Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Les réseaux maillés sans fil (RMSF), grâce à leurs caractéristiques avantageuses, sont considérés comme une solution efficace pour le support des services de voix, vidéo et de données dans les réseaux de prochaine génération. Le standard IEEE 802.16-d a spécifié pour les RMSF, à travers son mode maillé, deux mécanismes de planifications de transmission de données; à savoir la planification centralisée et la planification distribuée. Dans ce travail, on a évalué le support de la qualité de service (QdS) du standard en se focalisant sur la planification distribuée. Les problèmes du système dans le support du trafic de voix ont été identifiés. Pour résoudre ces problèmes, on a proposé un protocole pour le support de VoIP (AVSP) en tant qu’extension au standard original pour permettre le support de QdS au VoIP. Nos résultats préliminaires de simulation montrent qu’AVSP offre une bonne amélioration au support de VoIP. / Wireless mesh networks (WMNs), because of their advantageous characteristics, are considered as an effective solution to support voice services, video and data in next generation networks. The IEEE 802.16-d specified for WMNs, through its mesh mode, two mechanisms of scheduling data transmissions; namely centralized scheduling and distributed scheduling. In this work, we evaluated the support of the quality of service (QoS) of the standard by focusing on distributed scheduling. System problems in the support of voice traffic have been identified. To solve these problems, we proposed a protocol for supporting VoIP, called Assisted VoIP Scheduling Protocol (AVSP), as an extension to the original standard to support high QoS to VoIP. Our preliminary simulation results show that AVSP provides a good improvement to support VoIP.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à un problème de fiabilité dans les réseaux multicouches IP-sur-WDM. Etant donné un ensemble de demandes pour lesquelles on connaît une topologie fiable dans la couche IP, le problème consiste à sécuriser la couche optique WDM en y cherchant une topologie fiable. Nous montrons que le problème est NP-complet même dans le cas d'une seule demande. Ensuite, nous proposons quatre formulations en termes de programmes linéaires en nombres entiers pour le problème. La première est basée sur les contraintes de coupes. Nous considérons le polyèdre associé. Nous identifions de nouvelles familles de contraintes valides et étudions leur aspect facial. Nous proposons également des algorithmes de séparation pour ces contraintes. En utilisant ces résultats, nous développons un algorithme de coupes et branchements pour le problème et présentons une étude expérimentale. La deuxième formulation utilise comme variables des chemins entre des terminaux dans le graphe sous-jacent. Un algorithme de branchements et génération de colonnes est proposé pour cette formulation. Par la suite, nous discutons d'une formulation dite naturelle utilisant uniquement les variables de design. Enfin, nous présentons une formulation étendue compacte qui, en plus des variables naturelles, utilise des variables de routage. Nous montrons que cette formulation fournit une meilleure borne inférieure. / This thesis deals with a problem related to survivability issues in multilayer IP-over-WDM networks. Given a set of traffic demands for which we know a survivable logical routing in the IP layer, the aim is determine the corresponding survivable topology in the WDM layer. We show that the problem is NP-hard even for a single demand. Moreover, we propose four integer linear programming formulations for the problem. The first one is based on the so-called cut inequalities. We consider the polyhedron associated with the formulation. We identify several families of valid inequalities and discuss their facial aspect. We also develop separation routines. Using this, we devise a Branch-and-Cut algorithm and present experimental results. The second formulation uses paths between terminals of the underlying graph as variables. We devise a Branch-and-Price algorithm based on that formulation. In addition, we investigate a natural formulation for the problem which uses only the design variables.  Finally, we propose an extended compact formulation which, in addition to the design variables, uses routing variables. We show that this formulation provides a tighter bound for the problem.

