goffman’s theory on stigma and Randall Collin’s theory regarding social rituals. The study shows that Finnish romani are treated in a discriminating manner due to the existing prejudgement of the group. To handle this discrimination the individuals set a high value in being part of the ethnic group. Common traditions within the group bring emotional satisfaction and feelings of shelter and connectedness to the individuals. In general, being part of a group (ethnic or not) affects the identity of the person. For Finnish romani that holds particularly true, however, due to the prevailing prejudgement of the group within the society. As such, for a Finish romani, the group is of profound importance for the maintenance and the development of the identity.

O estudo teve por objeto analisar o conhecimento, atitudes e estigma social relacionados à tuberculose em famílias de pacientes diagnosticados com essa doença, em Ribeirão Preto, SP. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico analítico, de corte transversal, com amostragem do tipo probabilística, constituído por 110 familiares e coabitantes de pacientes de tuberculose diagnosticados entre 1 de janeiro de 2010 e 31 de julho de 2011. A coleta de dados ocorreu mediante entrevistas nos domicílios com um instrumento pré-testado na população de estudo entre 25 de julho e 31 de agosto de 2011. No plano de análise, foram contempladas a análise univariada com medidas de frequência, de posição e de dispersão; a análise bivariada, com dicotomização das variáveis dependentes e independentes, sendo aplicado o teste qui-quadrado para verificar a associação entre as mesmas. Foram calculados os Odds Ratio com respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Adotou-se a probabilidade de erro tipo I de 5%. Procedeu-se, também, à regressão logística binária para identificar possíveis variáveis explicativas para o conhecimento sobre tuberculose nas famílias. Complementarmente, a autoria considerou as técnicas estatísticas analíticas de agrupamento por níveis hierárquicos e de correspondência múltipla. Especialmente, essas últimas foram aplicadas de forma simultânea para identificar perfis de famílias em relação ao estigma social. A maioria dos participantes foi composta pelo sexo feminino (n=85; 77,3%), com idade entre 39 e 59 anos (n=50; 45,4%) e ensino fundamental incompleto (n=58; 52,7%). Os resultados evidenciam que a escolaridade (Odds Ratio ajustado: 4,39; IC 95%: 1,11-17,35; p: 0,035), assistir televisão (Odds Ratio ajustado: 3,99; IC95%: 1,20-13,26; p: 0,024) e acessibilidade à internet (Odds Ratio ajustado: 5,01; IC95%: 1,29-19,38, p:0,019) foram variáveis que explicam o conhecimento das famílias. No tocante ao estigma social, quatro grupos foram identificados quando aplicados as análises de agrupamentos por níveis hierárquicos e correspondência múltipla. Verificou-se que dois grupos apresentaram o estigma social enquanto outros dois não apresentaram. Os dois primeiros grupos se caracterizaram com níveis escolares mais inferiores, acessibilidade incipiente aos meios de informação e pouca mobilização para a compreensão da doença. Os resultados denotaram que a tuberculose tem afligido grupos com maior vulnerabilidade social, demonstrando menos conhecimento sobre a doença e comportamentos mais estigmatizantes e de segregação. / The study\'s purpose is to analyze knowledge, attitudes and social stigma related to tuberculosis in families of patients diagnosed with this disease, in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. This is an analytical, epidemiological and cross-sectional study, with a probabilistic sampling, consisting of 110 family members and cohabitants of tuberculosis patients diagnosed between January 1, 2010, and July 31, 2011. Data was collected through interviews, in households, with a pre-tested instrument in the studied population from July 25 to August 31, 2011. In the analysis plan, it was possible to include the univariate analysis with measures of frequency, position and dispersion; the bivariate analysis with dichotomization of dependent and independent variables, and the use of the chi-square test to assess the association between them. It was possible to calculate the odds ratio with the respective confidence intervals of 95%, and the probability of a type I