Det finns flertal forskningsstudier gällande emotionell och sexuell otrohet, förlåtelse samt potentiella könsskillnader. Syftet med vinjettstudien var att undersöka detta bland svenska universitetsstudenter. Ett bekvämlighetsurval med 101 män och 100 kvinnor gjordes vid ett universitet i Mellansverige. I enkäten användes en skala om generell förlåtelse och tre vinjetter (sexuell otrohet, emotionell otrohet och kombination av båda otrohetstyper) med tillhörande egenkonstruerade reaktionspåståenden. Könsskillnader gick att observera vid somliga analyser, därmed gav resultaten endast stöd till viss tidigare forskning. Sexuell otrohet visade högre grad av negativa känslor och var mindre förlåtlig än emotionell, bland både män och kvinnor. Kvinnor upplevde mest negativa känslor vid samtliga otrohetstyper. Könsskillnader förelåg i generell förlåtelse, där män tenderade vara mer förlåtande. Däremot fanns ingen könsskillnad i benägenhet att förlåta otrohet. Sammantaget fanns belägg för att vidare utforska otrohet och förlåtelse i relation till personlighetsdrag, självkänsla och familjesituation för en mer komplett förståelse av dessa fenomen.

[pt] Traição, infidelidade e adultério são temas que geram até hoje diversas reações e opiniões nas pessoas. Em diferentes momentos históricos e culturais podemos dizer que o ser humano vivenciou as três situações de formas diversas. Por ora foram socialmente aceitos, e em outros momentos, punidos e vistos como pecado. Mas existe um consenso com relação à reação frente à descoberta de uma traição, que é o fato de ser geradora de muito sofrimento, decepção e de um sentimento de condenação por parte de quem a descobre. Com o advento da Internet, surgem os relacionamentos virtuais e, por conseguinte, novas facetas começam a ser reveladas com relação à infidelidade. A comunidade virtual Orkut serviu de pano de fundo para este trabalho, pois lá existe uma liberdade de acesso por parte dos seus membros às informações pessoais, fotos e mensagens que são trocadas. A possibilidade de visualização de conteúdos que possam denunciar a infidelidade ou a traição por parte de alguém é muito grande. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar os principais sentimentos e opiniões dos usuários do Orkut a respeito da infidelidade online. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa com dez sujeitos, usuários do Orkut, através de entrevistas online. Quinze depoimentos da comunidade Eu descobri pelo Orkut também foram analisados. Os resultados revelaram principalmente que a troca de mensagens mais ardentes, carinhosas ou ilícitas pelo Orkut é considerada como traição pelos sujeitos, assim como a visualização de fotos de outros homens e mulheres. / [en] Betrayal, infidelity and adultery are subjects that cause several reactions and opinions on people, until today. In different historical and cultural moments, we can say that the human being lived those situations differently. For the time being, they were socially accepted, and in other moments, punished and seen as sins. But there is a consensus in relation to the reaction of people facing the discovery of a betrayal, which causes a lot of pain, deception and a feeling of censure from those who find it out. With the happening of Internet, virtual relationships emerge, therefore, new strategies start being revealed in relation of infidelity. The virtual community Orkut, performed as a background for this project, because there is a freedom of access, on the behalf of the users, to personal information, pictures and messages which are swapped. The possibility to visualize the contents that may denounce the infidelity or betrayal of someone is huge. Thereby, this project had as its main goal, to investigate the main feelings and opinions from users of Orkut, about infidelity online. A quality research was performed with ten users through interviews online. Fifteen testimonials from the community Eu descobri pelo Orkut were also analyzed. The results mainly revealed that the swap of spicy, tender or illicit messages by Orkut, are considered betrayal, such as to visualize pictures from other men or women.

This study aims to explore and highlight alternative relationships in relation to the norm of monogamy. The perspective we have had with this study, is of a qualitative and investigative character. We have deeply interviewed four participants who are, or have been, in a polyamorous relationship. We have studied how the respondents see and handle their choices of life. We also wanted to know what kind of reactions they have faced from society. Another issue we have studied deeper is how the participants define jealousy and infidelity. We have anchored the discussion in different relation- and family-related theories to understand and problematize the norm of monogamy. What we come to understand is that the participants found different ways, to satisfy their desires and to fulfill their romantic needs. There have been differences in their desires and needs met in the relationship and we wanted to study how their delimitations seems to vary. Two of our participants have embraced both their romantic and lustful feelings for others and has had a very liberal approach to relationships. The other two participants has only accepted sexual contacts with other people, no feelings involved, and they needed to have an arrangement about this with their partner. Our participants have not experienced any major reactions from the society. However, we have been able to see that they have used various strategies to avoid stigmatization. We could also see that jealousy is often associated with a feeling of ownership.

