Ce mémoire de maîtrise traite d’un phénomène qui a gagné en importance dans les études sur l’Amérique latine : l’exploitation des ressources naturelles par des compagnies étrangères et l’augmentation des mouvements de résistance des populations locales contre l’implantation de ces compagnies. Délaissant l’accent généralement placé sur la naissance de ces mouvements, les impacts du temps sur les transformations du phénomène de résistance sont mesurés et analysés. Le cas de la compagnie minière canadienne Goldcorp Inc., exploitant de l’or dans la vallée de Siria, au Honduras, illustre à merveille les diverses techniques utilisées lors d’une lutte de longue haleine par une population rurale désirant résister à une compagnie transnationale au capital économique, politique et scientifique plus important. Ainsi, les dynamiques du mouvement de résistance soulignent des changements dans sa forme première à la suite de l’intrusion de nouveaux acteurs locaux et internationaux. Des identités, construites avec l’arrivée de la mine, sont aussi en jeu chez les groupes qui s’affrontent dans la région. L’étude d’un mouvement vers la fin de sa vie indique, de plus, le besoin de redéfinir la résistance et de sortir d’un schème purement actif vers un qui inclut aussi l’aspect discursif et moral dans sa définition. / This research deals with a phenomenon growing in interest in Latin American studies: natural resources exploitation from foreign companies and the growth of local resistance movements against the implementation of these companies. Going away from the general emphasis put on the birth of these movements, transformations due to the impact of time are instead measured and analyzed. The specific case of Goldcorp Inc. a Canadian mining company exploiting gold in the Siria Valley, Honduras, illustrates perfectly many tactics used by a rural population in an extensive battle and who wishes to resist to a multinational company that have more social, economic and politic power. Therefore, the resistance movement’s dynamics illustrate the changes in its primary form after the arrival of new local and international actors. Identities, build with the beginning of the mining exploitation, are also in play within the groups that are clashing in the region. Moreover, the study of a movement close to the end of its life demonstrate the need to redefine the notion of resistance in order to move away from the purely active form of it and include as well the discursive and moral aspects in its definition.

[pt] Honduras e El Salvador, desde a época de suas independências, em 1821, têm uma relação bastante conflituosa. Após várias tentativas de resolução pacífica de suas disputas fronteiriças, alguns fatores demográficos, políticos e sócioeconômicos são agregados à natureza da relação desses dois Estados e dão origem, em julho de 1969, a um confronto armado conhecido por - Guerra do Futebol - ou - Guerra das Cem Horas -.A resolução imediata, ou administração, da Guerra do Futebol foi realizada pela Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA), através da atuação coordenada de quatro de seus órgãos: a Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, o Conselho Permanente, o Secretário Geral e a Reunião de Consulta dos Ministros das Relações Exteriores. A principal contribuição do presente trabalho, trazida à tona através da análise da ação coletiva da OEA no caso em estudo, permite concluir que esta organização exerceu três importantes papéis, que contribuíram para a resolução imediata da Guerra do Futebol, a saber: (i) ator autônomo; (ii) modificador do comportamento do Estado; e (iii) arena/espaço de discussão. Ademais, trata-se de um conflito que não conta com a participação, direta ou indireta, do membro mais poderoso da OEA, o que configura uma exceção à política intervencionista norteamericana para a América Latina na década de 1960. / [en] Honduras and El Salvador, since their independences in 1821, have a conflicting relationship. After countless attempts to achieve a peaceful resolution in their frontier disputes, new factors - demographic, political and socioeconomical - are added to the nature of the relationship between these two states and would give rise, in July 1969, to a armed conflict known as - Soccer War - or Hundred-years War -. The immediate resolution of the Soccer War was accomplished by the Organization of the American States (OAS), through a coordinated action of four of its main bodies, that is, of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, the Permanent Council, the Secretary-General and the Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs.The main contribution of this study, brought up through the analysis of the OAS collective action in this case, leads to the conclusion that this organization has played three main roles, which have largely contributed to the immediate resolution of the Soccer War, namely (i) autonomous actor; (ii) modifier of state behavior; and (iii) forum/space for dialogue. Moreover, it is worth noting that the most powerful member of the OAS has not participated, nor direct or indirect, to the achievement of the immediate resolution of this conflict, which can be considered as an exception to the North-American interventionist politics towards Latin America in the 1960s.

