Sammanfattning/AbstractFredriksson, Malin (2022). Lärmiljöer i mobila verksamheter-pedagogers berättelser.Specialpedagogprogrammet, Institutionen för skolutveckling och ledarskap, Lärande och samhälle, Malmö universitet, 90 hp. Förväntat kunskapsbidrag Det förväntade kunskapsbidraget är att via pedagogers berättelser synliggöra hur det är att arbeta på en mobil förskola både gällande vad det finns för hinder, samt undersöka förutsättningar och fördelar.Syfte och frågeställningarSyftet med denna studie är att undersöka några pedagogers och specialpedagogens uppfattningar om hinder, svårigheter, utmaningar och möjligheter med att arbeta på en bussavdelning utifrån barns sociala utveckling och lärande.  Teori Undersökningen tar avstamp i teorier om ramfaktorer, utmaningar i förskolan och specialpedagogiskt perspektiv. Ramfaktorerna som lyfts fram är de förutsättningar som kan påverka de mobila förskolornas vardag. Det kan till exempel vara yttre förutsättningar såsom bemanning, organisation och tidsaspekter som styr (hur de kan påverka barnens chans till social utveckling och lärande ur ett specialpedagogiskt perspektiv.)  Metod Studien bygger på fem semistrukturerade intervjuer via den digitala plattformen Teams med två förskollärare och två barnskötare och en intervju med en specialpedagog över telefon.Samtliga har erfarenhet av att arbeta på en mobil förskola. Anledningen till valet av semistrukturerade intervjuer är för att det är en kvalitativ metod som ger respondenterna möjlighet till utrymme att prata mer fritt för att då också kunna få ett mer utförligt svar. Intervjuerna med pedagogerna genomfördes under tidsintervallet av en vecka medan specialpedagogens intervju ägde rum tre månader efter pedagogernas, Intervjuerna spelades in 4på en diktafon och när intervjun var slut transkriberades det inspelade materialet. Dessa transkriberingar är det som för vidare resultat och analysen i studien.  Resultat Utifrån respondenternas svar framkommer följande; Hinder: Att det ibland är svårt att få med sig de material eller verktyg som behövs i stundenslärande då det är ett begränsat utrymme i bussen. Barns sociala utveckling och lärande utifrån pedagogers förhållningssätt. Svårigheter: Samarbetet mellan stationära förskolan och den mobila enheten upplevs som en svårighet då det vid till exempel frånvaro blir svårt att bedriva sin planerade verksamhet om inte stöttning finns från hemförskolan.  Utmaningar: Att befinna sig på nya platser ofta kan vara hämmande för barn som behöver tydlighet och struktur och god förberedelse för dagen. Att förståelsen mellan mobila förskolans speciella förutsättningar och den stationära förskolans inte finns vilket leder till utmaningar i samarbetet.  Fördelar: Att varje dag kunna välja lärmiljö ger stora fördelar och möjligheter att upptäcka och utforska omvärlden där man också kan anpassa planering, miljö(destination) utifrån barnets sociala utveckling och lärande.  Specialpedagogiska implikationer Utifrån resultatet i studien framkommer det som viktigt att specialpedagogen ska kunna handleda pedagoger på en stationär förskola tillsammans med mobil avdelning för att skapa en gemensam förståelse för varandras verksamheter. Utifrån resultaten i studien framkom det att det upplevs finnas ett glapp mellan stationär och mobil verksamhet som är inom samma organisation. En tydlig svårighet och utmaning som respondenterna uppger är samarbetet och förståelsen mellan mobila förskolan och den stationära. Handledning från specialpedagogen med syfte att skapa en gemensam förståelse för varandras verksamheter skulle kunna bidra till en sådan ökad förståelse.