error of 5%. It was also performed the binary logistic regression in order to identify the possible explanatory variables to the knowledge about tuberculosis, in the families. In addition, the authors considered the statistical and analytical techniques of Grouping by Hierarchical Levels and Multiple Correspondence. Especially, the latter were applied simultaneously to identify families\' profiles in relation to the social stigma. Most participants were female (n=85; 77.3%), aged between 39 and 59 years (n=50; 45.4%) and with incomplete elementary education (n=58; 52.7%). The results show that education (adjusted odds ratio: 4.39; IC 95%: 1.11 to 17.35; p: 0.035), watching television (adjusted odds ratio: 3.99; IC 95%: 1.20 to 13. 26; p: 0.024) and internet accessibility (adjusted odds ratio: 5.01; IC 95%: 1.29 to 19.38; p: 0.019) were the variables that explain the families\' knowledge. Four groups were identified when applied the analytical techniques of Grouping by Hierarchical Levels and Multiple Correspondence. Especially, in relation to the social stigma. It was found that two groups presented social stigma while the two others did not. The first two groups were characterized with lower grade levels, incipient accessibility to the media and little mobilization to understand the disease. The results showed that tuberculosis has afflicted the groups with greater social vulnerability, demonstrating less knowledge about the disease, more stigmatized behaviors and segregation.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo geral desse trabalho à produzir uma leitura possÃvel sobre a representaÃÃo do pobre por meio do romance O CortiÃo, de AluÃsio Azevedo. Questiona-se: De que forma o pobre surge sob a perspectiva Aluisiana? Que construtos simbÃlicos ela define e fortalece? O primeiro capÃtulo apresenta de forma sucinta a filiaÃÃo intelectual de AluÃsio Azevedo: o naturalismo, assim como descreve o campo de estudos. No capÃtulo dois, encontra-se a fundamentaÃÃo teÃrica acerca dos eixos analÃticos que sustentam a discussÃo, a saber: representaÃÃo social, sociologia da literatura e pobreza. O terceiro capÃtulo marca o inÃcio da anÃlise de dados propriamente dita. Nesta, a pobreza à exposta atravÃs dos conceitos de estigma social de Erving Goffman e de distinÃÃo social de Bourdieu, amparados nos estudos de Sevcenko. O quarto capÃtulo trata da antinomia entre disciplina para o trabalho e vadiagem, recaindo na associaÃÃo imediata entre classes pobres e classes perigosas. No capÃtulo cinco, sÃo apresentadas as teorias raciais do sÃculo XIX e sua influÃncia direta da escrita da obra O CortiÃo. à guisa de uma conclusÃo, à possÃvel afirmar que o pobre à representado por ,pelo menos, duas correntes interpretativas : a de vÃtima da estrutura social, e a de sujeito responsÃvel por seu estado de penÃria. A pobreza à um estigma que representa uma forma de violÃncia simbÃlica. Na contemporaneidade, pobre à aquele que necessita de auxÃlio, seja por intermÃdio do poder pÃblico, seja pela da caridade civil. Pensadores como Serge Paugam e Georg Simmel compreendem a pobreza pelo viÃs da tutela, do assistencialismo. O presente estudo problematiza a pobreza na perspectiva de Anthony Giddens, como algo dotado de um valor subjetivo, o qual nÃo pode ser mensurado unicamente por meio das estatÃsticas da pobreza, mas pela percepÃÃo dos prÃprios atores sociais. De forma especÃfica, buscaremos expor discursos, as ditas âproduÃÃes de verdadeâ, sobre a pobreza, percebendo com isso as metamorfoses conceituais atinentes ao sentido da pobreza; bem como o pobre deixou de representar uma conexÃo com o divino, atravÃs da economia de salvaÃÃo na Idade MÃdia para transformar-se no estorvo, obstÃculo da modernizaÃÃo. A pobreza à um problema complexo, possuindo raÃzes histÃricas, polÃticas e econÃmicas. Com esse texto, procuramos incitar uma reflexÃo sobre o pobre, sujeito social e sua teia de significaÃÃes, as quais ele està vinculado por sua simples condiÃÃo. A concepÃÃo literÃria adotada na anÃlise neste trabalho à a perspectiva mediadora, a qual seria um meio termo entre a visÃo materialista e a estÃtica ou idealista. Ela admite a criatividade do autor, a inventividade, mas permeada por idÃias, sentimentos e questÃes relativas a um contexto de produÃÃo que à social e histÃrico.