Kleinbäuerliche Haushalte im Globalen Süden sind zunehmend gefordert, ihre landwirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten an globale Veränderungen anzupassen. Landwirtschaftliche Beratungsdienste (extension services) stoßen vielerorts auf Schwierigkeiten, eine wachsende rurale Bevölkerung mit heterogenen Informationsbedürfnissen adäquat zu erreichen. Die zunehmende Verbreitung moderner Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) hat in jüngster Zeit neue Möglichkeiten geschaffen, Information weitreichend zu verbreiten. Gleichzeitig bietet digitale Kommunikation aber auch Möglichkeiten, große Zahlen von Bäuerinnen und Bauern in der Erzeugung von Wissen und Information einzubinden. Durch digitale Kanäle können landwirtschaftliche Beratungsdienste systematisch Daten-Inputs von ihrer Zielgruppe erheben, sie aggregiert verarbeiten, und auf dieser Grundlage ihre Dienstleistung verbessern. Diese Dissertationsschrift präsentiert drei Machbarkeitsstudien zu verschiedenen Strategien zur Einbindung großer Zahlen von Bäuerinnen und Bauern in der landwirtschaftlichen Beratung mittels moderner IKT. Eine erste Studie untersucht die Machbarkeit und den Nutzen digital unterstützter landwirtschaftlicher „Bürgerwissenschaft“ (citizen science) zur Einbindung von Bäuerinnen und Bauern in der Wissensgenerierung. Eine zweite Studie passt den „Positive Deviance-Ansatz“ an multi-dimensionale kleinbäuerliche Entwicklung an. Eine dritte Studie präsentiert und testet ein Verfahren zur Nutzung von „Zwei-Wege-Kommunikation“ über Mobiltelefone, um die automatisierte, individuelle Priorisierung von Beratungsinhalten in kleinbäuerlichem Kontext zu verbessern. Auf Basis der vorgelegten Erkenntnisse aus drei unabhängigen Machbarkeitsstudien macht die Dissertationsschrift Vorschläge, wie landwirtschaftliche Beratungsdienste im Globalen Süden die Herausforderungen der großen Zahl und starken Heterogenität kleinbäuerlicher Haushalte mit effizienter, systematischer Nutzung digitaler Medien begegnen können. / Smallholder farmers across the Global South increasingly need to adapt their farming activities to fast-paced changes. Worldwide, agricultural extension services face the challenge of reaching a large and growing clientele with highly diverse information needs. In recent years, increased penetration of modern information and communication technology (ICT) has created new opportunities for disseminating agricultural information. At the same time, digital communication can also allow the involvement of large numbers of farmers in the creation and aggregation of relevant knowledge and information. By collecting well-defined data inputs from farmers and processing these data in systematic ways, agricultural advisory services can potentially improve their overall performance towards a large and heterogeneous clientele. Through three proof-of-concept studies, this dissertation delivers empirical evidence on the feasibility of different ways of employing modern ICT to harness large-scale farmer participation in agricultural extension. A first study explores the feasibility and usefulness of digitally-enabled agricultural citizen science for involving large numbers of farmers in knowledge generation. A second study adapts the ‘Positive Deviance approach’ to multi-dimensional agricultural development and delivers evidence on its feasibility. A third study suggests and tests a procedure for employing two-way communication through mobile phone interfaces for improving the targeting of agricultural advisory messages in smallholder context. Based on the empirical evidence from these three independent proof-of-concept studies, the dissertation suggests how agricultural extension services in the Global South can address the challenges of scale and complexity in smallholder farming context through increased methodological pluralism, greater farmer participation, and efficient, systematic use of digital media.