Complexe : tel est l’adjectif qui, sans aucun doute, résume le mieux la question de l’architecture normative du réseau internet. Complexe, cette question l’est pour deux raisons. La première tient à l’identification des normes qui constituent cette architecture ; la seconde tient à leur objet. Tout d’abord, s’agissant de l’identification de normes, cette entreprise s’avère éminemment complexe dans la mesure où voilà un concept, la norme, qui renvoie à des réalités si différentes, qu’il est peu aisé de le définir. Après avoir établi l’existence de normes qui règlent la conduite des bâtisseurs du réseau, il faudra, en outre, s’interroger sur la nature de ces normes. Là encore, cette problématique n’est pas aussi facile à résoudre qu’il y paraît. Il n’existe, en effet, aucun critère de distinction entre les différentes espèces de normes qui fasse l’unanimité chez les auteurs. Concernant, ensuite, la seconde raison pour laquelle la question de l’architecture normative de l’internet est placée sous le signe de la complexité, c’est vers l’objet des normes qui la composent qu’il conviendra de se tourner : l’organisation de la société numérique. Il s’agit là, d’un système complexe. Si l’on adhère à cette idée, il doit corrélativement être admis que le schéma auquel répondent les normes par l’entremise desquelles le contrôle de pareil système est effectué, est très différent de celui dans lequel s’inscrivent les normes qui nous sont les plus familières : les règles juridiques. Alors que la genèse des premières est sous-tendue par un mécanisme d’auto-organisation, la création des secondes procède d’un acte de volonté. La différence entre les deux schémas est de taille : dans un cas, c’est la spontanéité qui commande la production des règles de conduite, dans l’autre c’est la raison. Dans l’univers numérique, l’opposition entre ces deux schémas normatifs se retrouve : elle se traduit par la concurrence qui existe entre les ordres numériques et juridiques. Aussi, est-ce à travers cette concurrence à laquelle se livrent ces deux systèmes normatifs que sera décrite l’architecture normative du réseau internet. / Complex is undoubtedly the adjective that best summarises the issue of the normative architecture of the Internet network. This issue is complex for two reasons. The first one results from the identification of the rules that make up this architecture and the second one from their purpose. First of all, the identification of the rules proves to be an extremely complex matter, since this concept of the rule is not so easy to define, as it refers to such a wide range of realities. After establishing the existence of the rules which set the behaviour of network builders, it is necessary to raise the question of the the nature of the rules. Here again, solving this issue is not as easy as it seems. In fact, in literature there is no universal way to distinguish the various types of rules. Secondly, the rules that compose the normative architecture of the internet aim at organising the digital society. Yet, this is a complex system. If one accepts the idea, one has to correlatively claim that the rule-complying scheme that enables such a system to be controlled is very different from that which rules more common rules for us, such as the rules of law. While the former is underpinned by a self organising mechanism, the creation of the latter stems from an act of willing. The difference between both schemes is significant: in the first case spontaneity controls the setting up of rules of conduct, while in the second case reason does. The opposition between these two normative schemes can be found in the digital universe too. It is conveyed by the existing competition between the digital and the legal orders. That is why the normative architecture of the Internet network will be described through the competition between these two normative systems.

Detta arbete har syftat till att ställa två av de större automationstillverkarna Siemens och Rockwell Automation mot varandra kring utvalda faktorer som: prestanda, kommunikation och tillgängliga mjukvaruverktyg. Studien har utformat tester på olika PLC-enheter från respektive tillverkare, redogjort för skillnader i de erbjudna kommunikationslösningarna samt analyserat mjukvaruverktygen utifrån utvalda egenskaper men också internationellt erkända standarder. Undersökningen har visat på bättre prestanda på processorer från Rockwell Automation än motsvarande från Siemens för ett givet tillämpningsområde. Vad befattar kommunikationslösningar med ethernet-teknologi har Siemens visat på bättre prestanda, stabilare kommunikation och ett mer komplett ekosystem som svarar på flera av de behov som kan uppstå i industriverksamhet. Mjukvaruverktygen från Siemens erbjuder mer objekt-orienterad funktionalitet och har visat sig betydligt mer kompatibel med den väletablerade standarden IEC 61131-3 som utformar programmeringsmetodiker för PLC-enheter och är tänkt att svara mot framtidens behov av interoperabilitet och effektivisering. Av resultaten som fåtts har en bedömning gjorts att Siemens erbjuder ett mer fördelaktigt utbud av produkter och tjänster som svarar väl mot framtidens krav. / This paper treats two competing suppliers of automation technology, Siemens and Rockwell Automation and directly compares them for a given set of factors in the following categories: performance, communication and software tools. The study consists of performance tests made on different PLC’s from these suppliers, considerations in the differences of communication technology and analysis of the programming tools according to chosen criteria’s but also by the degree of compliance with internationally established standards. The tests have shown the PLC from Rockwell Automation as having better performance for the chosen criteria (PLC’s for small to medium sized machines). Siemens offers more performance and more stable industrial ethernet communication over ProfiNET than does Rockwell Automation with EtherNet/IP. Accordingly, Siemens offers more flexibility in meeting future industrial needs. The software tools provided by Siemens offer a more object-oriented approach for programming PLC’s than equivalent tools from Rockwell Automation. TIA Portal offered by Siemens is more than twice as compliant with the internationally accepted standard IEC 61131-3 as Studio 5000 from Rockwell and in being more compliant benefits from increased interoperability and effective programming. The results show that Siemens’ products and services for automation benefits the customer in long term viability.