O presente estudo avaliou o estigma relacionado à esquizofrenia em duas amostras no Brasil: uma amostra de psiquiatras que estavam frequentando o XXVII Congresso Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, e uma amostra representativa da população geral do Brasil. Os objetivos do estudo foram: (1) avaliar o estigma da esquizofrenia na população geral e nos psiquiatras brasileiros; (2) analisar quais variáveis correlacionam-se com as medidas de estigma da esquizofrenia estudadas; (3) analisar se as amostras se comportam de maneira homogênea ou se há perfis diferentes de crenças estigmatizantes; (4) comparar psiquiatras e população brasileira com relação as suas crenças relacionadas à esquizofrenia. Com relação à amostra de psiquiatras, 1414 psiquiatras foram recrutados durante o XXVII congresso Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, realizado em São Paulo em 2009. Para a amostra de população geral, 2001 indivíduos representativos da população do Brasil foram escolhidos pelos métodos probabilístico e semi-probabilistico. Um instrumento avaliando quatro dimensões de estigma foi aplicado: atribuição de estereótipos, desejo por distância social, restrições a direitos civis e preconceito percebido. Para os psiquiatras, este instrumento foi aplicado face-a-face; antes da aplicação do instrumento foi dito que deviam responder ao mesmo pensando em uma pessoa com esquizofrenia. Para a população geral, o mesmo instrumento foi aplicado através de entrevistas telefônicas. Para a população, antes da aplicação do instrumento cinco diferentes vinhetas foram lidas. Quatro vinhetas descreviam casos clínicos de acordo com o DSM-IV (depressão, esquizofrenia, dependência de álcool, dependência de substâncias), e uma vinheta agia como controle (\"indivíduo estressado\"). Após a leitura da vinheta pedia-se que o participante opinasse se ela se tratava de um caso de distúrbio psiquiátrico, e se sim, qual. Para a amostra final da população geral, apenas os indivíduos designados para a vinheta de esquizofrenia (n=1015) foram escolhidos. Como resultado tivemos que tanto a população geral quanto os psiquiatras apresentam em média um grande preconceito contra pessoas com esquizofrenia. Observamos que para os psiquiatras três perfis de estigma estiveram presentes: benevolentes, imparciais e discriminadores. O perfil \"discriminadores\" foi o que conteve mais indivíduos. Para a população geral, quatro perfis de estigma foram observados: benevolentes, imparciais, rotuladores e discriminadores. O perfil \"discriminadores\" novamente foi o que conteve mais indivíduos. Comparando-se as duas populações, viu-se que o estigma variou de acordo com o conhecimento: a população geral que não identificou a vinheta como esquizofrenia apresentou o menor estigma, seguida pelos que reconheceram ser uma doença psiquiátrica, e pelos que identificaram tratar-se de um caso de esquizofrenia. Os psiquiatras, por sua vez, foram os que pontuaram mais alto nas escalas de estigma. Assim, nosso estudo mostra que o estigma atrelado aos indivíduos com esquizofrenia é alto no Brasil. Além disso, os psiquiatras foram os que mais apresentaram crenças estigmatizantes, quando comparados com a população geral. Desta forma, fazem-se necessárias medidas de combate ao preconceito de pessoas com esquizofrenia. Tais medidas devem atingir principalmente os profissionais de saúde mental, como os psiquiatras, já que esta classe profissional é formadora de opinião em assuntos de saúde mental / The present study evaluated the stigma related to schizophrenia in Brazil in two samples: a sample of psychiatrists who were attending the XXVII Brazilian Congress of Psychiatry, and a representative sample of the general population of Brazil. The study objectives were: (1) to assess the stigma of schizophrenia in the general population in Brazil and in Brazilian psychiatrists; (2) to analyze which variables are correlated with the four measures of stigma of schizophrenia studied; (3) whether the samples behave homogeneously or if there are different profiles of prejudiced beliefs; (4) to compare psychiatrists and general population regarding their prejudiced beliefs related to schizophrenia. With regard to the sample of psychiatrists, 1414 psychiatrists were recruited during the XXVII Brazilian Congress of Psychiatry, held in São Paulo in 2009. For the general population sample, 2001 individuals representative of the general population of Brazil were chosen by probabilistic and semi-probabilistic methods. An instrument assessing four dimensions of stigma was applied: stereotypes assignment, desire for social distance, restrictions on civil rights and perceived prejudice. For psychiatrists, this instrument was used face-to-face; before the