Research has established that national homeland security policy requires a whole community or all-of-nation approach to national security preparedness. What is less clear is whether all stakeholders are integrated into or benefit from this collective effort. This narrative policy analysis examined the relationship between a federally-recognized group of Native American tribal nations and homeland security national preparedness to explore whether tribal nations are effectively integrated with the collective effort for national preparedness. The theoretical framework stemmed from a convergence of social contract theory and conflict theory. Interviews (n = 21) were conducted with preparedness authorities from government agencies, and from tribal nations and nongovernmental organizations that advocate on behalf of tribal nations. Data were analyzed using Roe's narrative policy analysis technique. Results revealed areas of convergence of the government and tribal narratives on the historical disenfranchisement of tribal nations; findings also showed areas of divergence on how to better integrate tribal nations in homeland security national preparedness. The study concludes with a number of recommendations highlighting the manner in which national interests and tribal nation preparedness interests are intertwined. This study suggests that the nation's homeland security may be better served by greater inclusion of tribal nations in national preparedness efforts. The results of this study contribute to positive social change by giving voice to a heretofore disenfranchised social group, Native Americans, and by allowing them to strengthen the metanarrative of homeland security national preparedness.

Der Anlass der Arbeit ist die anhaltende Debatte um die Einführung des Ausschreibungswettbewerbs im Nahverkehr. Die Arbeit betrachtet schwerpunktmäßig die Gestaltung von Ausschreibungen im öffentlichen Straßenpersonennahverkehr, der in Deutschland durch das Personenbeförderungsgesetz (PBefG) geregelt wird. Gerade die Debatte um den Ausschreibungswettbewerb in diesem Bereich ist durch Kompetenzstreitigkeiten zwischen den Verkehrsunternehmen und den öffentlichen Aufgabenträgern bzw. ihren Vergabeinstitutionen gekennzeichnet. Beide Seiten beanspruchen dabei Verantwortlichkeiten auf der taktischen Ebene der Leistungserstellung, beispielsweise die Liniennetzplanung, die Fahrplangestaltung, das Fahrzeugkonzept und das Marketing. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht darin, herauszufinden, ob es aus ökonomischer Sicht besser ist, diese o. g. Entscheidungskompetenzen den Verkehrsunternehmen oder den Vergabeinstitutionen der Aufgabenträger zuzuordnen. Nach einer Bestandsaufnahme der bereits bestehenden ordnungspolitischen Vorschläge und der gegenwärtigen Zuständigkeiten, wird, ausgehend von der Vertrags- und Auktionstheorie, die Frage erörtert, ob sich unternehmerische Gestaltungsspielräume auf der taktischen Ebene in eine Leistungsbeschreibung integrieren lassen. In einem zweiten Schritt wird die Gestaltung der Beziehungen zwischen Aufgabenträger, seiner Vergabeorganisation und dem Verkehrsunternehmen während der Vertragslaufzeit betrachtet. Die Theorie der unvollständigen Verträge wird dabei auf das Problem der ÖPNV-Verträge angewandt, um aufzuzeigen, ob ein Mehr an unternehmerischer Freiheit bei der Gestaltung des Verkehrsangebots aus der Sicht der Aufgabenträger eher mit Chancen oder mit Risiken behaftet ist. Chancen können sich insbesondere dadurch ergeben, dass das Unternehmen während der Laufzeit des Vertrages neue Möglichkeiten entdeckt, wie sich die Qualität der Leistung verbessern lässt. Risiken ergeben sich dadurch, dass das Unternehmen nach Abschluss des Verkehrsvertrages seine Gestaltungsspielräume ausnutzt, um die Kosten zu Lasten der bestehenden Dienstleistungsqualität zu senken. Im Rahmen von Fallstudien aus Australien, Schweden und den Niederlanden wird das im Rahmen der Betrachtungen zur Theorie unvollständiger Verträge erörterte Spannungsverhältnis aus Kostensenkung, Qualitätsverbesserung bzw. –verschlechterung untersucht. Die Fallstudien zeigen, dass Unternehmen, wenn sie Freiheiten bei der Angebotsgestaltung erhalten, ihre Anstrengungen vor allem auf kostensenkende Aktivitäten fokussieren, die auch zu Lasten der Qualität gehen können. Es wird deutlich, dass vor allem im Hinblick auf die Gewährleistung eines integrierten Angebots und die Sicherstellung von Investitionen allgemeinverbindliche Standards und ein intensives Monitoring durch die Aufgabenträger unerlässlich sind.

