The purpose of this study is to find out from a didactic perspective, how traditional gender roles emerge in the classroom and the conceptions of traditional gender roles. This is explored from a student’s perspective. The theoretical frame of this study is gender system, which consists of the principles of separation and hierarchy. The survey is conducted in two classes in third grade. This study answers following questions: How do traditional gender roles appear in the classroom from a student´s perspective? Which conception exist about traditional gender roles from a student's perspective? The study is based on observations and interviews, which is analysed of the gender system theory and the theoretical concept traditional gender roles. The results of this study show that the students' behavior in the classroom and their thinking are mostly based on the traditional gender roles, which is characterized mostly by the principles of separation and hierarchy.  However, some situations and statements show a change, in which the principles of separation and hierarchy are questioned. The individual situations reflect that the transfer of the gender contract is minimized from one generation to another.

Rollkongruensteorin innebär att kvinnor har svårare än män att nå ledarroller och kvinnliga ledares beteende bedöms mindre fördelaktigt än manliga ledares på grund av att ledarroller anses passa stereotypiskt manliga egenskaper bättre än stereotypiskt kvinnliga egenskaper. Studien undersökte om män och kvinnor uppskattade en chef och dennes meddelande med hård ton bättre eller sämre beroende på chefens kön och yrke som militär- eller förskolechef. Fyrtionio män och fyrtiofem kvinnor besvarade en av fyra versioner av enkäter innehållande frågor och påståenden med svarsalternativ. Variansanalyser visade att kvinnor tyckte att militärchefer hade bättre yrkeslämplighet och bättre ledaregenskaper än förskolechefer. Både kvinnor och män ansåg att ledaregenskaperna hos en manlig chef var bättre än hos en kvinnlig chef. Chefen ansågs ha mer relationsinriktade egenskaper om denne var militär eller man. Vidare ansåg kvinnor att kvinnliga chefer var yrkeslämpliga i större utsträckning än vad män ansåg. Resultatet både stöder och motsätter sig rollkongruensteorin.

This essay discusses how women in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby (1925) are portrayed in different ways. During this time between the world wars, progressive women walked the streets of New York. These ‘New Women’ wore short dresses, cut their hair, smoked and drank in public, and showed interest in politics and education. The New Woman is portrayed in different versions in the female characters Daisy Buchanan, Jordan Baker and Myrtle Wilson. These characters are also representations of the patriarchal idea of women as ‘good girls’ and ‘bad girls’, depending on how well they adapt to and fit into the traditional gender roles. Through a discussion of how Daisy, Jordan and Myrtle are portrayed as ‘good’ and ‘bad’, the essay shows how the ‘bad girls’ in the novel are punished by patriarchy by being described unfavorably by the narrator or by suffering socially in a society with patriarchal values. / Den här uppsatsen diskuterar hur kvinnorna i F. Scott Fitzgeralds verk Den store Gatsby (1925) skildras på olika sätt. USA började förändras under mellankrigstiden, bland annat började en kvinnorörelse som resulterade i en ”ny typ av kvinna”. Kvinnorna började bära korta klänningar, klippte håret, drack och rökte offentligt samt intresserade sig för utbildning och politik. Den här nya kvinnan skildras på olika vis i de kvinnliga huvudkaraktärerna Daisy Buchanan, Jordan Baker och Myrtle Wilson. Men dessa karaktärer fungerar även som representationer av den patriarkala idén om att kvinnor är uppdelade i två kategorier: ’duktig flicka’ och ’dålig flicka’ beroende på hur väl de följer de traditionella könsrollerna. Genom att diskutera hur Daisy, Jordan och Myrtle är porträtterade som ’duktiga’ och ’dåliga’ visar uppsatsen hur de ’dåliga’ blir bestraffade av patriarkatet genom att bli ofördelaktigt beskrivna av berättaren eller bestraffade socialt i ett samhälle som genomsyras av patriarkala värderingar.

This essay is a feminist analysis of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818) that shows how Shelley criticizes society through presenting feminist viewpoints. I argue that Shelley critiques traditional gender roles by punishing characters subscribing to them. Most of the characters conform to traditional gender stereotypes. The male characters are ambitious and self-centered while the female characters are self-sacrificing and docile. The main protagonist Victor Frankenstein represents patriarchal belief and is incapable of any feminine attributes which leads to the demise of everyone he cares for, and himself. The male-only narration emphasizes how insignificant the male characters deem women to be, as they are rarely heard of and most of the time ignored. In the novel, nature is represented as active and feminine, and it punishes or rewards characters in accordance with their actions.

