Miljömedvetenhet är ett begrepp som används flitigt idag både i företagsvärlden och privat. Detta har lett till att kundernas medvetenhet om miljön och det sociala ansvaret har ökat och de ställer allt högre krav på företagens produkter och tjänster.Allt eftersom de bildas nya moderna företag ökar konkurrensen och många företag väljer att lägga stora resurser inom hållbar utveckling för att uppnå konkurrensfördelar. För att företagen ska kunna kommunicera sitt miljöansvar till omvärlden skapar dem en hållbarhetsredovisning där dem talar om sitt ansvar för omvärlden. De tre vanligaste ansvaren som man finner i en hållbarhetsredovisning är det sociala ansvaret, det ekonomiska ansvaret och miljöansvaret.Hur en hållbarhetsredovisning ska utformas är frivilligt och variationen gör att det kan bli svårt för ett otränat öga att tolka och jämföra informationen Vi tror att en stor del till variationen inom hållbarhetsredovisning är att företagen väljer att rikta sig till olika intressenter som dem finner intressanta för bolaget.Syftet med denna uppsats är att granska och tolka hållbarhetsredovisningarna från nordens tre största flygbolag; SAS, Norwegian Airlines och Finnair för att få svar på frågan till vem deras hållbarhetsredovisning är skriven.För att uppnå vårt syfte med uppsatsen har vi kopplat den information vi fått från bolagens hållbarhetsredovisningar till olika teorier för att skapa oss en uppfattning om företagen. Vi har då kommit fram till att bolagens hållbarhetsredovisningar lägger fokus och riktar sig till olika intressenter. En anledning till detta kan vara att det inte finns ett internationellt ramverk för hur hållbarhetsrapporterna skall se ut, att det är företagets egna ambitioner för hur mycket resurser de vill lägga ner på forskning och utveckling.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Selma Aparecida Leite de Andrade.pdf: 2288849 bytes, checksum: 7bd80d520f2d083d9e4dfee0b2b62f40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aimed to identify and analyze the Social and Environmental Responsibility actions on the Self-Service Retail. The theme approach comprised the period between 2000 and 2009, starting from the case study on Extra Hypermarket Santa Rosália in Sorocaba/ SP that belongs to Pão de Açúcar Group. The methodology included the Bibliographic Research about conceptual production referring to Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility, Social Balance, Commerce, Retail, Self-Service Retail; the Documental Research (Laws, Sustainability Reports, Social Balance and others) and the Field Research. On the research, with qualitative features, it was used for the methodological procedures the semi-structured interview with seven subjects: collaborators, organized Sorocaba civil society representatives and partners of the Social and Environmental Responsibility actions developed by Extra store, as well as the Participant Observation and technological resources, as filming a video and access to specific websites on the perspective of describing such actions on its working dynamics. The analysis of the empirical data emphasized the content and meaning of the people reports. The research results evidenced that the developed actions are mainly focalized in a strategy of customer gaining and retail marketing, however, they involve educative actions and have the possibility of spreading healthy habits aiming the life quality improvement of the local population. The results indicate, yet, fragility considering the discontinuity features and fragmentation of these actions and in evidence the absence of planning, monitoring, checking and the participation of everyone involved on the shared effectuation of the Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility / A presente dissertação visou identificar e analisar as ações de Responsabilidade Socioambiental no Varejo de Auto-Serviço. A abordagem do tema compreendeu o período de 2000 a 2009, a partir do estudo de caso na Loja Extra Hipermercado Santa Rosália de Sorocaba/SP do Grupo Pão de Açúcar. A metodologia abrangeu a Pesquisa Bibliográfica sobre a produção conceitual referente a Responsabilidade Socioambiental Empresarial, Balanço Social, Comércio, Varejo, Varejo de Auto-Serviço; a Pesquisa Documental (Leis, Relatórios de sustentabilidade, Balanço Social e outros) e a Pesquisa de Campo. Na pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, foram utilizados como procedimentos metodológicos a entrevista semiestruturada com sete sujeitos: colaboradores, representantes da sociedade civil organizada de Sorocaba e parceiros das ações de Responsabilidade Socioambiental desenvolvidas pela loja Extra, bem como a Observação Participante e recursos tecnológicos, como filmagem de um vídeo e acesso a sites específicos na perspectiva de retratar as ações de Responsabilidade Socioambiental Empresarial em sua dinâmica de funcionamento. A análise dos dados empíricos enfatizou conteúdos e significados dos relatos dos sujeitos. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram que as ações desenvolvidas estão principalmente focalizadas em uma estratégia de captação de clientes e marketing de varejo, contudo, envolvem ações educativas e contém possibilidades de disseminar hábitos saudáveis objetivando a melhoria da qualidade de vida da população local. Denotaram, ainda, fragilidades face às características de descontinuidade e fragmentação das ações, com destaque à ausência de planejamento, monitoramento, avaliação e participação de todos os envolvidos na efetivação compartilhada da Responsabilidade Socioambiental Empresarial

本研究蒐集各國企業所發行之獨立環境報告（Corporate Environmental Reports）共84份，採內容分析的研究方法，針對環境報告的內容進行研究分析。本研究建立一種評量模式，以聯合國環境規劃署（UNEP）所建議之環境報告揭露主題作為觀察評量單元，依揭露內容的完整性與相關主題的系統整合度，將環境報告于各單元的表現分為四個等級，依次給予0-3的權重分數，各單元所得分數加總即為整份環境報告的揭露成果。 本研究同時進行產業別與地區別的分析，依產業分為電力、汽車、能源、消費品、資本設備、化學、服務、森林產品與造紙等八種產業類別，將隸屬同一產業別的企業環境報告歸類分別進行分析比較，以電力與汽車兩種產業為例，摘出其產業中于各揭露主題表現最佳的範例置于本研究報告之中，作為樣本參考。本研究尚進行產業之間的比較，研究發現環境報告因產業特性而產生的揭露選擇與差異；地區別的分析則將環境報告依地區重新分類，分為美加、歐洲、北歐以及日本四個主要地區，觀察分析各地區報告的差異。 最後提出研究結論，歸納現階段環境報告揭露的主要內容，各產業之環境報告揭露選擇的差異，各地區環境報告的表現，以及提出對國內企業製作環境報告的建議。 目 錄 第一章 緒論 ……………………………………………………. 1 第一節 研究動機 ……………………………………………1 第二節 論文結構 …………………………………………... 3 第二章 文獻回顧 ……………………………………………….. 5 第一節 企業環境報告的重要性 ……………………………. 5 第二節 企業環境報告的演進及相關研究 ………………10 第三節 環境報告的指導方針與具體作法 ………………24 第四節 環境報告製作所遭遇的困難與待改進的問題 …31 第三章 研究方法 ………………………………………………35 第一節 研究架構 ………………………………………….35 第二節 研究對象 ………………………………………….39 第三節 研究方法與分析單元 …………………………….41 第四節 研究限制 ………………………………………….42 第四章 產業環境報告分析 ……………………………………..44 第一節 分析評量方法 ……………………………………..44 第二節 產業別分析 ……………………………………..48 一、 電力產業 ………………………………………….48 二、 汽車產業 ………………………………………….78 三、 能源產業 ………………………………………..106 四、 消費品產業 ……………………………………115 五、 資本設備產業 ……………………………………123 六、 化學產業 ………………………………………...131 七、 服務性產業 ……………………………………139 八、 森林產品與造紙產業 …………………………..146 第五章 產業別與地區別分析 ……………………………….155 第一節 產業別分析 ……………………………………155 第二節 地區別分析 ……………………………………172 第六章 結論與建議 ………………………………………...178 第一節 研究發現 ………………………………………...178 第二節 研究建議 ………………………………………...187 環境報告＆參考文獻 ………………………………………...189 / Abstract Out of strict environmental law, intensive market competition, and the trend toward sustainable development, the environmental responsibility has now become one of the essential elements in doing business. Under the pressure of stakeholders, such as employees, shareholders, and environmental groups, there are more and more enterprises trying to have their own presentation of environmental performance. Among the enterprises of Fortune 500, Three hundreds of them have environmental reports. They believe the environmental report is a good instrument for promoting their image of environmental protection as part of marketing strategy. In Taiwan, both the academic and the public have known very little about environmental report. In the meantime, there are only a few enterprises have their own environmental reports. Consequently, it is necessary for us to systemically examine the environmental reports of the leading company in the world to understand the contents and the level of the information they disclosed. The study collected and analyzed eighty-four standalone corporate environmental reports from different industries around world. Four major issues - management systems, input／output inventory, finance, and stakeholder relations, and twenty more detail disclosure subjects of environmental report suggested by the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) are used as our research units. Via content analysis, we categorized content of these disclosure subjects into four degrees according to their qualitative, quantitative and systematic levels. The eight industries we studied are electrical & gas utilities, automobiles, energy, consumer goods, capital equipment, chemical, service, forest products and papers. We draw the best practice of each disclosure subject in electrical & gas utilities and automobiles as benchmark. In addition to analyze each industry, we compared the industries, summarized the average and the deviation of the disclosure in these twenty subjects, explored the priority of disclosure choice and discuss the differences cause of the industry's differences. We also analyzed by four regions - America-Canada, Europe, Scandinavia, and Japan, to observe and analyze the differences of the reports by the companies in different regions. The main findings of this research are: (1) Currently, the contents covered by most of the environmental reports are: 1. The "Environmental Policy" which declares the organization's determination to preserve the environment. 