Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-20T17:36:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andresanascimentodasilva.pdf: 752132 bytes, checksum: d67a82bd728f0577d6c96eecf5cef053 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T03:02:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andresanascimentodasilva.pdf: 752132 bytes, checksum: d67a82bd728f0577d6c96eecf5cef053 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T03:02:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andresanascimentodasilva.pdf: 752132 bytes, checksum: d67a82bd728f0577d6c96eecf5cef053 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-04 / A aderência aos imunossupressores constitui um elemento essencial para os resultados do transplante renal e tem sido alvo crescente de estudos devido à sua relevância para o tratamento. Pode ser definida como o grau de concordância entre o comportamento de uma pessoa em relação às orientações do médico ou de outro profissional da equipe de saúde. Recebe influência de questões socioeconômicas, do sistema e profissionais de saúde, fatores relacionados às condições de saúde, à terapia e ao paciente. Dentre estes, os fatores relacionados ao paciente são pouco estudados. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral avaliar a relação entre alguns destes fatores individuais do paciente, como as crenças de autoeficácia, lócus de controle da saúde (LCS) e religiosidade e o comportamento de não-aderência aos imunossupressores em pacientes transplantados renais. Foi desenvolvido um estudo de corte transversal em que foram avaliados 88 pacientes acompanhados no ambulatório de pós-transplante do Hospital Universitário de Juiz de Fora. O diagnóstico de não-aderência foi realizado pelo método da triangulação, utilizando a Escala Basel para Avaliação de Aderência a Medicamentos Imunossupressores (BAASIS), opinião dos profissionais e dosagem do nível sanguíneo dos imunossupressores. As crenças de autoeficácia, lócus de controle da saúde e religiosidade foram avaliadas pelas escalas de Autoeficácia Geral Percebida, Multidimensional de Lócus de Controle da Saúde e do Índice de Religiosidade da Universidade de Duke (DUREL), respectivamente. Os pacientes aderentes e não aderentes foram comparados pelos testes do qui-quadrado, t de Student e correlação de Spearman. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (63%), recebeu enxerto renal de doador vivo (96%), tinha média de idade de 47,2±12,9 anos e tempo mediano pós-transplante de 108,71 (49,0-266,0) meses. Encontramos uma elevada prevalência de não-aderência, de 70,5%. Observamos uma maior pontuação de autoeficácia nos pacientes aderentes em relação aos não-aderentes, 45,14+4,9 vs. 38,32+8,6 (p<0,001), respectivamente. As dimensões do LCS não foram diferentes entre os grupos. Em relação à religiosidade, apenas a dimensão religiosidade intrínseca, que acessa o nível pessoal de envolvimento ou motivação religiosa, apresentou maior pontuação nos pacientes aderentes em relação aos não-aderentes (14,0+1,6 vs 12,8+2,5; p=0,016]. Não houve correlação significativa entre autoeficácia e os níveis de religiosidade, avaliados através da correlação de Spearman. Considerando os nossos resultados, sugere-se que os profissionais adotem uma visão holística em relação ao paciente. Aspectos, tais como a religiosidade e as crenças de autoeficácia, devem ser consideradas quando se traçarem estratégias para alcançar uma melhor autogestão e maior aderência aos imunossupressores. / The adherence to immunosuppressants is an essential element for the results of renal transplantation and has been a growing target of studies because of its relevance for the treatment. It can be defined as the degree of agreement between the behavior of a person in relation to the guidelines of the physician or other health care professional. It receives influence from socioeconomic issues, health care system and professionals, factors related to the disease, to its therapy, and to the patient. Among these, the patient-related factors are poorly studied. This study had, as main objective, to evaluate the relationship between some of these individual factors, such as self-efficacy beliefs, health locus of control (HLC) and religiosity and immunosuppressants non-adherence behavior in kidney transplant patients. A cross-sectional study evaluated 88 patients treated at the post-transplant clinic of the School Hospital of Federal University