The thesis "Influence of experience with infidelity on setting the bottom limit of infidelity tolerance in a partner relationship" deals with the issue of determining the bottom limit of partner exclusivity and its possible association with a previous infidelity experience. The main thesis of this work is that setting the limits of infidelity tolerance between partners in a relationship is quite individual and each person may perceive these limits very differently. This work is divided in two parts. The theoretical part focuses on analyzing selected findings about infidelity that have been so far collected in research studies or therapeutic sessions, and methodological shortcomings that arise from these findings. The practical part is a description of the research itself, and its goal to find out if infidelity experience affects the setting of tolerance limit in a relationship. It was examined whether it was an experience with the person"s own infidelity or infidelity if its partner, if it was an experience from a former relationship or a current one and if there is a difference between men and women in being influenced by the experience. Semi-structured interviews with a total of 26 people were conducted for this purpose and then analyzed in a qualitative way. The final part presents results and...

Människor har genom alla tider alltid varit otrogna, även långt innan sociala medier fanns. Det finns idag en uppsjö av sociala medier och appar som människor kan använda sig av för att interagera med varandra och hitta nya bekantskaper. Sociala medier har tveklöst förändrat människors sexuella beteenden, och gjort det lättare än någonsin att skapa sexuella kontakter. Vi ställde oss då frågan om denna tillgänglighet var något som lockade även när det kommer till otrohet? Syftet med studien var således att undersöka människors erfarenheter av att vara otrogna över sociala medier. Vi ville med hjälp av intervjuer få fram hur synen på otrohet ser ut bland personer som använder sociala medier och har egen erfarenhet av otrohet på nätet, samt på vilket sätt de sociala medierna kunde användas för detta ändamål, och hur detta kan förstås ur ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv. För att få svar på dessa frågor genomfördes tio kvalitativa intervjuer med personer som varit otrogna med hjälp av sociala medier någon gång under de senaste tio åren. Insamlad data har sedan analyserats med en tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att otrohet som sker över sociala medier är svårdefinierat och gör det svårare med gränsdragningarna för vad som klassas som otrohet och inte. Det visar även på att sociala medier har förändrat våra sexuella script, och att de sociala mediernas lättillgänglighet och känsla av anonymitet är en bidragande faktor till detta. Vår studie visar att det behövs mer forskning inom området för att ytterligare undersöka hur den ökande användningen av sociala medier kan komma att påverka etablerade partnerrelationer, och för att få en bredare samsyn kring vad som kan räknas som otrohetspraktiker online. / People have always been unfaithful, even long before social media existed. Today, there is a plethora of social media and apps that people can use to interact with each other and find new acquaintances. Social media has undoubtedly changed people's sexual behaviors, making it easier than ever to make sexual connections. We then asked ourselves if this availability was something that also attracted when it comes to infidelity? The aim of this study was thus to examine people’s experiences of online infidelity. We wanted to interview people who had been unfaithful with the help of social media and investigate their view on online infidelity. And also to get an idea of how the different types of social media were used for this specific purpose, and how it can be understood using a social constructivist perspective. To get the answer to these questions we held ten qualitative interviews with people who had been unfaithful with the help of social media at some point during the last decade. The collected data has been analyzed with a thematic analysis. The results show that infidelity that takes place over social media is difficult to define and makes it more difficult to draw the boundaries of what is classified as infidelity and not. It also shows that social media has changed our sexual scripts, and that social media's ease of access and sense of anonymity is a contributing factor to this. Our study shows that more research is needed in this area to further investigate how the increasing use of social media may affect established partner relationships, and to get a broader consensus on what can be counted as infidelity practices online.