2. The operational "Environmental Management System". 3. The "organizational framework" which is responsible for environmental matters. 4. "The data of energy consumption and the effects of energy saving" which response the concerns of the scarcity of energy resource. 5. "The data of air emission and the reducing method " which response the greenhouse gas, global climate changes and local air pollution. 6. "The method of wastes disposal and the result of wastes reduction". 7. "The real effect to environment and consumers" by the operations and the products of business. (2) The disclosure by different industries in four main observed issues are: n Environmental Management Systems 1. Presentation environmental policy is a common consensus, but disclosure of the other three subjects - environmental management system, management responsibility and legal compliance has large variance. 2. The level of disclosure in the management system is not related to the nature of industry's character. 3. Energy industry has the most disclosure on legal compliance subject, and automobiles industry is least one. 4. Chemical and service industries' disclosures in this area are more conservative, and the rest six industries are at same level. n Input╱Output Inventory Unit 1. Wastes disposal, air emission, and energy consumption are the top three subjects most disclosed by all industries. Accidents and emergency response, water consumption, health and safety are the least three. 2. The nature of the industry will effect the disclosure priority. For example, automobiles industry pays much attention on reducing material and disposing with the wastes because it dealing with thousands of components. n Related Financial issues 1. The sequence of industry's disclosure in finance is forest products and papers, energy, consumer goods, chemical, service, electrical & gases utilities, capital equipment and automobiles. 2. Companies' disclosures of environmental spending have wide variance in each industry. n Stakeholder Relations Unit 1. Employees, industry association and local community are the top three stakeholders thought by all industries, so the disclosure information are mostly relevant to them. 2. The industry, which affects the environment badly, like energy and automobiles, will be monitored usually by the government agencies, regulators, or environmental protection group. Therefore, their disclosure performance about the issues is much better than others. (3) The disclosure performance differences of regions are: 1. Companies in Scandinavia region have better environment disclosure in management systems and input／output inventory issues, but the average performance in stakeholder relations unit is not as good in four regions, it appears that they have a large room to improve on that. 2. Companies in America-Canada region have the best disclosure performance in finance issues, but for those high pollution industry like chemical or energy industry still do not disclose their input and output information sufficiently. 3. The Japan companies' disclosure performance is not as good currently, but we found their environmental management system are established in most companies, they also interacted with stakeholders actively. So we think Japanese companies have the potential to perform better in the future and reach the world class. Finally, we make some suggestions about how to encourage companies in Taiwan to prepare their environmental reports. (1) Reasons and motivations for company to disclose its environmental information, such as: 1. The responsibility to the environment. 2. Response to the unavoidable trend. 3. Direct and indirect business benefits. 4. The demands from the stakeholders (2) Making corporate environmental report step by step First, establishes a web site, put the most important environmental information (like air emission or wastes disposal). Second, the company must establish its environmental management system, environmental department, and go a step further to report the more extensive input/output data. Third, connection with the shareholders includes employees, investors, legislators, regulators, industry associations and local communities, and keep well interaction with them. As long as you "say what you do, do what you say", then to publish an standalone environmental report with relevant content will be easy!