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Graphene has many interesting physical properties which makes it useful for plenty of applications. In this work we investigate the possibility of using graphene as a carbon dioxide and humidity sensor. Carbon dioxide and water adsorbates are modeled on top of the surface of a graphene sheet, which themselves lie on one of two types of silica substrates or sapphire substrate. We evaluate the changes in the electronic and structural properties of the graphene sheet in the presence of the described adsorbates as well as the accompanying substrate. We perform the study using ab-initio calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), that allows fast, accurate and efficient investigations. In particular, we focus our attention on investigating the effects of defects in the substrate and how it influences the properties of the graphene sheet. The defects of the substrate contribute with impurity bands leading to doping effects on the graphene sheet, which in turn together with the presence of the adsorbates result in changes of the electronic charge distribution in the system. We provide charge density difference plots to visualize these changes and also determine the relaxed minimum distances of the adsorbates from the graphene sheet together with the respective minimum energy configurations. We also include the density of states, Löwdin charges and work functions for further investigations. / Grafen har många intressanta fysikaliska egenskaper, vilket gör det användbart för många  tillämpningar. I detta arbete har vi teoretiskt undersökt möjligheten att använda grafen som gassensor för koldioxid och fukt. Adsorberade koldioxid- och vattenmolekyler modelleras ovanför ytan av ett lager grafen, som i sig ligger ovanpå en av två typer av kiseldioxidsubstrat eller ett aluminiumoxidsubstrat. Vi har utvärderat förändringar i de elektroniska och strukturella egenskaperna hos grafenlagret i närvaro av de beskrivna molekylerna samt åtföljande substrat. Vi utför studien med ab-initio beräkningar baserade på täthetsfunktionalteori (DFT), som möjliggör snabba, korrekta och effektiva elektronstruktursberäkningar. Framför allt fokuserar vi på effekten av defekter i underlaget, och hur dessa påverkar egenskaperna hos grafenlagret. Defekter i underlaget bidrar genom att införa elektroniska band som leder till dopningseffekter i grafenlagret, vilket i sin tur tillsammans med närvaron av adsorbatmolekylerna leder till förändringar av den elektroniska laddningsfördelningen i systemet. Vi tillhandahåller s.k. laddningsdensitet-skillnadsfigurer som visualiserar dessa förändringar. Vi har även beräknat jämviktsavståndet mellan adsorbatmolekylerna och grafenlagret  tillsammans med respektive minimienergikonfigurationer för molekylerna, Vi åksa tillhandahåller täthet av stater, Löwdin laddningar och arbetsfunktion för fortsatta undersökningar. / <p>QC 20160218</p>

Ab initio alloy theory, formulated within the exact muffin-tin orbitals method in combination with the coherent-potential approximation, is used to determine the effect of long range order on the elastic properties. The lattice parameters and single-crystal elastic constants of Cu3Au are calculated for different partially ordered structures ranging from the fully ordered L12 to the random face centered cubic lattice. Special attention is put on the chemical and magnetic effects and on the interplay between these two degrees of freedom. For non-magnetic Cu3Au, it was found that the lattice parameters and single-crystal elastic constants follow a clear trend with the degree of chemical order: namely, C11 and C12 decrease slightly, whereas C44 remains nearly constant with increasing disorder. As none of the single-crystal elastic constants were modified significantly due to the long-range-order, the polycrystalline elastic moduli of Cu3Au also keep nearly constant upon ordering. The Debye temperature does not show a strong chemical order dependence either. Using the calculated Debye temperatures, we find that for the entropy change upon order-disorder transition varies between −0.018 kB and 0.022 kB, the upper value being surprisingly close to 0.023 kB observed in experiments. However, some of the elastic constants of ferromagnetic Ni3Fe, adopting the same crystal lattice as Cu3Au, were affected considerably. For the lattice parameter a, the main effect of magnetism is concentrated in the chemically dis-ordered region, with long-range order parameter S below ∼ 0.6 and the effect gradually disappears with increasing S. In the ferromagnetic state, the lattice parameter is almost constant as a function of the degree of order. Out of the three single-crystal elastic constants, only C11 and C12 are found to be affected by magnetism in the ordered state, however, their combined effect results in a nearly constant bulk modulus as a function of S. C44 changes slightly with S and magnetic state. The tetragonal shear elastic constant C´ , the Young’s modulus E and the shear modulus G increase significantly with the degree of order in the ferromagnetic state, but the effect becomes weak as the system approaches the random regime. Especially the C´ shear elastic constant depends strongly on the magnetic state and the degree of order. As a result, the Zener anisotropy ratio C44/C´ and the Possion’s ratio are strongly affected by the long-range order in the ferromagnetic state. Nevertheless, the actual values for the Pugh ratio and the Cauchy pressure remain far from their critical values, indicating that the ductility of Ni3Fe is not influenced by the chemical/magnetic ordering. Interestingly, the ferromagnetic L12 system possesses ∼5.4% larger elastic Debye temperature than the paramagnetic one, which in turn has similar ΘD as the chemically disordered face centered cubic phase being in either ferro-or paramagnetic state. The implications of the chemical/magnetic order on the mechanical properties and order-disorder transition is discussed. / <p>QC 20140929</p>