Cette étude envisage le réseau internet comme un nouvel espace invitant à réinterpréter les libertés de la personne physique. Au titre de celles-ci, sont protégées la liberté individuelle, entendue comme le fait de ne pouvoir être arbitrairement détenu et la liberté d’aller et venir. Il doit en aller de même sur le réseau. Etablissant une analogie avec ces libertés, la première partie de la thèse consacre deux libertés : la liberté d’accès au réseau et la liberté de naviguer sur le web. La première implique de définir le contenu d’un service public de l’accès. De plus, il faut affirmer que la coupure d’accès au réseau doit être envisagée comme une mesure privative de liberté ; elle ne peut donc être décidée que par le juge judiciaire. L’affirmation de la liberté de naviguer sur le web conduit à envisager le régime du blocage des sites, une mesure qui ne peut intervenir que dans le cadre d’une police administrative spéciale. Dans la seconde partie il apparaît que ces deux libertés n’ont toutefois de sens que si l’individu a accès au réseau anonymement et n’est pas surveillé arbitrairement quand il navigue sur le web. Cette étude cherche ainsi à préciser le régime devant encadrer le mécanisme d’adressage du réseau. Sont définies les conditions du contrôle de l’identité de l’internaute à partir de son adresse IP. Enfin, il est soutenu qu’un principe général d’effacement des données révélant les sites visités doit être affirmé, principe qui s’applique aux différents acteurs du réseau, notamment les moteurs de recherche. L’interception de ces données ne peut procéder que d’un pouvoir sécuritaire ou hiérarchique sur l’internaute. / This study considers the internet as a new territory where rights guaranteed to each individual in physical space can be promoted; not only free speech and privacy, but also the Habeas Corpus prerogative writ, which protects against unlawful imprisonment, and the right to freedom of movement. Thus, processing by analogy, the dissertation intends to promote two specific digital rights: the freedom to connect to the internet and the freedom to surf on the web. The freedom to connect should be part of a public service which promotes this access through public policies. Moreover, barring someone from using the internet can only be decided by a judge. The freedom to surf should protect the web users against unreasonable restrictions. Thus, measures blocking illegal websites should not come through self-regulation but through a legal framework which defines how administrative authorities are entitled to decide such restrictions. The protection of these two rights entails further obligations. Individuals must access the internet anonymously and they must be aware of how the government monitors their actions on the web. This study tries to outline the content of measures aiming to frame network addressing mechanisms. Identity checks based on the IP address should be subject to a strict legal regime. The study concludes that individuals have to be protected from surveillance when data reveal their choices among websites while they are connected. Internet access providers, but also search engines and browsers, must delete this data. Only special measures taken by a public entity or someone entitled to control the web users may lead to this kind of data retention.