This thesis discusses the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility, which means that companies are taking a voluntary accountability towards the society with a view to improve it. Today's stakeholders and people in general have higher demands and expectations on businesses and its products or services than before. This is driving more and more companies to consider questions like voluntary responsibility so that they can maintain public confidence. Confidence towards the banking sector is particularly important to avoid financial crises. Our study focuses on leadership impact on CSR. We aim to examine whether leaders in major Swedish banks can use their leadership to influence CSR. This study is based on a qualitative research method and the deductive approach was applied. Our primary data was collected through four personal interviews with five respondents. We achieved our purpose by exploring managers'/leaders' attitudes about and interest in CSR. Thereby, we got an insight in whether leaders can create conditions for sustainable development. The four major banks that we have been studying are Handelsbanken, Nordea, SEB and Swedbank, all of them located in Halmstad. The result was analyzed based on the concepts of communication, business ethics/values and leadership. The study has demonstrated that leadership possessed by the leaders within major Swedish banks can be used to influence CSR, using three factors: communication, values and transformational leadership. This way, a leader may be able to create a solid base for CSR, increase understanding and also motivate employees' commitment and awareness of CSR.

When confronted with decisions involving the provision of environmental resources, such as clean air, do individuals act cooperatively with societal regulations? This study employs a quasi-experimental design to investigate the cooperative and non-cooperative actions of high-emitting vehicle owners that arose in response to the Inspection and Maintenance (IM) program in the Atlanta airshed. The impact of cooperative and non-cooperative actions of high-emitters on vehicular tail-pipe emissions, such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx), is quantified. Furthermore, the hypothesis that high-emitters have significantly higher odds of residing in lower income neighborhoods as compared to the normal emitters is also tested. A remote sensing sample of approximately 1.42 million vehicles observed on-road between 1997 and 2001 is matched with IM program data and vehicle registration data to identify the cooperative and non-cooperative high-emitters. A mixed-pool time-series regression analysis is undertaken to estimate changes in vehicular tail-pipe emissions due to the actions of high-emitters. The information about the socio-economic and demographic contextual conditions of the sampled vehicle owners is ascertained from 2000 census data. Approximately 42% of the high-emitting vehicle owners are found to be cooperative and 58% non-cooperative. The cooperative actions caused a decrease of 47% in HC emission factors during 1997 and 2001. There is no statistical difference between the CO and NO emission factors of vehicles owned by cooperative and non-cooperative high-emitters. Results also suggest that the high-emitters live in 4.4% lower median household income areas as compared to the normal emitters in the Atlanta airshed. Changes in the current IM program rules and vehicle registration laws could improve air quality. Such changes include disallowing IM test failures from registering anywhere in the state of Georgia and requiring an IM test on every change of vehicle ownership inside the IM program area. Better incentive mechanisms for high-emitters can also be designed. The evidence from this study is expected to aid policy-makers to adapt the incentive mechanisms of IM programs, in particular, and environmental regulations, in general, so that public policies are both more effective and equitable in their societal impacts.

När den svenska klimatdebatten intensifierades under 2000-talets första decennium tilldelades allmänheten en särskild roll. I den mediala och politiska debatten verkade lösningen på miljöproblemen intimt förknippad med individers livsstilar. I den här avhandlingen betraktas det synsättet som del av en pågående individualisering av miljöansvar. Med en poststrukturalistisk feministisk utgångspunkt hanteras det individualiserade miljöansvaret som en specifik diskurs. Diskursen beskriver individer som de centrala aktörerna som ska motverka miljöproblemen. Hur individer förhåller sig till rimligheten i en sådan ansvarsfördelning eller förstår innebörden av ett sådant ansvar är emellertid oklart. Syftet med avhandlingen är att utforska hur individer begripliggör och förhandlar diskursen om individuellt miljöansvar i gruppsamtal. För att förstå hur individer kan positionera sig i relation till diskursen analyseras tolv fokusgruppsamtal med personer som befinner sig i olika livssituationer och har olika erfarenheter av miljöfrågor och resande. Samtalsdeltagarnas förhandlingar av diskursens innebörd och relevans analyseras. Avhandlingen undersöker vilka andra diskurser som stödjer, konkurrerar med eller utgör motdiskurser till den individualiserade miljödiskursen. Därmed framgår hur individer kan införliva eller göra motstånd mot miljödiskursens verklighetsbeskrivning. I avhandlingen undersöks även vilka subjektspositioner som görs problematiska respektive oproblematiska i relation till ett individualiserat miljöansvar. Det bidrar med insikt om hur diskurser knutna till genus och klass kan positionera individer som i olika grad eller på olika sätt ansvariga för sin miljöpåverkan. Analysen visar hur individuellt miljöansvar förknippas med