The world is becoming more and more digitized. Recently many industries have started to research the blockchain technology and particularly smart contracts. One industry that so far has not adopted new technology in the same pace as other industries, is the insurance industry so this interview study aims at finding opportunities and challenges for insurance companies that want to learn about smart contracts and its use cases.By doing a literature review and performing interviews with blockchain experts and insurance company employees, this study found that both IT companies working with smart contracts and the insurance companies have limited knowledge of the legal aspect of smart contracts. The lack of standards and regulations allows IT companies to freely create smart contracts without much quality control. The insurance companies must innovate themselves in order to not be disrupted. The blockchain technology will offer many new insurance types and if the insurance industry fails to adopt the blockchain technology they may face market disruption.There is much room for future research following this study. It would be beneficial to research how contract theory could be used in practice during the creation of legally binding smart contracts. Furthermore, research around fraud prevention in smart contracts would be interesting as would an in-depth exploration of the ecosystem of third party software and services around smart contracts.

Submitted by Cinthia Konichi Paulo (ckonichi@gmail.com) on 2011-10-07T15:12:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cinthia konichi_dissertação.pdf: 511777 bytes, checksum: 1c129baf36f0e318ab7c4303b9e4b2ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Andrea Virginio Machado (andrea.machado@fgv.br) on 2011-10-17T17:51:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cinthia konichi_dissertação.pdf: 511777 bytes, checksum: 1c129baf36f0e318ab7c4303b9e4b2ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-10-17T17:53:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cinthia konichi_dissertação.pdf: 511777 bytes, checksum: 1c129baf36f0e318ab7c4303b9e4b2ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-12 / In this survey, we presented the general idea and main results from what we understand that are the most important contributions to contractual solutions to the holdup problem literature. The aim of this paper is to push the previous analysis, uniform the notation and provide a snapshot on the most recent literature, as well as bring topics for future inquires on this issue. / Neste trabalho, apresentamos a ideia geral e principais resultados do que entendemos ser as contribuições mais importantes sobre soluções contratuais ao problema de holdup. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar os trabalhos de fronteira, uniformizar a notação, assim como apresentar ideias para pesquisa futura.

There is a contradictive part of Swedish women's history that has been overlooked by too many historians. It is about the ways in which the women's movement viewed men in their arguments for citizenship. In this study I examine how man, men and masculinity were constructed as rhetorical objects of female emancipation in Kvinnornas tidning ('The Women's Magazine'). The magazine was published to educate women on civil matters after women's suffrage was granted in Sweden. By stuying the first publications from 1921-1922, I evaluate the obstacles that were connected to citizenship as a male prerogative, despite women's right to vote.  The magazine is characterized by its aim to aggregate women to inluence the male, public sphere and thereby be defined as citizens. By identifying an ideology of separate spheres in the magazine, I study how men were portrayed in each sphere. Here I use the feminist theory of sameness-difference to map where Kvinnornas tidning referred to men as defined by their sex, and where this conflicted with (male) citizenship. My argument is that the ideas of men in the magazine related to how emancipatory aims were subject to male and female normative positions in each sphere. I argue that in the female private sphere, it was easier to strengthen women's authority by rejecting men based on sex, but that in the public sphere, men were the citizens that women aspired to become. By using the contract theory of political theorist Carole Pateman, I illustrate how the contradictions inherent in the original citizenship led to conflicts in their aim for female citizenship, which are evidenced by their ambivalence towards masculinity. Since their definitions of men either reinforced womanhood or confirmed the masculinity of citizenship, they reproduced the patriarchal sexual contract.

