In today’s society it is not uncommon for people to move across borders. We are more likely to work and study in other countries, initiate cross-border relationships, acquire property in other states and change our residence. Therefore it is not uncommon for a per-son to leave inheritance in several states. The laws of succession differ between countries which creates an uncertainty among the devisors when planning their successions. This un-certainty, to which court has jurisdiction and to which country’s law is applicable, is con-sidered as incompatible with the free movement of people and capital within the EU. Therefore, the EU regulation No 650/2012 has been introduced to reduce the uncertainty and enable the EU citizens to govern their successions in advance.The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the regulation solves the current problems regarding the court of jurisdiction and applicable law in cross-border situations concerning succession within the EU and how this regulation in these matters relate to third state. To answer the purpose of this paper the applicable law is studied from a problem-based per-spective. The sources of law is systematized, interpreted and defined in the paper with a descriptive method.The regulation states that the principle of domicile is to be used as a harmonizing principle both regarding jurisdiction and applicable law. The regulation however, does not provide a clear definition of the term domicile. The authors of this paper consider this to be a problem in the enforcement of the principle. The regulation has universal application, wherefore the court may have to apply another state’s law when judging the succession. In such situations it may, for several reasons, be difficult to maintain a high level of legal certainty. The regu-lation only binds the Member States but may still be beneficial in successions related to a third State. / I dagens samhälle är det vanligt att människor rör sig över landsgränserna. Gränsöverskri-dandeförhållanden inleds, allt fler personer arbetar och studerar utanför medborgarskaps-landet, de byter hemvist och förvärvar egendom i andra stater, vilket gör att det vid en per-sons bortgång inte är ovanligt att denne efterlämnar kvarlåtenskap i flera stater. Staters arvsrättsliga regler skiljer sig åt vilket skapar en osäkerhet hos arvlåtaren då denne ska pla-nera för sin kvarlåtenskap. Denna oförutsägbarhet, avseende främst vilken domstol som är behörig samt vilken lag som är tillämplig, har ansetts strida mot den fria rörligheten av människor och kapital inom EU. Därför har en EU-förordning, nr 650/2012 av den 4 juli 2012 om behörighet, tillämplig lag, erkännande och verkställighet av domar samt godkän-nande och verkställighet av officiella handlingar i samband med arv och om inrättandet av ett europeiskt arvsintyg, förhandlats fram för att minska osäkerheten och underlätta för EU:s medborgare att utforma sina arvsrättsliga förhållanden i förväg.Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda huruvida förordning nr 650/2012 löser nuvarande problematik avseende domsrätts- och lagvalsfrågorna i gränsöverskridanade arvsituationer inom EU samt hur denna förordning i dessa frågor förhåller sig till tredjestat. För att be-svara syftet utreds gällande rätt ur en problemorienterad synvinkel. Rättskällorna systemati-seras och tolkas för att sedan framställas i uppsatsen med en deskriptiv metod.I förordningen anges hemvistprincipen som harmoniserande anknytningsprincip både av-seende domsrätt och lagval. Det anges dock ingen klar och tydlig definition av hemvistbe-greppet, vilket uppsatsförfattarna anser utgör ett problem vid tillämpningen av principen. Förordningen är universell varför den behöriga domstolen kan tvingas tillämpa en annan stats lag. I sådana situationer kan det av flera anledningar vara svårt att upprätthålla en hög rättsäkerhet. Förordningen binder endast unionens medlemsstater men kan ändå vara till fördel i arvsmål med anknytning till tredjestat.