application of the instrument psychiatrists were told that they should answer it regarding a person with schizophrenia. For the general population, the same instrument was administered via telephone interviews. For the population, prior to the application of the instrument 5 different vignettes were read. Four vignettes described clinical cases according to DSM-IV (depression, schizophrenia, alcohol dependence, substance dependence), and a vignette acted as control (\"stressed individual\"). After reading the vignette, participants were asked if the vignette was a case of psychiatric disorder, and if so, which. For the final sample of the general population, only individuals assigned to the schizophrenia vignette were chosen (n=1015). Regarding the results, both general population and psychiatrists had on average a great level of prejudice against people with schizophrenia. We have noted that for psychiatrists three profiles of stigma were present: benevolent, impartial and discriminators. The profile \"discriminators\" was the one which contained most individuals. For the general population, four profiles of stigma were observed: benevolent, impartial, labelers and discriminators. The profile \"discriminators\" again was the one that contained most individuals. Comparing the two populations, it was seen that stigma varied according to knowledge: the general population who did not identify the vignette as a case of psychiatric disorder had the lowest stigma, followed by those who recognized the vignette as a psychiatric illness, followed by those who identified the vignette as a schizophrenia case. Psychiatrists, in turn, were those who on average scored higher on the stigma scales. Our study shows that the level of stigma linked to individuals with schizophrenia is high in Brazil. In addition, psychiatrists had the most stigmatizing beliefs when compared with the general population. Thus, it becomes necessary to combat prejudice towards people with schizophrenia. Such measures should affect mainly the mental health professional, such as psychiatrists, since this professional class usually acts as opinion leaders and role models for the society

Introdução: A aids é uma patologia clínica incurável que marca as pessoas por rótulos discriminantes e preconceituosos. Objetivo: Analisar a estigmatização de pessoas que vivem com HIV/ aids e sua relação com o suporte social recebido e com a qualidade de vida. Métodos: Estudo transversal, quantitativo, realizado em um Serviço de Assistência Especializado no atendimento de pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids no Estado de Minas Gerais. Participaram do estudo 258 usuários do serviço que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, idade igual e superior a 18 anos e estar em uso da terapia antirretroviral, há pelo menos seis meses; e excluídos os indivíduos em situações de confinamento e institucionalizados. A coleta aconteceu por meio de entrevista individual e consulta em prontuário médico, utilizou-se questionário sociodemográfico e de saúde, Escala de Estigmatização, Escala de Suporte Social e Questionário HAT-Qol. Os dados foram organizados em planilhas do Microsoft Office Excel® 2010 e processados no IBM® SPSS 23.0. Para a caracterização do perfil dos participantes, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva. Utilizou- se os testes Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis para comparar as variáveis e as escalas. Para a análise da influência conjunta das variáveis sobre a estigmatização, utilizou-se o programa R versão 3.1.2 através da biblioteca GAMLSS. Resultados: Do total destaca-se: sexo masculino (56,2%), faixa etária de 40 a 49 anos (36,0%), um a cinco anos de escolaridade (44,2%); solteiros (45,7%); recebiam até um salário mínimo (63,2%); 61,2% residiam em casa própria e 75,6% participavam de algum movimento religioso. Quanto aos dados da vida afetivo-sexual, 80,6% eram heterossexuais; 57,4% haviam tido parceria sexual nos últimos 12 meses; 41,1% conheciam a condição diagnóstica da parceria sexual e 34,5% referiram uso de preservativo masculino. Em relação às variáveis epidemiológicas, 36,8% conviviam com o diagnóstico há mais de 10 anos e 78,3% foram expostos ao HIV pelo contato sexual. Com relação ao tratamento com antirretrovirais, 82,2% faziam uso de até dois comprimidos ao dia; 76,4% não possuíam efeitos adversos e 29,5% suspenderam o tratamento alguma vez. Em análise das variáveis clínicas, 59,3% apresentavam contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ >= 500 células por mm3 /sangue e 65,9% com carga viral indetectável; 82,6% não referiram comorbidades e 71,3% não faziam uso de drogas. Em relação aos resultados da análise de regressão, permaneceram no modelo