Der Anlass der Arbeit ist die anhaltende Debatte um die Einführung des Ausschreibungswettbewerbs im Nahverkehr. Die Arbeit betrachtet schwerpunktmäßig die Gestaltung von Ausschreibungen im öffentlichen Straßenpersonennahverkehr, der in Deutschland durch das Personenbeförderungsgesetz (PBefG) geregelt wird. Gerade die Debatte um den Ausschreibungswettbewerb in diesem Bereich ist durch Kompetenzstreitigkeiten zwischen den Verkehrsunternehmen und den öffentlichen Aufgabenträgern bzw. ihren Vergabeinstitutionen gekennzeichnet. Beide Seiten beanspruchen dabei Verantwortlichkeiten auf der taktischen Ebene der Leistungserstellung, beispielsweise die Liniennetzplanung, die Fahrplangestaltung, das Fahrzeugkonzept und das Marketing. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht darin, herauszufinden, ob es aus ökonomischer Sicht besser ist, diese o. g. Entscheidungskompetenzen den Verkehrsunternehmen oder den Vergabeinstitutionen der Aufgabenträger zuzuordnen. Nach einer Bestandsaufnahme der bereits bestehenden ordnungspolitischen Vorschläge und der gegenwärtigen Zuständigkeiten, wird, ausgehend von der Vertrags- und Auktionstheorie, die Frage erörtert, ob sich unternehmerische Gestaltungsspielräume auf der taktischen Ebene in eine Leistungsbeschreibung integrieren lassen. In einem zweiten Schritt wird die Gestaltung der Beziehungen zwischen Aufgabenträger, seiner Vergabeorganisation und dem Verkehrsunternehmen während der Vertragslaufzeit betrachtet. Die Theorie der unvollständigen Verträge wird dabei auf das Problem der ÖPNV-Verträge angewandt, um aufzuzeigen, ob ein Mehr an unternehmerischer Freiheit bei der Gestaltung des Verkehrsangebots aus der Sicht der Aufgabenträger eher mit Chancen oder mit Risiken behaftet ist. Chancen können sich insbesondere dadurch ergeben, dass das Unternehmen während der Laufzeit des Vertrages neue Möglichkeiten entdeckt, wie sich die Qualität der Leistung verbessern lässt. Risiken ergeben sich dadurch, dass das Unternehmen nach Abschluss des Verkehrsvertrages seine Gestaltungsspielräume ausnutzt, um die Kosten zu Lasten der bestehenden Dienstleistungsqualität zu senken. Im Rahmen von Fallstudien aus Australien, Schweden und den Niederlanden wird das im Rahmen der Betrachtungen zur Theorie unvollständiger Verträge erörterte Spannungsverhältnis aus Kostensenkung, Qualitätsverbesserung bzw. –verschlechterung untersucht. Die Fallstudien zeigen, dass Unternehmen, wenn sie Freiheiten bei der Angebotsgestaltung erhalten, ihre Anstrengungen vor allem auf kostensenkende Aktivitäten fokussieren, die auch zu Lasten der Qualität gehen können. Es wird deutlich, dass vor allem im Hinblick auf die Gewährleistung eines integrierten Angebots und die Sicherstellung von Investitionen allgemeinverbindliche Standards und ein intensives Monitoring durch die Aufgabenträger unerlässlich sind.

This essay intends to interpret the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (CETS No. 210) using discourse analysis and theories of the sexual contract (Pateman 1988) and the male protective logic (Young 2003). The purpose is to find out which feminist discourses can be made visible in the convention, which subject positions are constructed within the framework of those discourses and how re- sponsibilities are distributed in contemporary policy documents. In summary the results show that the central subject positions within the convention consist of the protector, the victim and the perpetrator, which in turn include the majority of underlying subjects that both overlap each other and sometimes oppose each other's positions. The same subject who holds the po- sition of protector can also be the perpetrator and in this paradox are found, among others, the state and the violent man. A feminist discourse that underlies the convention's presentation is that unequal structures between binary gender categories, which is described as a fundamental problem when it comes to violence against women. Pointing out these structures risks of re- producing stereotypical notions of women and men as generalizable groups, but the convention also contributes through these representations to an international recognition of patriarchal structures and to shift the problem of men's violence against women and domestic violence from being a private matter to a problem for which the state should take responsibility.