Esta investigación está dedicada al estudio de los crímenes de guerra y, en el marco de esta categoría de Derecho Internacional Penal, busca constatar los términos de su incorporación al derecho interno colombiano. En este sentido, se persigue identificar si, y de qué manera, la práctica jurídica nacional incorpora las exigencias del Derecho Internacional Penal en materia de elementos constitutivos, de responsabilidad penal individual y de ejercicio de la jurisdicción competente. Particularmente, se pretende desvelar los límites de la acción penal nacional en materia de crímenes de guerra y los límites de la jurisdicción en su ejercicio penal, con el fin de establecer el papel de cooperación y complementariedad de la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI). El Capítulo I desarrolla los antecedentes remotos y recientes de la noción de crímenes de guerra. El estudio histórico privilegia la dimensión jurídica, teniendo en cuenta la evolución del Derecho Internacional, a partir de la construcción de la soberanía estatal y haciendo énfasis en la consolidación del concepto de crímenes de guerra como categoría especial de Derecho Internacional Penal. El Capítulo II aborda los elementos constitutivos de los crímenes de guerra. Para ello, define la naturaleza y alcance de los elementos de los crímenes en el marco del Estatuto de Roma y de la jurisprudencia de la CPI, así como las discusiones doctrinales relativas a su naturaleza vinculante. La investigación define, en primer lugar, los elementos materiales de los crímenes de guerra del Estatuto de Roma, relativos a los conflictos armados internacionales y no internacionales. En segundo lugar, se aborda el elemento de intencionalidad de los crímenes de guerra en el Derecho Internacional Penal y en el derecho penal colombiano. En tercer lugar se estudian los elementos contextuales de los crímenes de guerra, desarrollando la tipología actual de los conflictos armados, con una especial referencia a la existencia, naturaleza y características del conflicto armado colombiano a la luz de la jurisprudencia y la doctrina. El Capítulo III emprende el análisis de la responsabilidad internacional penal del individuo. Con este propósito, la investigación identifica los principios que rigen la responsabilidad internacional penal del individuo por crímenes de guerra y define el modelo de responsabilidad del Estatuto de Roma y del Derecho Penal colombiano. A continuación el Capítulo III presenta las teorías de la responsabilidad internacional B penal aplicadas por los tribunales ad hoc, de la CPI y de la jurisdicción penal colombiana y acomete el análisis de las formas de participación en los crímenes de guerra, como autoría directa, co-autoría o co-perpetración, autoría indirecta o mediata y co-autoría indirecta, así como las formas accesorias de participación. El Capítulo IV estudia la jurisdicción competente para perseguir y sancionar los crímenes de guerra en Colombia. De la misma manera, el estudio incluye los límites de la jurisdicción relativos a la imputación, al comportamiento de los órganos del Estado, a los medios disponibles y al tratamiento que reciben las víctimas. Finalmente, el Capítulo IV se aproxima a las modalidades de cooperación y complementariedad de la CPI, inspirándose en los desarrollos de la propia corporación en la materia. Las conclusiones son una síntesis de conceptos y hechos que se consideran probados a lo largo de la investigación, que sirven como punto de partida a una serie de sugerencias y propuestas con miras al fortalecimiento de las instituciones democráticas en Colombia en su tarea de prevenir, perseguir y sancionar los crímenes de guerra que ofenden profundamente la dignidad humana. / This thesis is dedicated to the study of war crimes, and under this category of International Criminal Law, seeks to confirm the terms of its enactment into the Colombian law. In this sense, it aims to establish the role of cooperation and complementarity of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Chapter I develops remote and recent history of the notion of war crimes. The historical study establishes the legal dimension and emphasis of the concept of war crimes as a special category of International Criminal Law. Chapter II examins the nature and scope of the elements of war crimes under the Rome Statute, the jurisprudence of the ICC, and the doctrinal discussions concerning their binding character. The research defines the material, mental, and contextual elements of war crimes. In doing so it develops the current typology of armed conflict with special reference to the existence, nature, and characteristics of the Colombian armed conflict in the way of the jurisprudence and doctrine. An analysis of international criminal responsibility of the individual is offerred in chapter III by identifying its governing principles. In addition to including an analysis of the forms of participation in war crimes, the chapter also presents the theories of international criminal responsibility applied by the ad hoc tribunals, the ICC, and the Colombian criminal jurisdiction. The jurisdiction to prosecute and punish war crimes in Colombia is closely studied in chapter IV. This chapter includes the limits of the internal jurisdiction and is closed by the modalities of cooperation and complementarity of the ICC, inspired by the developments of the cooperation itself in the matter. a The findings are a synthesis of concepts and facts substantiated through research, which serves as a starting point to a number of suggestions and proposals for strengthening democratic institutions in Colombia in their efforts to prevent, prosecute and punishing war crimes that deeply offend human dignity.

Univ., Diss.--Tübingen, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. [413] - 453.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, Osgoode Hall Law School, / "December 2007". Includes bibliographical references (leaves 558-599). Also available on the Internet.