final o escore geral da escala de suporte social; os domínios preocupação com o sigilo e com a saúde, do questionário HAT-QoL; e as variáveis tipo de parceria sexual, quem sabe do diagnóstico, categoria de exposição, efeitos adversos e comorbidades. Considerações Finais: Na análise de regressão, constatou-se que os fatores relacionados com a estigmatização percebida pelos participantes indicaram que partilhar o diagnóstico com a família e amigos, desconhecer a categoria de exposição ao HIV, apresentar efeitos adversos e comorbidades, foram preditores associados positivamente ao aumento médio da estigmatização / Introduction: Aids is an incurable clinical pathology that marks people for discriminating and biased labels. Objective: To analyze the stigmatization of people living with HIV / AIDS and its relationship with the received social support and quality of life. Methods: Cross-sectional study, quantitative, conducted in a Specialized Care Service in the State of Minas Gerais. The study included 258 people that are cared at the service who met the inclusion criteria: age over 18 years and use of antiretroviral therapy for at least six months; and excluded individuals in isolation situations, such as prisoners and institutionalized. The data were collected through individual interviews and consultation on medical records sociodemographic questionnaire were used and health questionnaire, Stigma Scale, Social Support Scale and HAT- QoL questionnaire. Data were organized in Microsoft Office Excel® 2010 spreadsheet and processed in IBM® SPSS 23.0. To characterize the profile of the participants, we used descriptive statistics. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for phase comparison between variables and scales. The last phase was to analyze the combined influence of the variables on the stigma, using multiple regression analysis method, which used the R version 3.1.2 program by GAMLSS library. Results: Of the participants, 56.2% were male, 36.0% were aged 40 to 49 years; 44.2% had 1-5 years of complete schooling; 45.7% were single; 63.2% received up to one minimum wage; 61.2% lived in their own home and 75.6% participated in any religious movement. According to the characteristics of the affective-sexual life, 80.6% were heterosexual; 57.4% had had sexual partners in the last 12 months; 41.1% knew the diagnostic condition of sexual partners; 34.5% reported condom use. As for the epidemiological variables, 36.8% faced diagnosis for more than 10 years and 78.3% were exposed to HIV through sexual contact. Regarding antiretroviral treatment, 82.2% used up to two tablets a day; 76.4% refered no adverse effects and 29.5% discontinued treatment sometime. In analysis of clinical variables, 59.3% had CD4 + cell count >= 500 cells per mm3 / blood and 65.9% with undetectable viral load; 82.6% reported no comorbidities and 71.3% did not use drugs. Regarding the results of the regression analysis, the final model remained in the final model, the overall score of social support scale remained in the model; the areas concerned worry with secrecy and health, of HAT-QoL questionnaire. And the variables sexual partners who knows the diagnosis, exposure category, adverse effects and comorbidities. Final Considerations: In relation to the regression analysis, it was found that the factors related to stigma perceived by participants indicated that sharing the diagnosis with family and friends, ignoring the category of exposure to HIV, have adverse effects and comorbidity were predictors positively associated with the average increase of stigmatization

Social stigma about sexuality across the life course is pervasive and deeply rooted in “Anglophone West” and patriarchal society that strives to police the sexuality of youth and older adults in diverse yet interconnected ways. Using an Intergenerational and Community-Based Applied Theatre approach to address common misconceptions about sexuality across the life course, I sought to offer a space to share lived experiences of youth and older adults with each other and their community. The community-based project created with the Victoria Target Theatre Society, Victoria High School, and Island Sexual Health Society offers insight into an avenue for social change based on the reactions from collaborators before and after the devising and performance process, in addition to audience responses. Furthermore, these findings can inform action in the form of policy change that aims to address systemic stigmatization of older adult and youth sexuality as well as the lack of education for healthcare providers to offer unbiased care and resources. / Graduate / 2021-04-08