of Juiz de Fora. The diagnosis of non-adherence was carried out by the triangulation method, using the Basel Assessment of Adherence to Immunosuppressive Medications Scale (BAASIS), collateral report and immunosuppressive blood levels. Self-efficacy, HLC, and religiosity were evaluated applying the General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale and the Portuguese version of Duke University Religion Index (DUREL), respectively. Adherent and non-adherent patients were compared using the chi-square, Student t, and Spearman´s correlation tests. Most patients were male (63%), received kidney graft from a living donor (96%) had a mean age of 47.2 ± 12.9 years and median time post-transplant of 108.71 (49.0 to 266.0) months. We found a high prevalence of non-adherence, 70.5%. We observed a higher score of self-efficacy in adherents compared to non-adherents, (45.14+4.9 vs. 38.32+8.6; p<0.001), respectively. The HLC dimensions were not different between groups. Concerning to religion, the dimension intrinsic religiosity, which accesses the personal level of involvement or religious motivation, showed a higher scores in adherent patients compared to non-adherents (14.0+1.6 vs 12.8+2.5; p=0.016). Considering our results, it is suggested that professionals have a holistic vision of the patient. These aspects, such as religiosity and self-efficacy believes , should be taken into account when designing strategies for a better self-management and higher adherence to immunosuppressives.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-30T11:38:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 elisadeoliveiramarsicano.pdf: 1820352 bytes, checksum: fc21554f216954440f19500eb4bf4483 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-05T16:33:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 elisadeoliveiramarsicano.pdf: 1820352 bytes, checksum: fc21554f216954440f19500eb4bf4483 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T16:33:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 elisadeoliveiramarsicano.pdf: 1820352 bytes, checksum: fc21554f216954440f19500eb4bf4483 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) constitui hoje um importante problema médico e de saúde pública. O transplante renal é, atualmente, a melhor opção terapêutica para o paciente com DRC, tanto do ponto de vista médico, quanto social ou econômico. Para proporcionar maior segurança terapêutica e controle de complicações clínicas e cirúrgicas existem estratégias que são fundamentais. Uma questão considerada relevante é a não aderência (NA) ao uso das medicações e ao tratamento proposto. A aderência é definida como o grau de concordância entre o comportamento de um paciente em relação às orientações do médico e/ou de outro profissional da saúde. É um fenômeno multidimensional que envolve fatores determinados por questões socioeconômicas, pelo sistema de saúde, pelos profissionais de saúde, por fatores relacionados à terapia e ao paciente. Para o diagnóstico da NA podemos utilizar métodos diretos e indiretos. Este estudo teve como objetivos adaptar e validar para a população de transplantados brasileiros o instrumento The Basel AssessmentofAdherencewithImunossupressiveMedicationScale (BAASIS), utilizando uma amostra de transplantados renais atendidos no ambulatório do Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Estudos e Pesquisas em Nefrologia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (Niepen), determinar a frequência de NA na população estudada, avaliada através do emprego três métodos diagnósticos e avaliar a associação entre os fatores de risco e a presença de NA. Trata-se de um estudo transversal onde foram analisados 100 pacientes transplantados renais com mais de um ano de transplante em acompanhamento ambulatorial no Niepen. A adaptação cultural foi realizada utilizando o protocolo de Guillemin (i.e. tradução, retrotradução, análise por comitê de especialistas e pré-teste). Para verificação das propriedades psicométricas foram aplicados os testes de reprodutibilidadeintra e interobservador, alfa de Cronbach, correlação do BAASIS com a Medida de Aderência ao Tratamento – MAT e análise fatorial. Além de análise univariada e multivariada para os fatores associados a NA. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos: aderentes e não aderentes através da utilização de três métodos diagnósticos (BAASIS, opinião dos profissionais e nível sangúineo dos imunossupressores) e as condições associadas aNA foram coletadas através de um questionário e do prontuário. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 45±13,5 anos, 65% eram homens e 89% receberam o enxerto de um doador vivo. O instrumento BAASIS foi adaptado transculturalmente para língua portuguesa sem dificuldades. Em relação às propriedades psicométricas, encontramos baixa variância, de 0,007 e 0,003 nos testes de reprodutibilidade intra e interobservador; a correlação com o MAT foi de 0,65; cargas fatoriais aceitáveisdas três primeiras questões do BAASIS (r=0,76; r=0,80, and r=0,68), e alfa de Cronbach de 0,7. 51% dos pacientes foram considerados não aderentes utilizando-se três métodos para avaliar a aderência ao tratamento imunossupressor. As variáveis relacionadas com a NA foram: residir a mais de 100 km do centro transplantador (54,9 vs. 38,8%, p<0,07), renda familiar maior que 5 salários mínimos (21,6 vs. 4%, p<0,009), e ter acesso a exames por seguro de saúde (35,3% vs. 18,4%,p<0,01). No modelo de regressão logística apenas renda familiar maior que cinco salários foi fator de risco para NA (OR 5,0 IC:1,01 - 25,14; p<0,04). Os resultados demonstraram que a BAASIS apresenta boas propriedades psicométricas, e este estudo viabliza o seu uso na prática clínica e em pesquisas sobre aderência em TxR. Nesta amostra, as variáveis associadas com a NA foram relacionadas às condições socioeconômicas: morar distante do centro transplantador, melhor renda familiar e ter acesso a exames por seguro de saúde. Ressaltamos que este é o primeiro estudo brasileiro com metodologia adequada sobre fatores de risco e frequência de NA no pós TxR. / Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is now an important medical and public health problem. Kidney transplantation is currently the best therapeutic option for patients with CKD, both from the medical, the social or economic´s points of view. To promote safety and therapeutic control of clinical and surgical complications, some strategies are fundamental. An issue that is considered very important is nonadherence (NA) to the use of medications and the proposed treatment. Adherence is defined as the degree of agreement between the behavior of a patient in relation to the advice of the physician and/or other healthcare professional. It is a multidimensional phenomenon that involves factors determined by socio-economic issues, the health system, health professionals, factors related to therapy and to the patient. For the diagnosis of NA we can apply direct and indirect methods. This study aimed to validate to the Brazilian transplant population the instrument “The Basel Assessment of Medication Adherence with Imunossupressive Scale” (BAASIS), using a sample of renal transplant patients, form the outpatient clinic of the NúcleoInterdisciplinar de Estudos e PesquisasemNefrologia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (Niepen),to assess the frequencyof NAin the studied population, evaluatedby employingthree diagnostic methodsand to evaluate theassociation betweenrisk factorsand the presence ofNA. This is a cross-sectional study of 100 renal transplant recipients with more than one year of transplant, followed as an outpatient at Niepen. The BAASIS (English version) was transculturally adapted and psychometric properties were assessed. Transcultural adaptation was performed using the Guillemin protocol (i.e. translation, back translation, analysis by an expert committee, and pre-testing). Psychometric testing included intra and inter observer reproducibility,Cronbach’salpha,correlation between BAASIS and Measure of Adherence to Treatment and factorial analysis. In alsounivariate and multivariate analyzes for factors associated with NA. Patients were classified into two groups: adherent and non-adherent using three diagnostic methods (The BAASIS, the professionals' opinion and imunossupressivesblood levels) and the conditions associated with NA were collected from a questionnaire and medical files. The mean age of patients was 45 ± 13.5 years, 65% were men and 89% received a graft from a living donor. On testing the psychometric properties of reliability, intra-observer reproducibility showed a variance of 0.007, with inter-observer reproducibility having a variance of 0.003, suggesting preciseness was achieved. For Validity, in construct validity, exploratory factorial analysis demonstrated unidimensionality of the first three questions (r=0.76; r=0.80, and r=0.68). For criterion validity, the adapted BAASIS was correlated with another self-reporting instrument – Measure of Adherence to Treatment (MAT) and showed good congruence/correlation (r=0.65). Cronbach's alpha was0.7. 