This thesis examines whether and how participatory governance (PG), a model for incorporating citizen participation in designing and/or implementing strategies to solve public problems, can strengthen civil society and improve the quality of democracy. The study focuses on community-managed schools (CMS) in Honduras and Guatemala, arguably each country's largest PG initiative, in which parents managed rural schools. This thesis advances a "political capabilities" framework to explore state efforts to strengthen civil society and improve the quality of democracy. I use a mixed-methods approach, centering on surveys of over 2,000 parents and eight community case studies. My research first shows how different long-standing political legacies—“controlled inclusion” in Honduras and “coerced marginalization” in Guatemala—impinged on CMS. In Honduras, patronage networks captured CMS. In Guatemala, community- and national-level polarization contributed to CMS's reversal. Both undermined the CMS model and reduced the likelihood that participants would develop political capabilities. Despite these obstacles to stimulating civil society, I find surprising evidence of important individual-level “spillover” effects—such as gaining skills and increasing participation in other organizations—among a non-trivial minority of participating parents. Moreover, regressions and case study analysis indicate that state support, parents' level of involvement, and parents' perceptions of council effectiveness and democraticness can increase the likelihood of certain spillovers. Still, prior organizational experience remains the best predictor of subsequent participation and leadership. And qualitative analysis further demonstrates the limits of CMS's impacts on rural civil society. For the most part, individuals have not used newly acquired skills to build new types of groups and organize autonomously. Instead, community organizations remain very limited in their scope of action and heavily circumscribed by the state. In sum, this thesis demonstrates how, through one type of PG initiative, states can stimulate participation and produce changes in individuals’ civic and political behavior. But CMS was not a “game-changer” for rural civil society—the link from incremental changes in individual behavior to how rural communities organize themselves and engage with the state remains tenuous.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Even from afar, transnational migrants influence how their households and communities of origin use natural resources. This study depicts the circulation of people, funds, and ideas within transnational families that extend from a Honduran village to the United States. Developing a "political ecology of migration" approach, I show how these circulations can reshape resource use practices and the socio-economic and bio-physical topographies of emigrants' former homes. The project advances anthropological thought by linking rich literatures on political ecology and transnationalism through a multi-method ethnography of transnational families. The study is also relevant to emigrants, community members, and practitioners interested in incorporating emigrants and remittances into development and conservation projects. The multi-sited project is anchored in a 380-household Honduran village, located in Cerro Azul Meámbar National Park, and encompasses the movement and practices of its residents and emigrants, including two secondary study sites in the United States. Research began with four focus groups. These formed the basis for 51 household village-wide structured interviews on experiences, practices, and beliefs related to remitting, migration, communication, farming, and natural resource use. I worked closely with four of these families in Honduras and at their emigrant family members' homes in south Florida and Long Island, New York. Through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and diaries tracking remittances and discourse through phone conversations, the multi-sited project traces transnational flows of funds, people, and ideas within the families. The ethnography highlights factors that shape, encourage, or impede emigrants' participation in natural resource management and development activities, as well as unintended socio-economic and environmental consequences of their actions. Study participants spend remittances not only on more commonly documented health, education, housing, and food, but also on a number of areas that directly impact the socio-natural landscape: farm inputs, cattle-ranching, land, labor, firewood collection, and a village-wide potable water project. How money is earned, sent, and spent is affected by emigrants' perceptions of home - perceptions shaped by phone calls, visits, nostalgia, precarious economic and immigration status, plans to return, and dreams of a better future for themselves and their children. Some environmental impacts are directly related to spending decisions, such as the decision to buy agrochemicals. In other cases, impacts arise from nonmonetary relationships, such as lending land. The study's political ecology of migration approach shows how emigrants' remitting and communication practices within transnational family networks translate into material, landscape impacting practices in their households and village of origin. The study contributes to a more nuanced treatment of material practices and places in migration research and provides political ecology with a network based approach to capturing transnational dynamics impacting local livelihoods and landscapes. Ethnographic understanding of these dynamics has the potential to assist researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to take migrants into account in development of interventions and as well as to understand how their practices and beliefs shape and reshape the topographies of their current and original homes.