This study examined the media portrayals of Roma in the United States by taking a closer look at ―Gypsy crime‖ articles in a purposive sample of newspaper articles. These newspaper articles give details of ―confidence‖ crimes and name the alleged perpetrators as Roma or members of the ethnic minority group commonly known as Gypsies. A textual analysis was conducted of 23 articles appearing in the South Florida Sun-Sentinel from August 16, 2011 to February 8, 2013 covering fraud charges against several members of the Marks family. This primary evaluation narrowed the initial sample to nine articles that contained references to Roma, Romani, or Gypsy. Further analysis of these nine articles revealed four major categories of findings regarding the representation of the ethnic minority. The categories included: 1) the pairing of the preferred term, Roma with the pejorative term, Gypsy; 2) reinforcement of stereotypes; 3) portrayal of the ethnic group as foreign others; and 4) Roma portrayed as a threat to the dominant culture and its members. The theoretical bases for the study included Social Stigma Theory (Goffman, 1963) and Orientalism (Said, 1978) both of which offer a critical lens through which to examine the portrayals of this ethnic minority.

Purpose: The college environment is documented as a universally stressful period where students face many challenges (Baysden, 2002; Pandit, 2003). In addition to these potential stressors, international students face other unique challenges such as loss of support network, feelings of isolation, economic hardship, coping with oftentimes competing cultures, and anxiety which emanates from unfamiliarity (Kim & Omizo, 2003; Rounds & Kline, 2005). Unsuccessful resolution of these challenges can negatively impact the acculturation process, their mental health, and their academic programs (Roysircar, 2002). Despite these many challenges, research consistently shows that international students are less likely than their US counterparts to seek professional counseling (Bayer, 2002). Further, those who do seek counseling services are also more likely to terminate services prematurely (Anderson & Myer, 1985). Although there is an abundance of research on the attitudes towards seeking professional counseling of Asian and other international student populations (Kim & Omizo, 2003; Lau & Takeuchi, 2001; Leong & Lau, 2001; Liao, Rounds & Kline, 2005; Pandit, 2003), there is a dearth of knowledge on Caribbean college students. This dissertation sought to determine which factors influence the attitudes towards seeking professional counseling of English-speaking Caribbean college students in the U.S., as well as those attending colleges in the Caribbean. Method: Two research questions and five null hypotheses were used to examine what influences the attitudes towards seeking professional counseling of 500 Caribbean college students. The variables of interest were stigma tolerance, level of social support, level of acculturation, outcome expectations and level of emotional openness. Stigma Tolerance was measured using the Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help (SSRPH), Outcome Expectations were measured using the Disclosure Expectations Scale, Emotional Openness was measured using the Distress Disclosure Index and Social Support using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Attitudes towards seeking professional counseling were measured using the Attitudes towards seeking Psychological Help instrument by Fischer and Turner (1970) and acculturation was measured using responses from the demographic questionnaire. Several analyses were conducted including a stepwise regression analysis, multiple regression analysis, a MANOVA, ANOVA and a linear regression analysis. Major Findings: The results of this study indicated that stigma tolerance and anticipated risks of seeking counseling both have a significant inverse relationship with the attitudes towards seeking professional counseling of English-speaking Caribbean college students. Results also indicated that anticipated utility of seeking professional counseling has a significant relationship with the attitudes towards seeking professional counseling. The level of emotional openness as well as the level of social support also have a direct relationship with the attitudes towards seeking professional counseling of English-speaking Caribbean college students. Students who reside and attend college in the Caribbean reported higher mean scores for anticipated risk, anticipated utility and attitudes towards seeking professional counseling than their counterparts who reside and attend college in the U.S. Results also indicated that length of stay in the U.S. was not a statistically significant predictor of one's attitudes towards seeking professional counseling.