resursstarka och oberoende individer, individer som kan tänka sig att agera utan stöd från vare sig omgivningen eller stödjande samhällsstrukturer. Samtalsdeltagare i studien beskriver det individualiserade miljöansvaret som alltifrån moraliskt viktigt och positivt till orimligt och orealistiskt. Konkurrens mellan individer följer i diskursens spår. Både personer som tar på sig stort ansvar och de som inte förmår eller vill leva upp till idealet om att förändra sin livsstil pekas ut som problematiska. Samtidigt hamnar andra potentiella ansvarstagare och politiska arenor ofta i skymundan. Därtill riktar vissa samtalsdeltagare misstro mot samhällets förmåga att överhuvudtaget hantera miljöproblem, vilket tolkas som en aspekt av det individualiserade miljöansvarets dominans. / Over the last decade, the behaviors and lifestyles of the Swedish public have been depicted as having important environmental effects by both politicians and the media in Sweden. In this thesis, this is regarded as part of an ongoing tendency to individualize environmental responsibilities. Using a feminist poststructuralist point of departure, this individualized environmental responsibility is understood as a particular discourse that frames individuals as essential actors in handling environmental problems. How individuals position themselves in relation to the reasonableness and meaning of these responsibilities, however, is still an open question. The aim is to explore how individuals make scnse of and negotiate the discourse of individual environmental responsibility in group discussions. Twelve focus group conversations involving people in various life situations and with various expericnces of environmental issues and travelling are analyzed. The analysis investigates how the focus group participants position themselves in relation to the discoursc and, thus, negotiate its meaning and relevance. The analysis seeks to understand what other discourses support, compete with, or challenge the discourse of individual environmental responsibility in order to illuminate how individuals can incorporate or resist this particular discursive description of the world. The thesis also investigates what subject positions are made troubled or untroubled by the focus group participants, which reveals how gender and dass discourses position individuals as in various ways or to various degrees responsible for their individual impact on the environment. The analysis suggests that the discourse of individual environmental responsibility privileges independent, self-governing individuals, that is, people who assume responsibility without demanding either societal or social support. Some focus group participants depict individual environmental responsibility as morally significant and beneficial, while others depict it as unrealistic and unacceptable. The discourse seems to engender competition between individuals. Both people acting as highly environmentally responsible and people acting as unable or unwilling to take environmental responsibility are framed as troubled individuals in the conversations. Concurrently, other potential environmentally responsible actors and political scenes are often neglected. The discourse of individual environmental responsibility dominates; for some focus group participants, this discourse leads toa lack of faith in societal ability to handle environmental problems.

Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná / Devido a preocupações com o meio ambiente e aos avanços tecnológicos na área química e florestal, alternativas tecnológicas são buscadas para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Os painéis de madeira colados lateralmente, EGP, possibilitam a otimização do uso de recursos florestais e são compostos por sarrafos de madeira unidos através de ligação adesiva nas laterais e de topos, sendo avaliados segundo a norma EN-13353. Esses painéis podem ser fabricados com adesivo poliacetato de vinila, PVAc e emulsão polimérica de isocianato, EPI, que são provenientes do petróleo. O adesivo de poliuretano derivado do óleo da mamona é uma alternativa para substituir estes adesivos, pois é um material que não possui solvente, é biodegradável e procedente de matéria-prima renovável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o adesivo poliuretano que procede do óleo de mamona para a produção de painéis colados lateralmente. Foram utilizadas as espécies de Pinus taeda e Tectona grandis para a colagem com o adesivo de poliuretano e comparados com os adesivos PVAc e EPI, com prensagens em diferentes tempos, proporções de poliol e pré- polímero e diferentes gramaturas submetidas a condicionamentos de acordo com a norma EN-13353 para a avaliação da qualidade de colagem de painéis de madeira sólida. Todos os corpos de prova foram avaliados pelo ensaio de cisalhamento na linha de cola. Observou-se que o tempo mais indicado para a produção de EGP com o adesivo PU para a espécie Pinus taeda foi de 4 horas, com proporção de 1:0,7 e gramatura de 180 g/m² e para espécie Tectona grandis foi de 4 horas, com proporção de 1:0,7 e gramatura de 120 g/m², sendo que todos os valores atenderam à norma para painéis colados lateralmente EN-13353 e foram superiores aos valores obtidos com adesivos PVAc e EPI. / Due to concerns about the environment and technological advances in the chemical and forestry area, technological alternatives are sought for the development of new products. The Edge Glued Panels, EGP, enable the optimization of the use of forest resources and are composed of wood joints joined by adhesive bonding on the sides and tops and evaluated according to EN-13353.These panels can be manufactured with vinyl polyacetate adhesive, PVAc and emulsion polymer isocyanate, epoxy, which are derived