Bakgrund: Digital otrohet är ett relativt nytt fenomen, som har uppstått via internet parallellt med den tekniska utvecklingen av sociala medier. Forskning på området är dock mycket begränsad i synnerhet i en terapeutisk kontext samtidigt är digital otrohet en problematik och utmaning som familjerådgivare möter i sin yrkesvardag. Syftet: Det övergripande syftet med studien är att skapa fördjupad kunskap om familjerådgivares erfarenheter av att möta par som upplevt digital otrohet. Mer specifikt avses att undersöka hur familjerådgivarna upplever att digital otrohet som fenomen påverkar den professionella arbetsprocessen.Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor. Åtta familjerådgivare, fem kvinnor och tre män i åldrarna 45 - 66 år, intervjuades. Fem av intervjuerna skedde ansikte mot ansikte och tre över internet via Teams. Den insamlade data har analyserats genom tematisk analys. Resultat: Familjerådgivare beskriver att par de möter kan vara oense om det förekommit digital otrohet eller inte, till skillnad från fysisk otrohet där paren är överens om att det skett. Två familjerådgivare beskriver att digital otrohet kan gränsa till andra fenomen som svartsjuka och sexuella fantasier. En otydlig definition av vad som är digital otrohet och tvetydighet av hur beteendet/aktiviteten ska bedömas påverkar arbetsprocessen för familjerådgivare. Andra faktorer som påverkar arbetsprocessen är faktorer såsom parens tillgänglighet till internet och tillgång till digital teknik. / Background: Digital infidelity is a relatively new phenomenon that has emerged alongside the technological development of social media. Research in this area is, however, very limited, especially in a therapeutic context, while digital infidelity is a problem and challenge that family counsellors encounter in their professional practice.Aim: The overall aim of the study is to develop a deeper understanding of family counsellors´ experiences in working with couples who have encountered digital infidelity. More specifically, it intends to examine how family counsellors perceive digital infidelity as a phenomenon and how it affects their professional work process.Method: The study is a qualitative interview study with semi-structured questions. Eight family counsellors, five women and three men aged 45 - 66, were interviewed. Five of the interviews were conducted face-to-face, and three over internet via Teams. The collected data were analysed using thematic analysis.Results: Family counsellors describe that couples they meet may disagree on whether digital infidelity has occurred, unlike physical infidelity where the couples agree that it has taken place. Two family counsellors describe that digital infidelity could border on other phenomena such as jealousy and sexual fantasies. An unclear definition of what constitutes digital infidelity and ambiguity in how the behaviour/activity should be assessed impacts the work process for family counsellors. Other factors impacting the work process include the couples´ access to internet and digital technology.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Family Studies and Human Services / Anthony Jurich / This study used a qualitative approach as a means of exploring the decision-making process of women's participation in marital infidelity. Due to the growing prevalence and negative effects of marital infidelity, it is important for both clinicians and researchers to understand its occurrence. Although there has been a significant amount of research on marital infidelity in recent years, there is not any significant research that looks at the process occurring in both the marital and extramarital relationships. This study focused on examining the process an individual goes through when making the decision to have an affair, particularly, how they were able to give themselves permission to have an affair. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four female participants who had participated in marital infidelity. The interviews were audio taped, transcribed, and analyzed using the transcendental phenomenological model (Moustakas, 1994). Four categories and 14 themes emerged, regarding the decision-making and permission-giving processes of women’s participation in marital infidelity. The women reported a lack of quality time spent with their husbands, as well as a lack of attention they received from their husbands. The women also discussed an inability to solve conflict within their marriage. The women reported developing relationships, outside of their marriage, either with ex-flames, old friends, or new friends, all of whom became their affair partner. The women reported the support of family and/or friends for the extramarital relationship, along with receiving positive attention from their affair partner. The women discussed the moral values as being a deterrent to marital infidelity, but did not perceive enough barriers or protective factors as preventing them from moving forward with the affair. Finally, the women described ways in which they were able to limit cognitive dissonance as a means of giving themselves permission to move forward with the affair. Clinical and research implications were discussed, as well as, the limitations of the current study.

Master of Science / Family Studies and Human Services / Farrell J. Webb / Relationship and risk factors of infidelity within intimate and romantic relationships were examined using the Relationship and Risk factors influencing Infidelity Model (RRIM). It is based in part on Sternberg’s (1998) theoretical construct known as the triangular theory of love. Relationship factors included demographics, and relationship, development, strengths, and dynamics. Risk factors included sexual compatibility, and relationship problems. Data gleaned from Wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) measured a subsample of approximately 1,000 respondents (n = 939) young adults from 24 to 32 years of age (M = 28.64, SD = 1.79, Mdn = 28.61) and was designed to test the accuracy of the RRIM. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to explicate the relationships found across the elements within the RRIM. The overall results revealed that the RRIM correctly classified that 72.2% of the men and 78.8% of women were not likely to commit infidelity. The final results revealed that the level of commitment, the feeling of love, and the frequency of sex within the relationship were statistically significantly likely to influence infidelity between both men and women. Meanwhile, education and believing that one’s relationship would be permanent were statistically significantly likely to influence infidelity for women, but not for men. Although these results are encouraging, limitations were found within the RRIM and problems generated from using the Add Health must be acknowledged as several measures were not reliable. Future investigations should focus on how role models within young adults immediate and external environment influence their participation in committing infidelity.