51% of patients were considered nonadherente using three methods to assess adherence to immunosuppressive treatment. Variables related to NA were: living more than 100 km from the transplant center (54.9 vs. 38.8%, p<0.07), family income higher than five minimum wages (21.6 vs. 4%, p<0.009), and access to lab tests from health insurance (35.3% vs. 18.4%, p<0.01). In the logistic regression model only low family income higher than five minimum wages was a risk factor for NA (OR 5.0 CI: 1.01 to 25.14, p<0.04). The results showed the BAASIS has good psychrometric properties and this study enables its use in clinical practice and in researches on adherence in kidney transplant. In this sample, the variables associated with NA were related to socioeconomic conditions: living far from the transplant center, better income and having access to private health insurance. We emphasize that this is the first Brazilian study, with appropriate methodology, on risk factors and frequency of NA post kidney transplantation.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-19T13:14:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 erichvidalcarvalho.pdf: 1373882 bytes, checksum: 6df7856fd76fddbb8e6515ca30774b77 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-19T14:45:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 erichvidalcarvalho.pdf: 1373882 bytes, checksum: 6df7856fd76fddbb8e6515ca30774b77 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T14:45:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 erichvidalcarvalho.pdf: 1373882 bytes, checksum: 6df7856fd76fddbb8e6515ca30774b77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-13 / Introdução: O sedentarismo é um comportamento comum entre os pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) em hemodiálise (HD), e está associado com desfechos clínicos negativos nesta população. Acredita-se que o transplante renal tenha potencial para alterar o estilo de vida destes pacientes tornando-os mais ativos. No entanto, o efeito do transplante sobre a atividade física não está completamente esclarecido. Os estudos sobre o tema na população de transplantados utilizaram questionários como instrumento de avaliação, não sendo identificado nenhum trabalho que aferiu objetivamente, através de acelerômetro, a atividade física nestes indivíduos. Objetivos: Avaliar objetivamente a atividade física na vida diária de pacientes transplantados renais comparando a com a de pacientes em HD e explorar a possível relação de variáveis clínicas com a atividade física. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal que incluiu indivíduos transplantados renais há pelo menos seis meses (n=23; 48,3 ± 10,3 anos) e pacientes em HD há pelo menos seis meses (n=20; 47,3 ± 12,6 anos). O tempo gasto nas diferentes atividades ou posições (andando, de pé, sentado ou deitado) e o número de passos dados foram mensurados por um acelerômetro multiaxial durante 12 horas diurnas, em dois dias úteis consecutivos nos pacientes transplantados e em quatro dias consecutivos nos pacientes em HD. Resultados: Transplantados renais apresentaram maior tempo ativo por dia (soma dos tempos andando e em pé) que pacientes em HD (311 ± 87 vs. 196 ± 54 min/dia; p = 0,001), com maior tempo andando (106 ± 53 vs. 70 ± 27 min/dia; p = 0,008) e maior tempo em pé (205 ± 55 vs. 126 ± 42 min/dia; p < 0,001). Sessenta e cinco por cento dos transplantados foram classificados como ativos (>7.500 passos/dia) comparados com apenas 20% do grupo HD (p < 0,005). O tempo ativo se correlacionou positivamente com o tempo pós-transplante, com os níveis séricos de cálcio e hemoglobina. Conclusão: Transplantados renais são significativamente mais ativos na vida diária do que pacientes em hemodiálise e a atividade física aumenta com o tempo desde o transplante. / Background: Sedentary lifestyle is a common behavior among hemodialysis (HD) patients, and is associated with negative clinical outcomes in this population. It is believed that renal transplantation has the potential to change the way of life of these patients making them more active. However, the effect of kidney transplant on physical activity has not been thoroughly investigated. There was no study that objectively assessed physical activity in renal transplant patients using accelerometer. Objective: To evaluate the physical activity in daily life in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) compared to HD patients and explore its relationship with clinical variables. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled KTRs transplanted at least six months prior the study (n=23; 48.3 ± 10.3 years) and patients undergoing HD for at least six months (n=20; 47.3 ± 12.6 years). Time spent in different activities (walking, standing, sitting, and lying down), and number of steps taken, measured by a multiaxial accelerometer used for 12 h/day on two consecutive days for KTRs and on four consecutive days for HD patients were evaluated. Results: KTRs engaged in more active time per day (sum of walking and standing time) than HD patients (311 ± 87 vs. 196 ± 54 min/day; p = 0.001), with longer walking (106 ± 53 vs. 70 ± 27 min/day; p = 0.008) and standing time (205 ± 55 vs. 126 ± 42 min/day; p < 0.001). Sixty-five percent of KTRs were classified as active (>7,500 steps/day) compared to only 20% of the HD group (p < 0.005). Active time was positively correlated with time post transplant, calcium, and hemoglobin. Conclusions: KTRs are significantly more active in daily life than HD patients, and physical activity in daily life increases with time since transplantation.

La méthode de préservation d’organes la plus utilisée actuellement en transplantation rénale est la conservation statique en hypothermie. Cependant, ce mode de conservation induit des dommages inhérents aux lésions du syndrome d’ischémie/reperfusion (I/R). Cette étude a eu pour objectif d’identifier de nouvelles conditions de préservation des greffons, afin de limiter les lésions d’I/R, en modulant la température de conservation ou par ajout d’un transporteur d’oxygène. Nous avons utilisé deux modèles : in vitro avec des cellules endothéliales et in vivo en autotransplantation rénale chez le porc.Les résultats ont confirmé les effets délétères de la conservation à 4°C contrairement à des conservations à 19°C, 27°C et surtout 32°C, permettant d’obtenir une activité métabolique, une viabilité et une intégrité cellulaire supérieures ainsi qu’une diminution des marqueurs de l’inflammation et du stress oxydant. Nous avons aussi démontré les bénéfices d'un nouveau transporteur d’oxygène, M101, dans deux des solutions de conservation les plus utilisés, UW et HTK. L'utilisation de M101 en conservation statique permet une meilleure reprise de fonction à court terme et une réduction de la fibrose, cause principale de la perte du greffon. Enfin, nous avons montré une conservation des bénéfices de M101 à des doses réduites et déterminé que cette protection était due à une multifonctionnalité de la molécule, combinant un transporteur d’oxygène, une activité superoxyde dismutase et une taille importante (permettant de réguler la pression oncotique). Ce travail a montré de nouvelles pistes de réflexion vers une préservation, et donc une qualité, supérieure des organes à transplanter. / The most used preservation method in renal transplantation is hypothermic cold storage (CS). However, this method induces damages inherent to the ischemia/ reperfusion (I /R) syndrome.My study was aimed at identifying new grafts preservation conditions, to limit I/R damage, by varying storage temperature or by adding an oxygen carrier.We used two models: in vitro with endothelial cells and in vivo in pig renal autotransplantation. The results confirmed the deleterious effects of 4°C storage in contrast to conservations at 19°C, 27°C and above 32°C, resulting in improved metabolic activity, cellular viability and integrity as well as a significant reduction in markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Then we demonstrated the benefits of a new oxygen carrier, M101, in the two most used preservation solutions, UW and HTK. Indeed, use of M101 in CS protocols improved short-term function recovery and reduced fibrosis development, main cause of graft loss. Finally, we have shown that the benefits of M101 were preserved at lower doses and we determined that this protection was due to a multifunctionality of the molecule, combining oxygen transport, superoxyde dismutase activity and a large size (regulating oncotic pressure). This work permitted the uncovering of new concepts towards improved organ preservation and quality for transplantation.