from petroleum. The polyurethane adhesive derived from castor oil is an alternative to replace these adhesives, since it is a material that has no solvent, is biodegradable and derived from renewable raw material. The objective of this work was to evaluate the polyurethane adhesive derived from castor oil for the production of Edge Glued Panels. The Pinus taeda and Tectona grandis species were used for bonding with the polyurethane adhesive and compared with the PVAc and EPI adhesives, with pressings at different times, proportions of polyol and prepolymer and different weights subjected to conditioning according to standard EN-13353 for the evaluation of the bonding quality of solid wood panels. All the specimens were evaluated by the shear test on the glue line. It was observed that the time most suitable to produce EGP with the PU adhesive for Pinus taeda was 4 hours, with a ratio of 1: 0.7 and weight of 180 g / m² and for Tectona grandis species it was 4 hours, with a ratio of 1: 0.7 and 120 g / m², where all values met the standard for laterally bonded panels EN-13353, and were higher than the values obtained with PVAc and EPI adhesives.

A proper normative interpretation is undoubtedly one of the pillars of Law, all this thanks that brings a juridical security level and predictability to all the parties involved. In that sense the author submits a critique about the criteria that have been emitted by the diverse public  organisms  in  environmental  material,  specifically  with  the  juridical  concept  of«environmental damage» in the excess inside Maximum Permissible Limit. Also the article presents an objective focus through a temporal development of diverse administrative resolutions, which are established as incorrect on the basis of a wide and forced interpretation about environmental damage, concept applied not only in a case with real effects, but also potential ones. Finally, this is provided by the author as a defect, that although actually exists a remedial intention, this must begin from a clear conceptual framework in normative and resolutive topics by equal. / Una debida interpretación normativa, se constituye sin duda alguna, como uno de los pilares del Derecho, ello gracias a que otorga un nivel de seguridad jurídica y predictibilidad a todas la partes involucradas. Es en ese sentido, que el autor sostiene una crítica sobre el criterio que han venido emitiendo en instancia administrativa diversos organismos públicos en materia ambiental, específicamente con respecto al concepto jurídico de «daño ambiental» en el exceso de los Límites Máximos Permisibles (LMP). El artículo nos presenta un enfoque objetivo con un desarrollo temporal de diversas resoluciones administrativas, las cuales manifiesta, son erróneas en base a una interpretación amplia y forzada de lo que es daño ambiental, concepto que se aplica no solo para aquellos supuestos con efectos reales, sino también potenciales. Finalmente, ello es señalado por el autor como un defecto, que si bien en la actualidad existe una intención de subsanarlo, esto debe partir principalmente de un marco conceptual claro tanto en el ámbito normativo como resolutivo.

Notre recherche porte sur l’influence du cadre institutionnel sur les comportements des organisations. D'une manière particulière, elle s'intéresse à la manière dont les acteurs s'adaptent au cadre institutionnel du champ organisationnel dans lequel ils opèrent. Ces acteurs peuvent même être amenés à tenter de modifier ce cadre pour qu'il corresponde à leurs intérêts. La RSE est appréhendée dans notre réflexion comme un phénomène institutionnel, susceptible d'être mis en œuvre par le biais des pressions normatives, coercitives et mimétiques. Le champ d’observation de cette recherche porte sur les déchets d’emballages ménagers et les véhicules hors d’usage. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que le type de déchet, la taille des producteurs, le degré d’institutionnalisation et les caractéristiques du champ organisationnel influencent fortement l’action des institutions et des organisations encastrées dans le champ étudié. Les résultats se traduisent par les apports théoriques suivants : contribution aux études sur la formation des champs organisationnels ; contribution à l’étude du changement institutionnel à travers la confrontation institutionnelle ; contribution au courant théorique qui définit la RSE comme stratégie de business case ; mise en lumière du principe REP comme extension particulière de la RSE. / Our research concerns the influence of the institutional framework on the behavior of organizations. In a particular way, she is interested in the way the actors adapt themselves to the institutional framework of the organizational field in which they operate. These actors can be even brought to try to modify this framework so that he corresponds to their interests. The RSE is arrested in our reflection as an institutional phenomenon, susceptible to be implemented by means of the normative, coercive and mimetic pressures. The field of observation of this research concerns the waste of domestic packagings and end-of-life vehicles. The obtained results indicate that the type of waste, the size of the producers, the degree of institutionalization and the characteristics of the organizational field strongly influence the action of the institutions and organizations embedded in the studied field. The results are reflected in the following theoretical contributions: contribution to studies on the formation of organizational fields; contribution to the study of institutional change through institutional confrontation; contribution to the theoretical current that defines CSR as a business case strategy; the REP principle as a particular extension of CSR.