[pt] Essa tese estuda o impacto de mecanismos contratuais no valor de operações de fusões e aquisições e propõe três modelos distintos de avaliação. Ademais, sob a ótica da Teoria dos Contratos, ressaltamos o impacto do comportamento dos agentes nas características das cláusulas utilizadas ou ainda no sucesso da transação. Primeiro, desenvolvemos um modelo para earnouts fornecendo fundamentos para como essa cláusula em particular deve ser estruturada e como seu valor deve ser estimado, especialmente considerando sua similaridade com opções. Além disso, testamos diferentes formatos para o earnout, como opção binária e opção de compra. Segundo, modelamos a cláusula de anti-diluição, a qual proporciona uma proteção adicional para investidores, em especial no contexto de Venture Capital. Anti-diluição tem papel fundamental como seguro para investidores contra rodadas de investimento futuras com valuation abaixo do que fora previamente pago pelo investidor. Por fim, desenvolvemos um modelo de avaliação para preferência de liquidação, a qual também pode ser uma alternativa de garantia para investidores em operações de fusões e aquisições. Preferência de liquidação é tipicamente definida como o direito do investidor em receber seu investimento adicionado de um determinado montante em caso de algum evento de liquidação, em preferência os demais acionistas. Os resultados indicam que os mecanismos contratuais largamente utilizados em operações de fusões e aquisições tem impacto relevante no valor justo da transação. Adicionalmente, os resultados sugerem que os mecanismos contratuais são importantes ferramentas para mitigar o risco para investidores, viabilizando determinadas operações que se tornariam inviáveis, especialmente ao considerarmos a assimetria de informação entre comprador e vendedor. / [en] This thesis studies the impact of contractual mechanisms in MeA valuation deals and proposes three models to evaluate them. Also, under the Contract Theory lens, we draw attention to the parties behavior and its impact on clauses settings or transaction success. First, we develop a model for earnouts and provide the foundation for understanding how they might best be structured and how their value might be estimated, especially considering their similarity to financial options. Furthermore, we also test different features for the earnout, such as binary options and a combination of binary and call options. Second, we model the anti-dilution covenant, which provides additional protection for investors, especially in a venture capital context. Antidilution plays an important role as insurance for venture capitalists against down round, which is a subsequent financing event at a lower valuation. Lastly, we developed a valuation model for liquidation preference, which can be an alternative guarantee for investors in MeA deals. Liquidation preference is typically defined as the right of the investor (usually holding preference shares), to receive its investment amount plus a certain agreed percentage of the proceeds in the event of a liquidation of the company, in preference over the other shareholders. Our findings indicate that the typical legal covenants used in MeA deals have a relevant impact on their fair value and may work as important tools to bridge the gap between the buyer and the seller, especially considering the information asymmetry on this context. On the other hand, depending on the clauses settings, the risk may be too skewed to the seller side, making the deal structure too expensive under his perspective. By testing the model s parameters sensitivity, we provided the inputs the seller needs to evaluate and pursue the optimal contractual terms.