The dynamic process of how fast a spintronic device can be switched from one state to another is characterized by the Gilbert damping parameter. It has been found that the Gilbert damping along with other intrinsic properties in permalloy, can be tuned by different dopants and doping concentration. Therefore, a study of intrinsic magnetic properties with emphasis on the dependence of the Gilbert damping parameter from first principles calculations is investigated. It is aimed at to give an insight of the microscopic understanding originated from electronic structure and to provide a guideline in the practical spintronic design. The topic of the present thesis is to investigate, by means of first principle calculations, how the variation of the Gilbert damping parameter depends upon the electronic structure of pure and doped permalloy. We show that the Gilbert damping has a monotonic increase with the doping concentration due to an increasing amount of scattering processes. The dopants of the 5d transition metal give rise to a much larger impact than the 4d, as the spin orbit coupling effect is more pronounced in the heavy elements. Our results are in satistying agreement with experiment. / <p>QC 20150629</p>

The purpose of the present thesis is to study the influence of Proton Exchange on Electric Field assisted Poling of congruent Lithium Niobate and its applications on periodically pat-terned structures. Moreover, the possibility of using Proton Exchange to avoid neighbours domains merging is studied and successfully demonstrated for period shorter than 10μm. Before approaching the poling of periodically patterned LiNbO3 samples, the main charac-teristics of the evolution of the poling of uniform samples in different masking conditions are investigated. It is well known that the kinetics of domains switching is highly dependent on the poling setup and on the quality/type of electrode employed to contact the crystal to the high voltage. We used a thin layer of Titanium both as mask for proton diffusion and as metal electrode for poling experiments. Moreover different masking configurations are pre-sented and characterized. The second part of this work deals with the periodic poling of 0.5mm-thick congruent lith-ium niobate. 9x4 mm2 1-D Ti gratings with 8.66μm and 8.03μm period were first fabricated on the +z side of the crystal and a superficial chemical pattern was reproduced via acid bath. Three different types of samples were obtained and before the poling the metallic mask was removed whereas in one configuration it was left assuring better homogeneity of the in-verted areas. The results we obtained suggest it could be possible to achieve periodically poled congruent lithium niobate gratings with period shorter than 4μm in ~500μm thick samples and hence obtain aspect ratios of more than 250.

In this work an image processing software was developed to extract single nanocrystals luminescence spectra from spectral images containing various noises and parasitic signals. This software helps users to process and analyze experimental data in a simplified and intuitive way and allows quick analysis of large volumes of data. The output results are the distributions of peak emission energy and inter-peak spacing. The software also generates text-files containing the extracted information for further analysis. Also experimental photoluminescence measurements have been performed at liquid nitrogen temperature of 77K, on phosphorous doped silicon nanocrystals. The data were analyzed with the developed software and with other data confirm previous results indicating the accuracy of the methodology used in the code. The implementation of this software for data analysis can process information without human bias and hopefully find hidden patterns that previously been lost when analyzing data manually.