This study researches the past, present and future role of ports, specifically the Ports of Tampa and Hamburg linked to their cities. It examines the legal structures of port authorities which play a major role in their economic priorities and impact their cities’ social, environmental and cultural quality of life. From a humanistic perspective, one can look at a port as a place or space. By animating ports, they may provide “ fields of care” over time, and a home with character for the region’s residents. In this case, their success needs to transcend economics, adding qualitative attributes to the region, such as clean air, water, good working conditions, adequate housing, public transportation, recreational provisions, public waterfront access and more. The Port of Tampa’s corporate style and largely state controlled management team prioritized diversification. As a result, the port essentially remained a feeder port. It depends on shipping phosphate (a non renewable resource), fertilizer, scrap metal, petroleum and other general cargo commodities. The port serves main (hub) and container ports which are more lucrative and environmentally less challenging. The Port of Hamburg, on the other hand, controlled by an elected local Senate, became a container hub port early on, and planned its future accordingly. Tampa’s traditional housing around the port was dissected; shopping, service and recreational areas around Tampa’s city core deteriorated, when Interstates 275, 4 and the Cross Town Expressway were constructed. Suburbs in rural areas were developed with little regard for public transportation infrastructure, recreation facilities, and pedestrian and bike paths. Most of Tampa’s waterfront, owned by its Port Authority, is leased out and fenced off to the public access. Redeveloped expensive and mostly empty downtown gentrified residences face parking garages, oil tanks, phosphate stags and scrap yards. Much of Harbor Island, close to downtown, is gated and gentrified. The Port of Hamburg, in contrast to the Port of Tampa, redeveloped an uninhabited warehouse region of its Port, named it Hafen City, thereby adding 40 percent to the core of the city. This cohesive theme is in the process of providing jobs, housing, public waterfront access, shopping, green spaces, museums a concert hall, a theater and more. Light-rail, subways trams, buses, pedestrian and bike paths link the Hafen City to the traditional city center. Hamburg’s waterfront remains open to the public by law. A comparison of both port cities shows that the Port of Tampa’s largely state controlled corporate style management team prioritizes short term economic results over an extended future planning at the expense of the region’s social, cultural and environmental climate. The Port of Hamburg’s management team, installed by the locally elected Senate, promotes the City’s economic, social, cultural and environmental quality. The above findings, suggest that developments of ports and their cities under democratically elected governments may produce various qualitative outcomes depending on the demand and supply curve of their residents’ input.

The relationship between the Swedish state’s welfare political commitments and the emergence and development of three female-dominated welfare state occupational groups - nurses, home relief helpers and occupational therapists - is at the heart of this thesis. The primary aim is to study the professional possibilities and limitations created by the state’s welfare political commitments in health care, family policy and rehabilitation. The thesis emphasises the importance of regarding the state as a historically conditioned actor and as an organisation of organisations. The state is not a unified and static actor and this makes it difficult to speak of the state’s relationship to different welfare occupations in general terms. Nurses, home relief helpers and occupational therapists have encountered the state in different historical contexts and established ties to different parts of the state. Abbott’s (1988) term jurisdiction is used to characterise the area within welfare politics that nurses, home relief helpers and occupational therapists have made claims on or been allotted. The struggle for jurisdiction takes place on three, analytically separate but in reality interconnected arenas. These arenas are the workplace, the media arena and the legal arena. The thesis limits itself to the legal arena, that is, the state’s administrative, planning and legislative structures. At the centre of the analysis of the legal arena are the Swedish Government Commission and the welfare political reform work that to a large degree has been formed by these institutions’ function and work. An important conclusion from these three case studies is that the state’s welfare political commitments have been central for the emergence of nurses, home relief helpers and occupational therapists and their development into welfare state occupational groups. The state’s welfare political ambitions have contributed considerably to the transformation of nurse, home relief helpers and occupational therapists into modern occupational groups. Dependency on the state has not always been easy to handle however. The state’s welfare political interests have often contradicted the wishes of the professions regarding the content, length and organisation of training programmes, as well as regarding continuing education and licensing. The state has been unwilling to provide more training than deemed necessary from a welfare political perspective. An important conclusion from this study is that it is difficult for welfare state occupational groups to steer their professional project in a direction that falls outside of the state’s welfare political commitments.