Modéliser et simuler (M&S) un système cyber-physique (SCP) peut nécessiter de représenter des éléments provenant de trois domaines d'expertise à la fois : systèmes physiques, systèmes d'informations et réseaux de communication (IP). Le simulateur universel disposant de toutes les compétences nécessaires n'existant pas, il est possible de regrouper des modèles issus des différentes communautés, à l'aide d'un multi-modèle. Les défis sont alors 1) intégrer toute l'hétérogénéité du multi-modèle (formalismes, représentations, implémentations), 2) intégrer des modèles IP de façon à ce qu'ils soient en capacité de représenter le transport de données applicatives produites par des modèles externes et 3) les intégrer de façon à ce qu'ils puissent se compléter, pour représenter ensemble les réseaux IP parfois hétérogènes d'un SCP. Pour parvenir à répondre à ces défis, nous nous inscrivons dans la continuité des travaux de M&S autour de MECSYCO, une plateforme de co-simulation basée sur la notion de wrapping DEVS. Nous proposons de définir un cadre général pour réussir à wrapper en DEVS des modèles IP, avec 1) une structuration des différents niveaux de problèmes pour l'intégration de modèles IP dans une co-simulation (délimitation des objectifs et contraintes du wrapping), et 2) une proposition de stratégie de wrapping DEVS de modèles IP et leurs simulateurs. Nous évaluerons notre approche à travers la démonstration de l'intégration de deux simulateurs IP populaires, et d'exemples concrets de M&S de SCP (avec notamment une interconnexion de modèles entre NS-3 et OMNeT++/INET, et une application industrielle utilisée par EDF R&D) / Modeling and simulation (M&S) of cyber-physical systems (CPS) can require representing components from three expertise fields: physics, information systems, and communication networks (IP). There is no universal simulator with all of the required skills, but we can gather and interconnect models provided by the communities, with a multi-model. The challenges are 1) integrating all heterogeneities in a multi-model (formalisms, representations, implementations), 2) integrating IP models in a way enabling them to represent the transport of application data produced by external models, and 3) integrating IP models in a way enabling them to complete each other, to be able to represent CPS heterogeneous IP networks. In order to meet these challenges, we relied our solution on the works around MECSYCO, a co-simulation platform based on the DEVS wrapping principle. We propose to define a comprehensive framework enabling to achieve DEVS wrapping of IP models, with 1) a structuration of different issue levels when integrating IP models in a co-simulation (goals and constraints of the wrapping) and 2) a proposition of a DEVS wrapping strategy for IP models and their simulators. We propose some evaluations of our approach, through the integration of two popular IP simulators, and concrete examples of CPS M&S (inter alia, with an example of a models interconnection between NS-3 and OMNeT++/INET, and an industrial application used by EDF R&D)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre David Medeiros-1.pdf: 2241104 bytes, checksum: 2474b0cdd4a080e937967b0552c2b175 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-23 / The telecommunications services quality, as well as several other products in the telecommunications area, is strongly linked to the suppliers services levels quality. These services levels can, however, be measured andevaluated by objective criteria and from a service level agreement between service supplier and customer, this agreement is called SLA. In this study a methodology is proposed for the elaboration of the SLA documentation model, that takes care the business model necessity.This methodology is structuralized in the politics and processes of service quality described by the international norms and standards like Management Forum, ITU, IETF and ITIL. The modeling of the SLA documentation was applied in a practical case of multi-service networks, based in IP networks, resulting in the system specification of the quality service level to be contracted with services supplier. The application of this methodology resulted in improvements for both sides, regarding the reduction in operational costs, the correction of processes and procedures, and a high reliability and transparency in the commercial relation. / A qualidade dos servi?os de telecomunica??es, assim como a de v?rios outros produtos da ?rea de telecomunica??es, est? fortemente ligada aos n?veis de qualidade de servi?os prestados pelos fornecedores. Esses n?veis de servi?os podem, no entanto, ser medidos e avaliados por meio de fatores e crit?rios objetivos, a partir de um N?vel de Servi?o acordado entre o provedor do servi?o e o cliente, chamado de SLA. Neste estudo ? proposta uma metodologia para elabora??o de modelo de documenta??o SLA. Essa metodologia est? estruturada na pol?tica e nos processos de qualidade de servi?o descritos nas normas e padr?es internacionais do TeleManagement Forum, ITU ,IETF e ITIL. A modelagem da documenta??o SLA foi aplicada em um caso pr?tico de rede de multiservi?os, baseada em redes IP, resultando na especifica??o do sistema de n?vel de qualidade de servi?o a ser contratado do provedor de servi?os. Na aplica??o dessa metodologia obteve-se ganhos para ambos os lados, com refer?ncia a redu??o de custo operacional, na corre??o de processos e procedimentos e uma alta confiabilidade e transpar?ncia na rela??o comercial.