This study addresses food security in three communities in rural, central Honduras by looking at the interrelationships among nutritious food, environmental and political forces, and cultural behaviours through the collection and analysis of local knowledge and laboratory data. Evaluation of ethnographic research were combined with analysis of policy documents and the nutritional analysis of ninety local varieties of corn. Research showed how households in three rural communities in the mountains of Honduras, struggle to access sufficient, safe and nutritious food while respecting cultural and agricultural diversity. Policies to address food security need to not only address the diversity of environmental niches, and a history of disenfranchisement of most rural farmers from the political process, but also the cultural ideals that impact definitions of hunger and nutrition. Analysis of 90 varieties of local landraces show that coloured varieties of maize have higher nutritional value for protein, anthocyanin, and vitamin A content. / Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), Ontario Graduate Scholarship, CIDA's CGIAR-Canada Linkage Fund (CCLF)

Thesis (Ph.D.) - Carleton University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 344-364). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-04-24T18:23:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissKAMO.pdf: 1494748 bytes, checksum: 7f422c4f685ad4a38059d3feed6ea4e6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-25T18:36:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissKAMO.pdf: 1494748 bytes, checksum: 7f422c4f685ad4a38059d3feed6ea4e6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-25T18:36:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissKAMO.pdf: 1494748 bytes, checksum: 7f422c4f685ad4a38059d3feed6ea4e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T18:40:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissKAMO.pdf: 1494748 bytes, checksum: 7f422c4f685ad4a38059d3feed6ea4e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The following research was carried out in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, specifically at high school level in public schools. The objective of this research is to know, through surveys, the teachers´ and students’ perceptions, about the use of songs in English teaching. This research is divided into three chapters the first called educational stage of Honduras, in which the its describe the location of the Central American country, as well as a brief description of the economic and social situation of the country. In addition, it describes how the education system in Honduras is organized based on the National Basic Curriculum (CNB), also defines the purpose of each educational level, with an emphasis on the high school level. The second chapter is about the English teaching methodology, and the relevance in Honduras. It also explains the proper use of English songs to increase the four basic skills of a language (listening, speaking, reading and writing). The third and final chapter shows the data analysis about the surveys applied in high school level to teachers and students. At the end of the third chapter it is suggested a didactic proposal based on the songs mentioned by teachers and students. / La presente investigación fue realizada en Tegucigalpa, Honduras, específicamente en el nivel de educación media en cinco colegios públicos de dicha ciudad. El objetivo de esta investigación es dar a conocer, por medio de encuestas, la percepción de los profesores y estudiantes, sobre el uso de canciones como herramienta pedagógica en la enseñanza del idioma inglés. Esta investigación se divide en tres capítulos el primero llamado escenario educacional de Honduras, en la cual se dará a conocer la ubicación del país centroamericano, y también una breve descripción de la situación económica y social que enfrenta el país en la actualidad. Además, se describe como está organizado el sistema de educación en Honduras basándose en el Currículo Nacional Básico (CNB), e igualmente se define la finalidad de cada nivel educativo, haciendo énfasis en el nivel medio. El segundo capítulo se destaca la metodología de enseñanza del idioma inglés, y su importancia en el país. Asimismo, se expone el uso de canciones para acrecentar las cuatro habilidades básicas de lenguaje (escuchar, hablar, leer y escribir). El tercer y último capítulo es un análisis de datos sobre las encuestas aplicadas a los profesores y estudiantes del nivel medio de educación. Al final de este capítulo se muestra una propuesta didáctica basada en canciones mencionadas por los profesores y estudiantes que participaron en las encuestas.

Rescate y análisis en conjunto de las primeras novelas históricas escritas por mujeres en los diferentes países centroamericanos hasta 1950.