Turismindustrin är en bransch som allt mer ökar och bidrar till en mycket positiv utveckling i form av arbetstillfällen, kulturutbyte och många andra positiva aspekter. Men då det även bidrar till negativ inverkan på jordens miljö, som hotas av förstöras av det ökade resandet, måste branschen ta sitt ansvar och gå mot en mer hållbar framtid som också värnar om miljön. Det krävs av industrin att gå mot en allt mer hållbar framtid där miljön värnas om och negativa effekter minskas, ett arbete som även förväntas förvaltas av turisterna själva. Det har i tidigare studier visats på en stor skillnad mellan turisters attityd till miljöansvar och faktiska beteende. Individuella behov och preferenser prioriteras framför miljö och hållbart handlande i samband med en turistresa, är det då möjligt att placera ett större ansvar på den enskilda personen i framtiden? Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka unga svenska personers förståelse om den miljöproblematik som turism ger upphov till och vilket typ av ansvar den individuella personen är villig att ta för att minska denna problematik. Empirisk data har insamlats genom tio kvalitativa intervjuer med personer bosatta i Sverige i åldrarna 20-30 år, som reser utomlands i privat syfte minst en gång per år. Studiens resultat visar att det finns en viss förståelse för turismens negativa inverkan på miljön, men att det inte sätts i relation till det individuella resandet. Det spelar heller inte någon avgörande roll när en resa planeras eller utförs, utan det som prioriteras är framförallt individuella intressen och preferenser. Trots att ansvaret gentemot miljön anses vara stort upplevs det vara svårt att ta hänsyn till miljö innan och under en utlandsresa, då det riskerar hindra individuella intressen och huvudsakliga syften med att resa. Resultaten visar även på att förståelse för den miljöproblematik som det individuella resandet bidrar till är lågt. Det finns dock en tydlig önskan om mer information och möjlighet till att göra val som är mer fördelaktiga för miljön. Detta upplevs kunna bidra till att mer hänsyn tas till miljö i samband med utlandsresor. Något som på sikt kan innebära ett allt mer hållbart privatresande. / The tourism industry is growing every day and contributes to a more positive growth concerning work opportunities and cultural exchange to mention a few of the many positive effects. The industry also has a negative impact on the environment and is endangered to be destroyed due to the increased amount of travel, this is something which requires action from the industry that must head for a more sustainable future. It is required by the industry to aim for a more sustainable future where the environment is taken care of and negative effects decrease, a task that also is required by the tourists. Former studies have shown a significant difference between tourists’ attitude to environmental responsibilities compered to their actual behaviour. Individual needs and preferences are first priorities rather than environmental thinking and action connected toa trip. Is it therefore possible to put more individual responsibility on the people in the future? The purpose of this study is to examine knowledge of young adults living in Sweden about the problems that tourism contributes to and what kind of responsibility the individual person is willing to take in order to decrease these impacts. Empirical data has been collected thru ten qualitative interviews with persons living in Sweden, between the ages of 20-30 years old, that travels abroad for holidays at least once a year. The result of this study shows that there is some understanding for the negative effects that tourism cause to the environment, but not in relation to the individual travel. Neither does planning nor the traveling it self contain environmental thinking, what is mainly prioritised is mainly individual interests and preferences. Despite great perceived responsibility against the environment it is seendifficult to take the environment into account,before and during a holiday.As it risks interfering with individual interests and main purpose of traveling.The results also show that the perceived knowledge of environment problems caused by individual travelling and tourism is low. There is a clear wish for more information and abilities to make choices which are profitable for the environment. This indicates that more environmental responsibility might will be taken in relation to international travelling, which eventually will lead to a more sustainable travel.