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL ADORNO GOMES-2.pdf: 6264883 bytes, checksum: cca792dc8793e5981e4202615260916c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-26 / This paper presents a proposal for architecture for interconnection of wireless sensor networks and the Internet using only the application layer, without the need to change the protocol stack of both networks. The architecture is based on the HTTP protocol, proposing the use of web services technology to interconnect the two network standards. From the installation of a wireless sensor network in a closed environment, its interconnection was performed with the Internet based on the proposed architecture using open standard technologies, the protocol for REST web services and cloud computing structure of the company Amazon Web Services. Information was collected to evaluate the functionality, reliability and system efficiency, accordingly to the ABNT standard, ISO / IEC 9126. The results showed the feasibility of implementing this proposal because it was shown that the interconnection is possible between these network standards using the application layer, reliably, efficiently and with the use of low cost resources. This study might encourage proposals to extend the accessibility of sensor networks to mobile devices. / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de arquitetura para interconex?o de redes de sensores sem fio e a Internet utilizando somente a camada de aplica??o, sem que haja a necessidade de altera??o da pilha de protocolos de ambas as redes. A arquitetura baseia-se no protocolo HTTP, propondo a utiliza??o da tecnologia de web services para interconectar os dois padr?es de rede. A partir da instala??o de uma rede de sensores sem fio num ambiente fechado, foi realizada a sua interconex?o com a Internet com base na arquitetura proposta, utilizando tecnologias de padr?o aberto, o protocolo para web services REST e uma estrutura de computa??o em nuvem da empresa Amazon Web Services. Foram coletadas informa??es para que se pudesse avaliar a funcionalidade, a confiabilidade e a efici?ncia do sistema, de acordo com a norma da ABNT, NBR ISO/IEC 9126. Os resultados apontaram para a viabilidade de implementa??o dessa proposta, pois, demonstrou-se que ? poss?vel a interconex?o entre esses padr?es de rede utilizando a camada de aplica??o, de forma confi?vel, eficiente e com a utiliza??o de recursos de baixo custo. Este estudo pode embasar propostas para estender a acessibilidade das redes de sensores aos dispositivos m?veis.

[pt] A difusão seletiva e os recentes avanços na tecnologia de transmissão óptica, mais especificamente na multiplexação por comprimento de onda (Wavelength Division Multiplexing- WDM), aliados à consolidação do IP como protocolo dominante das redes convergentes, vêm oferecendo novas perspectivas para as futuras gerações de inter-redes. Este trabalho faz uso da evolução dessas tecnologias para propor um conjunto de adaptações à difusão seletiva, em especial ao IP Multicast, denominado MIRROR (Multicast IP para Redes baseadas em Rajadas Ópticas Rotuladas). A proposta MIRROR sugere modificações e adequações para tornar o IP Multicast menos complexo, mais escalável em relação ao número de grupos ativos simultaneamente e mais adequado às redes baseadas em comutação óptica. Basicamente, MIRROR revê a necessidade de todos os roteadores ao longo da árvore de distribuição multiponto manterem informações de estado relacionadas a esta, bem como sugere adequações na forma como os caminhos multiponto são estabelecidos quando se emprega comutação baseada em rótulos na difusão seletiva. Para avaliar a proposta MIRROR, investiu-se em duas frentes distintas, uma baseada na análise comparativa entre a MIRROR e algumas alternativas ao IP Multicast apresentadas na literatura, e outra baseada no desenvolvimento de um protótipo da proposta no simulador NS (Network Simulator), com o intuito de referendar os resultados da análise comparativa. Na análise comparativa, confronta-se parâmetros como: requisitos de informações de estado, custo com informações de controle, custo de encaminhamento dos pacotes e custo da árvore de multiponto. O desenvolvimento do protótipo envolveu a criação de uma nova estrutura de nó e a alteração de módulos já existentes no NS, para tornar possível a simulação de redes comutadas por rajadas ópticas rotuladas no contexto da difusão seletiva. / [en] Multicast communication and recent advances in optical technology, most specifically in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), allied with the consolidation of IP as the dominant protocol of convergent networks, offer new perspectives for the next generation Internet. This thesis utilises these technologies to propose a set of adaptations, called MIRROR, to multicast communication, specifically IP Multicast, in labelled burst-switched optical networks. MIRROR proposes modifications to traditional IP Multicast in order to improve its scalability as a function of the number of simultaneously active groups, as well as making it more appropriate for use in optically switched networks. Basically, MIRROR includes new proposals for handling state information about the multicast distribution tree, as well as for the establishment of label-based multicast paths. In order to evaluate this proposal, two approaches are followed, one based on a comparative analysis between MIRROR and a number of other alternatives to IP Multicast proposed in the literature, and the other based on the implementation of a prototype in the simulation environment provided by NS (Network Simulator). The comparative analysis evaluates such parameters as: state requirement information, control overhead, packet processing efficiency and tree cost. The prototype implementation implements a new node structure and alters existing NS modules (OBS e MPLS), to make possible the simulation of labelled burst-switched optical networks in the multicast context.