Declining birth rate in Japan has been acknowledged as a demographic crisis since the 1970s. Higher education and better jobs has given women freedom and alternatives to starting a family, and some say the value of marriage and children has decreased overall. This study explored attitudes towards childlessness on Japanese Internet forums in order to understand why Japan, a country with continually persistent and conservative gender roles, can experience such a drastic population decline. Especially since this phenomenon seems paradoxical in relation to women’s traditional roles in society. This paper has explored how people spoke about childlessness and two major discourses emerged. The attitudes were categorized into a modern versus a traditional discourse on childlessness. Money, conservative gender roles and relationships were identified as important reasons affecting the decision to have children or not. However, only money seemed as a rationale behind childlessness accepted in both discourses.

Background: Women in senior positions have been, for a long time, discredited. We wanted to study their current situation and understand how they assert themselves in their companies. We thought it would be interesting to see their link to management and leadership. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to understand the position of female managers in organizations through the exploration of gender roles, characteristics and stereotypes. Method: We conducted our research by reviewing literature about leadership theories, management versus leadership and gender influences over leadership. Then, we conducted a qualitative study with a comparison analysis between the banking, consulting and agri-food industries in France to update the current knowledge regarding female managers, to understand how they assert themselves. Conclusion: The results suggest that it is still hard for women to assert themselves and reach manager or leader positions. However, this is mostly due to their own perceptions of themselves. Women tend to lack self-confidence, which is unfortunate because female managers generally use a transformational leadership style which is considered as one of the best, which means they have all the keys to become both successful managers and leaders, using androgynous characteristics. They also endure the maternity leave and tend to sacrifice their professional career for the benefit of their family life. Women simply need to be more confident and keep asserting themselves.

Statistiken och mäns upplevelser av vårdnadstvister antyder att mammor har flera fördelar i de vårdnadstvister som leder fram till ensam vårdnad. I vår studie genomför vi en kritisk diskursanalys av de domar som har lett fram till ensam vårdnad i Stockholms tingsrätt under år 2018. Vi undersöker om normer och föreställningar kring mammaroller och papparoller påverkar utfallet i domarna. Till vårt statistiska resultat har vi utgått från 121 domar och vårt kvalitativa resultat baseras på 18 domar. Vi använder Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys som teori och metod och som komplementerande teori använder vi Lewis och Welsch modell som delar in ett fungerande föräldraskap i fyra kategorier samt Ylva Elvin-Nowaks forskning om könspositioner. Resultatet uppmärksammar att många fall innehåller historier av mammor som har blivit utsatta för våld och barn som har bevittnat våld. Det förekommer även fall med pågående missbruk och psykisk ohälsa. Alla dessa påverkar tydligt utfallet på domarna till nackdel för problemföräldern. Dominerande teman och diskurser i resultatet är Riskanalys, Barnets nuvarande boendesituation, Könad omsorgsförmåga, Strategier samt En mammas känsla av rätt till sitt barn är större än pappas känsla av rätt till sitt barn. Studiens resultat visar att den omständighet som beaktas som viktigast är barnets nuvarande boendesituation, boendeföräldern har ett tydligt försprång framför umgängesföräldern. Resultatet visar också att det förekommer omsorgsförmågor som beskrivs olika beroende på om de relateras till en mamma eller pappa. Mammor gynnas dessutom av att kunna exkludera pappor från familjen. Studien ger en mer nyanserad bild av hur pappor idag inte bara bedöms i avsaknad av “feminina” kvaliteter. / Statistics and fathers´experiences from custody battles imply that mothers have more benefits when the court is ruling for sole custody. In our study we examine if norms and conceptions regarding parenting roles and gender roles might affect the outcome in these custody battles. Our empirical material is based on court documents from Stockholm District Court in 2018. We have created statistics from 121 custody battle court orders, and performed a qualitative study based on 18 custody battle court orders. We use Norman Fairclough´s critical discourse analysis as our theory and method, and as a complement we use Parenting practices divided in four dimensions by Jane Lewis and Elaine Welsh a theory, as well as research about gender roles av Ylva Elvin-Nowak. Our research show a high number of cases with violence towards the mother, where the child has been witness to the violence. Some court cases concern parents with existing drug abuse or mental illness. All of these cases effect the outcome of the custody battle, with disadvantage to the violent parent or the parent with drug abuse/mental illness. Dominating themes and discourses in the results are Risk analysis, The child´s current living arrangement, Gendered Care Ability, Strategies and A Mother´s sense of right to her child is more apparent than a Father´s sense of right to his child. The results show that the outcome of a sole custody battle is primarily based on the child´s current living arrangement. We can show that some care abilities have different implications for mothers and fathers, and that mothers can exclude the father from the family as a strategy and benefit from it. Our study depicts a more nuanced image of how fathers are judged not only in the absence of “feminine” qualities.