[pt] A presente dissertação expressa e narra meu processo de compreensão do meu desejo de saber, suas impossibilidades, e as conexões entre poder e reivindicações à verdade nas narrativas e sujeitos autorizados por tais reivindicações. Eu escolhi particularmente o processo de formação do sujeito como compreendido pela teoria psicanalítica desenvolvida por Jacques Lacan – em seu “retorno a Freud” – e pela teoria contratualista como desenvolvida por Thomas Hobbes. Esse processo de formação do sujeito é um que eu entendo, como Judith Butler, como co-constitutivo e codependente com o poder que o forma numa relação em que não há emergência de um sujeito a não ser que autorizado por alguma instância de poder, ao mesmo tempo que não há poder senão como efeito sobre e através dos sujeitos a quem sujeita. O caminho em particular que eu consegui traçar em minha exploração, primeiro, foi entendendo um certo caráter ou papel estruturante da linguagem na teoria de ambos Lacan e Hobbes. Isso me permitiu dar um passo além, na análise de como o sujeito neurótico e o sujeito do contrato social emergem não só dos mesmos contextos, mas, sendo assim, talvez sejam um e o mesmo sujeito. Para, então, seguir o processo de formação do sujeito como colocada por Lacan até o mecanismo do Nome-do-Pai, procurando entender nossos investimentos políticos em uma certa forma paternalista de autoridade. No último e final passo deste processo ao invés de se fechar e confirmar-se a si mesma, eu busco partilhar uma crítica de um certo modelo heteronormativo e falocêntrico no qual muito da teoria psicanalítica está baseada, seus efeitos danosos nos mecanismos de exclusão e autorização de determinados sujeitos na nossa sociedade, baseados em uma diferenciação sexual. Eu emerjo desta dissertação não só mais capaz de engajar livros, autores e literaturas, mas compreendendo melhor e sendo mais atenta ao meu próprio desejo de saber e os mecanismos de exclusão vigentes no nosso mundo. / [en] This dissertation expresses and narrates my struggle to grapple with my own desire of knowing, its impossibility, and the connections between power and claims to truth in those – people and narratives – authorized by claims to know. I chose the particular process of subject formation as understood by the psychoanalytical theory developed by Jacques Lacan – in his return to Freud – and the social contract theory of Thomas Hobbes. This process of subject formation is one I understand, rooted in the thought of Judith Butler, as a co-constitutive and codependent relationship, where no subject can emerge unless subjected by power, and power can only exist as the effects of authorization of certain subjects. The particular path through which I have been able to do this has been through the exploration, first, of a certain structuring character language has both in lacanian psychoanalytical theory and in the hobbesian political treatise. This allowed me to take one step further into analyzing how the neurotic subject and the social contract subject emerge and understand them as one and the same. So then I could be able to follow Lacan s exploration of subject formation in the device of the Name-of-the-Father, hoping it would make me understand a particular investment of the social contract theory subject in paternal authority. I chose to close this dissertation, then, not confirming and reiterating the movement I have been able to find and develop, but with a critique of the heteronormative, phallocentric model in which much of psychoanalytical theory is rooted in, and its damaging effects on the mechanisms of exclusion and authorization of subjects in our society, as based on sexual difference. I have emerged from this dissertation not only smarter from the books I have read and literature I have engaged with, but wiser in my own inquiries and desire to have access and know how the world works.

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are systems that integrate physical elements with a cyber layer that enables sensing, monitoring, and processing the data from the physical components. Examples of CPSs include autonomous vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), smart grids, and the Internet of Things (IoT). In particular, many critical infrastructure (CI) that are vital to our modern day cities and communities, are CPSs. This wide range of CPSs domains represents a cornerstone of smart cities in which various CPSs are connected to provide efficient services. However, this level of connectivity has brought forward new security challenges and has left CPSs vulnerable to many cyber-physical attacks and disruptive events that can utilize the cyber layer to cause damage to both cyber and physical components. Addressing these security and operation challenges requires developing new security solutions to prevent and mitigate the effects of cyber and physical attacks as well as improving the CPSs response in face of disruptive events, which is known as the CPS resilience. To this end, the primary goal of this dissertation is to develop novel analytical tools that can be used to study, analyze, and optimize the resilience and security of critical CPSs. In particular, this dissertation presents a number of key contributions that pertain to the security and the resilience of multiple CPSs that include power systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), UAVs, and transportation networks. First, a mathematical framework is proposed to analyze and mitigate the effects of GPS spoofing attacks against UAVs. The proposed framework uses system dynamics to model the optimal routes which UAVs can follow in normal operations and under GPS spoofing attacks. A countermeasure mechanism, built on the premise of cooperative localization, is then developed to mitigate the effects of these GPS spoofing attacks. To practically deploy the proposed defense mechanism, a dynamic Stackelberg