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2017-11-14T13:52:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANILO COSTA SCATIGNO.pdf: 1952403 bytes, checksum: 5da77e67c2bac2fc8500ad1b2db6f2f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2017-11-14T13:52:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DANILO COSTA SCATIGNO.pdf: 1952403 bytes, checksum: 5da77e67c2bac2fc8500ad1b2db6f2f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Cristina Ropero (ana@espm.br) on 2017-11-22T12:55:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DANILO COSTA SCATIGNO.pdf: 1952403 bytes, checksum: 5da77e67c2bac2fc8500ad1b2db6f2f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-22T12:56:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANILO COSTA SCATIGNO.pdf: 1952403 bytes, checksum: 5da77e67c2bac2fc8500ad1b2db6f2f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Between desire and guilt is the human being, hostage of a search for ideal love that does not there is, therefore, the dramatic substance that inspires the writer Nelson Rodrigues. And not only to the author, also to the brands. How are the advertising narratives that of infidelity? We will approach the nuances of the discursive formation of these narratives with the to understand their correlations with communication and consumption. For this, they will help in this discussion authors such as Eni Orlandi, João Anzanello Carrascoza, Maria Aparecida Baccega and Sábato Magaldi. As a research methodology, we will use the concept of the re-contextualization of Gianfranco Bettetini, in which a text is moved from the original domain to another, so that there is a discursive interaction. The theoretical assumptions of French discourse will help us to demonstrate in what discursive contexts Nelson Rodrigues's short stories and the publicity films study. / Entre o desejo e a culpa está o ser humano, refém de uma procura pelo amor ideal que não existe, daí a substância dramática que serve de inspiração ao escritor Nelson Rodrigues. E não somente ao autor, também às marcas. Como se formam as narrativas publicitárias que tratam da infidelidade? Abordaremos as nuances da formação discursiva dessas narrativas com o objetivo de entender suas correlações com a comunicação e consumo. Para isso, irão nos auxiliar nessa discussão autores como Eni Orlandi, João Anzanello Carrascoza, Maria Aparecida Baccega e Sábato Magaldi. Como metodologia de pesquisa, utilizaremos o conceito da retextualização, de Gianfranco Bettetini, em que um texto é deslocado do domínio original para outro, para que haja uma interação discursiva. Os pressupostos teóricos da análise de discurso de linha francesa nos ajudarão a demonstrar em quais contextos discursivos analisaremos os contos de Nelson Rodrigues e os filmes publicitários contemplados neste estudo.

No cenário atual, as transformações sócio-culturais e tecnológicas vêm ampliando as fronteiras culturais entre as nações, acentuando a individualidade e redefinindo práticas afetivas. Assistimos a pulverização dos ideais de verdade, a desagregação das estruturas tradicionais de normatização, o excesso de liberdade, o hiper-consumismo, a valorização do novo e do hedonismo. Na aparente efemeridade das relações afetivas, buscamos compreender que significados homens e mulheres atribuem a vivencia da infidelidade amorosa da(do) parceira(o) e como re-significam suas relações amorosas após estes(estas) lhes terem sido infiéis. Entrevistamos 05 mulheres casadas pela Lei Civil e Igreja Católica, sendo que uma delas se separou após a infidelidade do parceiro e depois se reconciliou com ele; 04 homens, sendo que um deles se casou pela Lei Civil e Igreja Católica e se separou após a infidelidade da parceira; outro se uniu pelo contrato de conjunção marital e se separou após a infidelidade da parceira; e os outros dois, solteiros, se separaram das namoradas após a infidelidade delas. Utilizamos o método fenomenológico descritivo proposto por Rezende (1990) e obtivemos as descrições dos(das) colaboradores(as) mediante a questão: Fale a respeito da sua relação afetiva e sexual no decorrer do seu casamento (namoro) e, em especial, após seu (sua) marido (esposa/namorada) lhe ter sido infiel. Submetemo-as aos momentos da análise propostos por Giorgi (1978) e Bruns (2003) e situamos o fenômeno em sua temporalidade e construção sócio-histórica, bem como realizamos sua compreensão psicológica à luz do referencial psicanalítico. Ao analisarmos as descrições compreendemos que, embora vivenciamos no campo familiar, a transgressão de regras, a ruptura de modelos e a pluralização de formas de se relacionar, presenciamos a persistência de elementos tradicionais coexistindo com os comportamentos contemporâneos, como o ideal de amor romântico que imprime as idealizações de felicidade nas parcerias. Percebemos que os desencantos vivenciados por homens e mulheres exprimem a quebra da idealidade frente à figura amada e se manifestam também, nas insatisfações sexuais. A dor psíquica desencadeada pela