Le recours collectif multi-juridictionnel soulève de nombreuses questions relatives à la compétence internationale des tribunaux. En raison de la spécificité de ce véhicule procédural et du droit qui lui est propre, le droit international privé et le droit constitutionnel applicables à la détermination de la compétence internationale des tribunaux pourraient être appelés à s'adapter à ce véhicule. La transformation de ces sphères de droit substantif sous l'influence du droit propre au recours collectif fait l'objet du présent mémoire. Cette étude vise principalement à déterminer la nature, l'étendue et l'opportunité des transformations du droit constitutionnel canadien et du droit international privé québécois au nom de principes propres au droit des recours collectifs. L'étude en vient à la conclusion que l'influence est significative à l'extérieur du Québec, que cette influence peut, selon les circonstances, être souhaitable ou non, et qu'à tout événement ces transformations doivent faire l'objet d'une analyse de la Cour suprême du Canada afin de dissiper les incertitudes qui s'avèrent coûteuses pour les justiciables, tant en demande qu'en défense. / Multi-jurisdictionnal class actions raise several questions of jurisdiction. As a result of the specificity of both class actions and the law of class actions, private international law and constitutional law applicable to jurisdiction may be invited to adapt to the new trend of multijurisdictional class actions. The transformation of these sectors of the law to take into account the reality of class actions is the subject of this thesis. This study primarily seeks to determine the nature, scope and opportunity of the transformation of Canadian constitutional law and Quebec's private international law to account for national class actions. This study reaches the conc1usion that this influence is significant outside the Province of Québec, that it may, according to the circumstances, be justified or not and, most importantly, that the equilibrium between these three sectors of the law should be settled by the Supreme Court of Canada in order to dissipate the uncertainties arising therefrom, uncertainties that continue to be costly for multiple claimants or defendants. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de LL.M. en droit des affaires"

Le Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU, par sa Résolution 827, institue le 25 mai 1993, un tribunal pénal international (TPIY) ayant pour but du juger les personnes présumées responsables de violations graves du droit international humanitaire commises sur le territoire de l'ex-Yougoslavie depuis 1991. Ainsi, près de cinquante ans après le procès de Nuremberg, des personnes physiques sont à nouveau poursuivies devant une juridiction pénale internationale. Toutefois, depuis ce procès mémorable l'ordre juridique international a beaucoup changé; le TPIY ne ressemble pas au Tribunal militaire de Nuremberg et les conventions relatives aux droits de l'Homme reconnaissent maintenant un droit fondamental à un procès équitable de tout accusé. Notre étude porte sur l'un des aspects du droit à un procès équitable qualifié d'équité systémique et qui comprend le droit d'être jugé par un tribunal établi par la loi, qui soit compétent, indépendant et impartial. Nous analysons les caractéristiques du TPIY à la lumière du droit comparé et plus particulièrement en examinant si cette institution judiciaire internationale répond aux exigences du principe de l'équité systémique tel que défini à l'article 6 de la Convention européenne des droits de l'Homme (CEDH) et tel qu'interprété par la jurisprudence d'une institution judiciaire supranationale, la Cour européenne des droits de l'Homme. Les conclusions de notre étude sont que le TPIY satisfait en partie aux exigences de l'équité systémique; son indépendance et son impartialité sont sujettes à caution selon les paramètres du standard de la CEDH. / On May 25th 1993, the UN Security Council, by its Resolution 827, established an international criminal tribunal (ICTY) for the purpose of prosecuting persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991. Thus, nearly fifty years after the Nuremberg trial, individuals are once again being prosecuted before an international criminal tribunal. However, the international legal order has changed a great deal since this memorable trial: the ICTY is not a carbon copy of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal and the international conventions on Human Rights have recognized to every accused a fundamental right to a fair trial. This thesis analyzes one aspect of the right to a fair trial - the systemic fairness requirement - which encompasses the right to be tried by a competent, independent and impartial court that is established by law. The study of the characteristics of the ICTY is done with a comparative law perspective. More particularly, this work is answering the fol1owing question: is this international judicial tribunal meeting the requirements of systemic fairness as set forth in section 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and developed in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights? It concludes that the ICTY fulfils these requirements only in part; its independence and impartiality are much dubious with respect to the ECHR standard. / 2002-10

Avec l’accentuation du libéralisme, les entreprises multinationales ne cessent d’être de plus en plus présentes dans les États en développement, et certaines sont peu scrupuleuses du respect des normes environnementales. Par ailleurs, notons que la plupart de ces États ne disposent pas de mécanismes juridiques contraignant ces entreprises de répondre à d’éventuels crimes contre l’environnement qu’elles sont susceptibles de commettre sur leurs territoires. Or, en l’absence de telles dispositions, peu de sociétés se conforment aux politiques permettant d’internaliser les risques en raison de leur coût élevé. La volonté de maximiser le profit amène ces entreprises à se livrer à des actes attentatoires à l’environnement, à la santé et à la sécurité des individus lorsque rien ne les contraint à procéder autrement. De façon générale, il appartient à l’État sur le territoire duquel opère une société de réglementer ses activités. Précisons que dans plusieurs États en