game is formulated to model the interactions between a GPS spoofer and a drone operator. The equilibrium strategies of the game are analytically characterized and studied through a novel, computationally efficient algorithm. Simulation results show that, when combined with the Stackelberg strategies, the proposed defense mechanism will outperform baseline strategy selection techniques in terms of reducing the possibility of UAV capture. Next, a game-theoretic framework is developed to model a novel moving target defense (MTD) mechanism that enables CPSs to randomize their configurations to proactive deter impending attacks. By adopting an MTD approach, a CPS can enhance its security against potential attacks by increasing the uncertainty on the attacker. The equilibrium of the developed single-controller, stochastic MTD game is then analyzed. Simulation results show that the proposed framework can significantly improve the overall utility of the defender. Third, the concept of MTD is coupled with new cryptographic algorithms for enhancing the security of an mHealth Internet of Things (IoT) system. In particular, using a combination of theory and implementation, a framework is introduced to enable the IoT devices to update their cryptographic keys locally to eliminate the risk of being revealed while they are shared. Considering the resilience of CPSs, a novel framework for analyzing the component- and system-level resilience of CIs is proposed. This framework brings together new ideas from Bayesian networks and contract theory – a Nobel prize winning theory – to define a concrete system-level resilience index for CIs and to optimize the allocation of resources, such as redundant components, monitoring devices, or UAVs to help those CIs improve their resilience. In particular, the developed resilience index is able to account for the effect of CI components on the its probability of failure. Meanwhile, using contract theory, a comprehensive resource allocation framework is proposed enabling the system operator to optimally allocate resources to each individual CI based on its economic contribution to the entire system. Simulation results show that the system operator can economically benefit from allocating the resources while dams can have a significant improvement in their resilience indices. Subsequently, the developed contract-theoretic framework is extended to account for cases of asymmetric information in which the system operator has only partial information about the CIs being in some vulnerability and criticality levels. Under such asymmetry, it is shown that the proposed approach maximizes the system operator's utility while ensuring that no CI has an incentive to ask for another contract. Next, a proof-of-concept framework is introduced to analyze and improve the resilience of transportation networks against flooding. The effect of flooding on road capacities and on the free-flow travel time, is considered for different rain intensities and roads preparedness. Meanwhile, the total system's travel time before and after flooding is evaluated using the concept of a Wardrop equilibrium. To this end, a proactive mechanism is developed to reduce the system's travel time, after flooding, by shifting capacities (available lanes) between same road sides. In a nutshell, this dissertation provides a suite of analytical techniques that allow the optimization of security and resilience across multiple CPSs. / Doctor of Philosophy / Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) have recently been used in many application domains because of their ability to integrate physical elements with a cyber layer allowing for sensing, monitoring, and remote controlling. This pervasive use of CPSs in different applications has brought forward new security challenges and threats. Malicious attacks can now leverage the connectivity of the cyber layer to launch remote attacks and cause damage to the physical components. Taking these threats into consideration, it became imperative to ensure the security of CPSs. Given that many CPSs provide critical services, for instance many critical infrastructure (CI) are CPSs such as smart girds and nuclear reactors; it is then inevitable to ensure that these critical CPSs can maintain proper operation. One key measure of the CPS’s functionality, is resilience which evaluates the ability of a CPS to deliver its designated service under potentially disruptive situations. In general, resilience measures a CPS’s ability to adapt or rapidly recover from disruptive events. Therefore, it is crucial for CPSs to be resilient in face of potential failures. To this end, the central goal of this dissertation is to develop novel analytical frameworks that can evaluate and improve security and resilience of CPSs. In these frameworks, cross-disciplinary tools are used from game theory, contract theory, and optimization to develop robust analytical solutions for security and resilience problems. In particular, these frameworks led to the following key contributions in cyber security: developing an analytical framework to mitigate the effects of GPS spoofing attacks against UAVs, introducing a game-theoretic moving target defense (MTD) framework to improve the cyber security, and securing data privacy in m-health Internet of Things (IoT) networks using a MTD cryptographic framework. In addition, the dissertation led to the following contributions in CI resilience: developing a general framework using Bayesian Networks to evaluate and improve the resilience of CIs against their components failure, introducing a contract-theoretic model to allocate resources to multiple connected CIs under complete and asymmetric information scenarios, providing a proactive plan to improve the resilience of transportation networks against flooding, and, finally, developing an environment-aware framework to deploy UAVs in disaster-areas.