Förorenade områden är ett problem då föroreningarna kan påverka hälsa och miljö. När förorenade områden saneras genom schaktning eller muddring utgör schaktmas-sorna ett avfall. Avfallsklassificering är en viktig del vid sanering av förorenade områ-den. Det finns mycket lagstiftning att förhålla sig till och många analysmetoder att välja på. Detta kandidatarbete syftar till att avfallklassificera och identifiera aktuell de-poni för bottensedimenten i Vinterviken i södra Stockholm samt diskutera resultatens relevans mot bakgrund av forskning på området. Resultaten visar att bottensedimen-ten utgör ett icke farligt avfall som på grund av sin TOC halt inte kan placeras på de-poni utan att genomgå förbehandling eller att dispens från gränsvärdena ges. Det finns osäkerhet i de reglerade analysmetoderna och redovisade avfallsegenskaper kan på denna grund ifrågasättas.

The Lutheran reformers Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchton had clear views about the possibility that some people will end up in a tormenting hell after death. For them, hell is a likely destiny for those who have not received the gift of righteousness from God. Other theologians have been skeptical about the idea of hell, for different reasons. For example, some think that it is impossible to combine the belief in a loving God with the thought of an everlasting punishment. Others think that those who go to heaven cannot be truly happy if they are divided from some of their family and friends, who are in hell. The purpose of this essay is to examine if it is possible to affirm universal salvation within the Lutheran tradition. To do so, I have examined different theological views on what happens after death: the belief in hell, the belief that there is no hell, and the belief that nothing happens at all after death. Some of those who believe in hell think that it is a place of everlasting agony as a punishment for sins committed on earth, some believe that hell is painful because God is the source of life and joy and therefore eternity without God is a place of misery. Some think of hell in terms of annihilation or conditional immortalism: that the souls of those who do not enter heaven are destroyed after death, or that those who do not enter heaven will not be resurrected and will stay dead. Since the purpose of this essay is to study universalism within the Lutheran tradition, I have discussed what the core of Lutheran theology is, namely justification through faith. An important question is that of predestination and free will. Those who defend the doctrine of hell often argue that people must be able to have a free choice: to choose God or not to choose God. If someone does not want to meet God after death, there must be an alternative. Traditional Lutheran theologians are skeptical about the idea that people have a free will, especially in relationship with God. They believe that the act of justification and the gift of righteousness is a gift from God, it is not something that people can chose themselves. In the discussion, a central issue is how theology can change within a tradition. My conclusion is that it is possible to be a universalist as a Lutheran if you believe that God choses to predestinate all people. The main problem is about faith: how the believer responds to God’s calling. Belief must be understood in a different way from Luther’s and Melanchthon’s views.

Urban planning and transportation planning through an integrated process? On perspectives and communicative processes in urban development During the last couple of years the need for a better coordination of urban and transportation planning in Sweden has been highlighted at several occasions. In response to this need, the project “The Attractive City” (Den Goda Staden) has been initiated, emphasizing collaboration and communicative processes between actors involved in urban and transportation planning as a means to enhance the potential for an integrated planning. In this study the discussions taking place under the umbrella of The Attractive City are examined in order to illuminate the circumstances enhancing or obstructing the potential for integrated planning processes. The aim is to contribute to the knowledge of the conditions for an integrated planning of transportation systems and cities based on dialogue and collaboration. Through three case studies central challenges for cross-sectoral coordination are identified and used as a basis for a discussion on the potential for consensus based planning processes. It is concluded that much of the discussions in The Attractive City take a starting point in the ambition for planning to be holistic, an ambition associated with the risk of shadowing a range of underlying tensions between different perspectives among actors involved in the planning processes. The influence of these differences in perspectives on the potential for coordination of parallel planning activities is discussed. With reference to communicative planning theory and the experiences from The Attractive City, it is argued that communicative processes can play a role in sharpening the awareness about the procedural problems that need to be addressed in a planning process. Although consensus, in terms of agreement on solutions, may well be the result of communicative processes, increased understanding of different actors’ motives and conditions to act is seen as the main benefit from this kind of communicative processes, creating a resource to draw upon in future situations.