développement, les entreprises multinationales échappent aux mesures contraignantes en vertu de l’influence financière qu’elles exercent sur les dirigeants de ces États. De même, l’impunité des crimes contre l’environnement commis dans les pays en développement découle aussi du manque de volonté politique accentué par le phénomène de la corruption. Malgré la multiplicité de traités et de conventions internationales dédiés à la protection de l'environnement, ces instruments ne sont pas directement applicables aux sociétés multinationales, considérées comme des acteurs non-étatiques. Alors, les pays développés d’où proviennent la majeure partie des entreprises multinationales sont appelés à combler cette lacune en prenant des mesures qui obligent leurs entreprises à se préoccuper de la préservation de l’environnement dans leurs activités. Cette thèse propose d’examiner les mécanismes juridiques par lesquels les crimes contre l’environnement survenus dans les pays en développement peuvent entraîner des poursuites pénales au Canada. En l’absence de législation ayant une portée extraterritoriale explicite en la matière, cela exige de se référer au droit existant et de proposer une nouvelle approche d’interprétation et d’adaptation tenant compte des récents développements envisageant la protection de l’environnement comme une valeur fondamentale pour la société canadienne. De nos jours, la portée de la protection de l’environnement au Canada requiert l’abandon des anciennes conceptions du principe de la territorialité pour adopter une autre approche plus soucieuse des nouvelles réalités entraînées par la mondialisation économique. Il serait donc légitime pour le Canada d’étendre sa compétence pour réprimer les crimes contre l’environnement survenus à l’étranger lors des activités menées par ses ressortissants. La nécessité de réprimer les atteintes à l’environnement survenues à l’étranger devient plus pressante lorsque ces crimes présentent un degré de gravité comparable à celui des crimes internationaux. / Due to trade liberalization, multinational enterprises (MNEs) are overwhelmingly engaged in developing countries’ industries. Unfortunately, many of those MNEs pay scant attention to environmental preservation. Yet, almost all developing countries lack effective rules designed to protect the environment from polluting activities operated by MNEs. In the absence of any incentive, it is impossible for MNEs to avoid environmentally harmful operations. As economic agents, MNEs are not willing to adopt environmental protection costs without any legislation compelling them to do so. The profit maximization rationale underlying corporate policy leaves little room for incurring environmental preservation costs and only voluntary measures are applied in the management of polluting operations. As a general principle, the regulation of MNEs’ conduct falls upon the State whose territory is directly harmed by polluting operations. However, the lack of resources of developing countries as well as the financial influence of MNEs has weakened environmental protection regulation in many states. The preservation of the environment from polluting activities of MNEs has also undermined by the lack of political will of developing countries which is increased by the corruption phenomenon. Despite the large number of international treaties and conventions designed to protect the environment from pollutant threats, those international instruments cannot directly apply to MNEs as they are non-state actors. Hence, developed countries, under whose law many MNEs are incorporated, are required to fill this gap in regulating their MNEs’ activities abroad. This dissertation suggests the examination of juridical mechanisms by which environmental crimes which take place in developing countries may trigger criminal prosecution in Canada. Given the absence of Canadian regulation dealing explicitly with extraterritorial criminal conduct of MNEs, this research seeks to provide a new approach to existing law in order to deal with transnational environmental crimes, bearing in mind that environmental protection has emerged as a fundamental value in Canadian society. Nowadays, the values represented by environmental protection entail the shift of the traditional territoriality principle since worldwide economic activities have brought transnational threats of global concern. Therefore, we hold that Canada would be entitled to extend its competence so as to assert jurisdiction over environmental crimes occurred abroad during operations conducted by Canadian citizens. The need to assert extraterritorial jurisdiction to environmental crimes committed within foreign sovereignty becomes more pressing if those crimes reach the same level of gravity as international crimes.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėti jurisdikcijų kolizijos ir taikytinos teisės tarptautinėje privatinėje teisėje institutai internetinių deliktų apimtyje. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjama deliktų sąvoka, internetinių deliktų išskirtiniai bruožai, šaltiniai bei deliktinės atsakomybės apimtis. Antroji darbo dalis skirta jurisdikcijų kolizijai internetinių deliktų atveju: analizuojamos esamos jurisdikcijų kolizijos taisyklės bei jų pritaikymas internetiniams deliktams, jurisdikcijų kolizijos problemų internetinių deliktų ginčuose sprendimo variantai bei teismų praktika. Trečiojoje dalyje nagrinėtos taikytinos teisės taisyklės, jų problematika internetinių deliktų ginčuose bendrai ir kiekvieno delikto atveju atskirai. / This master's thesis analyses the institutes of collision of jurisdictions and law applicable in private international law in the scope of internet delicts. The first part of this thesis analyses the concept of delicts, distinctive features and sources of internet delicts, as well as the scope of delict liability. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to the collision of jurisdictions in the case of internet delicts: it analyses current rules of jurisdiction collision and their application to internet delicts, versions of solving jurisdiction collision problems in the disputes of internet delicts and case law. The third part analyses applicable law rules, their problems in the disputes of internet delicts in general and in separate cases of each delict.