vivência da infidelidade do(a) parceiro(a) expressa a comoção pulsional ou autopercepção do eu sobre o tumulto interno desencadeado pela perda ou ruptura da imagem que o parceiro traído tem de quem lhe foi infiel e, ao mesmo tempo, pela ruptura de sua própria imagem, que gera confusão mental e dúvidas sobre a própria identidade e sanidade mental. A irrepresentabilidade da dor psíquica pelo eu é expressa tanto pela marca da subtaneidade da descoberta da infidelidade do(a) parceiro(a), quanto pela negação da realidade. A manifestação exterior de sintomas são refletidos em dores psicogênicas e revelam sentimentos como culpa, menos-valia, impotência, insegurança, mágoa, ressentimento, solidão, abandono, rejeição, falta de apoio familiar e social e falta de perspectiva futura, bem como a projeção da dor psíquica no(a) parceiro(a). Os valores, as regras e os mitos que regem um grupo familiar são transmitidos de pais para filhos e há uma relação entre a preocupação com os filhos e o desejo de separar-se do(da) parceiro(a). A dramática ligação entre ciúme e violência compõe o cenário das relações infiéis. Contudo, as re-significações existenciais frente à vivencia da infidelidade podem percorrer territórios psíquicos que se dirigem para duas instâncias, a reconstrução e/ou dissolução do relacionamento amoroso, na busca de vivencias prazerosas; o aprisionamento da dor que encerra o eu em um dilaceramento sem fim, preso a uma antiga imagem não re-significada do eleito amado. / In the current scenery, socio-cultural and technological changes have been increasing cultural borders among the nations, accentuating individuality and redefinig affective practicals. We have watched the pulverization of the ideals of truth, the disaggregation of the traditional structures of normatization, the excess of freedom, the hiper-consumerism, the valorization of the new and of the hedonism. In the apparent efemerity of affective relationships, we attempt to understand which meanings men and women attribute to the existence of love infidelity of male or female partners and how they resignify their relationships after their partners´ infidelity. We interviewed 05 women, married in the Civil Law and Catholic Church; one of them separated after the partner\'s infidelity and later reconciled to him; 04 men; one of them got married in the Civil Law and Catholic Church and separated after the partner\'s infidelity; another one joined in the contract of marital conjunction and separated after the partner\'s infidelity; and the other two single men, separated after their girlfriends´ infidelity. We used the descriptive phenomenologic method proposed by Rezende (1990) and we obtained the descriptions by asking: \"Talk about sex and love during your relationships an especially after your partners´ infidelity. We made our analysis according to Giorgi (1978) and Bruns (2003) and we placed the phenomenon in its temporality and socio-historical construction and also accomplished its psychological understanding according to phyco analysis. To analyze the descriptions we understood that although we live in the familial field, the transgression of rules, the rupture of models and the pluralization relationships, we witness the persistence of traditional elements coexisting with contemporary behaviors, such as the ideal of romantic love in the idealization of happiness in the relationships. We noticed that disapointments experienced by men and women express the break of the ideal love and also appear in their sexual dissatisfactions. Psycic pain revealed by the existence of the partners´ infidelity expresses the pulsional commotion or autoperception of the internal tumult resulting from the the loss or rupture of the image that the betrayed partner has of the unfaithful one, and at the same time, from the rupture of his/ her own image, which generates mental confusion and doubts about their own identity and mental sanity. The irrepresentability of the psychic pain is expressed in the discovery of partners´ infidelity as well as in the denial of reality. The external manifestation of symptoms is reflected in the psycogenic pain which reveal feelings such as blame, low self-confidence, impotence, insecurity, sorrow, resentment, solitude, abandonment, rejection, lack of family and social support and lack of future perspective, as well as the projection of the psychic pain to the partners. The values, the rules and the myths that govern a family group are transmitted from r parents to children and there is a relation between the concern with the children and the desire of separation. The dramatic connection between jealousy and violence composes the scenery of unfaithful relationships. However, the existential re-significances in the experience of infidelity can go through psychic territories that lead to two instances, the reconstruction and/ or breakup of the love relationship, in the search of pleasure; the imprisonment of pain that leads to endless suffering due to the non re-signified image of the partner.