Ledarrollen definieras ofta stereotypiskt manligt vilket kan vara en möjlig förklaring till det låga antal kvinnor i höga ledarpositioner. Kvinnor anses vara mindre lämpade på grund av den stereotypa kvinnliga könsrollen. Studien undersökte om manliga och kvinnliga mellanchefer skulle bedömas olika beroende på om de visade stereotypiskt manligt (agentic) eller kvinnligt (communal) beteende. De 176 högskolestudenter, varav 80 kvinnor, som deltog läste en vinjett där chefsagerande utifrån könsstereotypa egenskaper samt chefernas kön varierades. Därefter skattade de chefernas grad av communal och agentic egenskaper, samt hur positivt de uppfattade cheferna. Trevägs-ANOVOR visade att kvinnor, till skillnad från män, skattade manliga chefer mer positivt än kvinnliga chefer. Communal chefer bedömdes generellt vara bättre chefer och mer lämpade för rollen än agentic chefer. Resultaten gick emot tidigare studier samt studiens hypoteser, vilket tyder på att en eventuell förändring av den traditionella synen på ledarskap kan vara på gång.

Bakgrund: Genus är något som engagerat och intresserat mig under hela utbildningen men även utanför skolan, i vardagen. Med denna undersökning vill jag synliggöra, inte minst för mig själv, vilka stereotyper dagens barn blir exponerade för i litteratur som riktar sig specifikt till dem. Frågor om genus, jämställdhet och könsroller är något som jag vill påstå är högaktuellt i dagens samhälle, vilket gör undersökningar av denna typ än mer angelägna. Dessutom finns det relativt få undersökningar som behandlar genus i barnlitteratur (Kåreland, 2005). Syfte: Mitt syfte är att undersöka hur genus framställs i ett urval bilderböcker skrivna på 2000-talet för barn i åldrarna 3-6 år; vilka stereotyper och normöverskridningar som blir synliga men också hur de olika karaktärerna framställs beroende på vilket kön de tillhör. Metod: Urvalet består av sju av de mest sålda bilderböckerna för barn i åldern 3-6 år på Adlibris. Böckerna är alla skrivna på 2000-talet. Varje bok lästes noggrant och analyserades ur ett genusperspektiv. Resultat: Resultatet visar att män/pojkar och flickor/kvinnor ofta framställs på ett stereotypt sätt med avseende på exempelvis karaktärsdrag och yrkesroller. Det finns dock även karaktärer som överskrider normerna på mer eller mindre tydliga sätt. Pojkar/män är överrepresenterade som huvudkaraktärer och i böckernas titlar, trots det högre antalet kvinnliga karaktärer totalt sett. Även de yrkesroller som var synliga i urvalet var nästan genomgående stereotypa, med kvinnor som omvårdare eller verksamma inom serviceyrken och med män i beskyddande yrken som vakt och polis.

There has been a renewed research focus on developments within the family as a result of the broad social, economic and cultural developments that have occurred across Europe since the middle of the twentieth century. Arguably the rise in female, and particularly maternal employment, has produced the greatest impact on family life and gender roles. Given that this division of labour is changing there is debate about whether men and women's expectations and acceptance of some aspects of gender roles - their gender role attitudes - have also changed. Gender role attitudes feed into an array of sociological debates such as those concerning gender inequalities, women's position in the labour market, declining fertility rates and family breakdown, and naturally feeds into the discourse surrounding welfare state and policy decision making. Whilst discussions that concern the family and personal life have also been littered with debates about the existence and influence of individualisation over every aspect of modern life. Three waves of the European Values Study (EVS) are used to explore gender role attitude change, focusing on the division of labour, over time from 1990 to 2008 and across 19 countries in Europe. Two data classification techniques are used to derive a three pronged and interconnected measure of gender role attitudes (Maternal employment, Job fulfilment and Economic independence). Two types of cluster analyses are then used to explore similarities in attitude change across countries and over time. Five welfare state typologies are then tested based on their efficacy to predict attitudes to gender roles. Finally cohort and sex-based variations in attitudes are also examined. The main findings are:• Gender role attitudes have shifted at the cross-European level towards more progressive perspectives over time from 1990-2008, with men found to be lagging behind women's more liberal attitudes.• There is evidence that welfares state typologies capture only a small amount of variance within gender role attitudes and therefore little evidence is found to support the idea that similarities in family-policy and socio-economic contexts are mirrored by similar attitudes.• The findings uncover evidence to indicate that both cohort and period effects are associated with gender role attitude change over time.• The results also identify some congruence with specific elements from theories of individualisation. The study supports findings of previous research that suggests people in these countries seem to be becoming more accepting of women's evolving biographies but that gender inequalities remain and men's attitudes continue to lag behind those of women. There is evidence to both support and reject the idea that we are living in more individualised societies.