En parallèle des facteurs cliniques et biologiques, de nombreux déterminants psychologiques, dont l’adhésion et la qualité de vie, peuvent influencer la survie des greffons et des patients transplantés. Dans ce contexte notre objectif était d’étudier l’hétérogénéité des profils d’évolution de la qualité de vie et d’adhésion chez les patients transplantés rénaux et d’en identifier les déterminants. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de la qualité de vie a permis d’identifié deux sous-populations homogènes de patients: une majorité présentaient une qualité de vie semblable à la population générale alors que 40% des patients montraient une qualité de vie dégradée associé à une augmentation d’épisodes d’anxiété et de faiblesse musculaire. Nous avons pu montrer, dans un deuxième temps, qu’il existait deux profils d’évolution de l’adhésion : la majorité des patients étaient adhérents alors que 15 % des patients présentaient une non-adhésion en constante augmentation, une qualité de vie mentale dégradée et de plus nombreux épisodes de dépression. Enfin, nous présentons dans ce travail un nouvel outil dédié à l'évaluation de l’adhésion aux immunosuppresseurs des patients transplantés francophones. Cette thèse fournit de nouveaux outils, facile à utiliser précocement ou à distance de la greffe, permettant de détecter les patients présentant une qualité de vie et/ou une adhésion dégradée afin de mettre en place, pour ces patients, une prise en charge personnalisée. / In parallel to clinical and biological factors, many psychological determinants could influence transplant patient grafts survival and contributes to patients’ morbidity and mortality. Among them, adherence and quality of life were largely reported. In this context, our objective was to study, in kidney transplant patients, quality of life and adherence time-profiles heterogeneity and to identify determinants of distinct time-course. First, we identified two homogeneous subpopulations of patients: a majority presented a quality of life similar to the general population, while 40% of patients showed a poor quality of life associated with more episodes of anxiety and muscle weakness. Secondly, we found two distinct adherence time-profiles: the majority of patients were adherent while 15% presented a non-adherence constantly increasing associated with a poor mental quality of life and more depressive episodes. Finally, we proposed in this work a new tool dedicated to the evaluation of adherence in French-speaking transplant patients. This thesis provides new tools, easy to use even early on after transplantation, to detect patients with poor quality of life and / or adhesion in order to individualize the management of these patients with appropriate interventions.

Introduction : Partant du constat qu'il est possible de conserver plus longtemps les denrées alimentaires grâce à un conditionnement sous atmosphère modifiée enrichie en gaz nobles, nous avons développé une stratégie innovante de conservation de transplants rénaux. Nous avons évalué l'effet protecteur d'une solution de conservation saturée en gaz nobles pour la préservation des transplants rénaux.Matériels et méthodes : Dans un modèle d'autotransplantation rénale hétérotopique chez le porc, les transplants prélevés ont été rincés et mis en conservation 30h à 4°C dans du Celsior présaturée en gaz (air, azote, argon 100% ou xénon 100%, n=6 dans chaque groupe) avant transplantation. Les porcs ont été surveillés quotidiennement pendant 21 j.Résultats : L'argon a amélioré la survie (83,3% vs 33,3% avec l'Air, p=0,04) et la reprise de fonction du transplant. Une sortie de tubulopathie significativement plus précoce des transplants a été observé avec l'Argon. Tous les porcs xénon et azote sont décédés. A J21 les transplants argon avaient une meilleure préservation de leur intégrité structurelle cellulaire avec moins d'inflammation, de fibrose interstitielle et d'atrophie tubulaire. Les rapports RAA/TBARS, et d'Hsp 27, étaient significativement plus élevés avec l'argon. Les taux de TNF alpha, Il 6 et 8 ont montré une diminution de la réponse inflammatoire avec l'argon.Conclusion : Nous avons démontré l'effet bénéfique de l'argon sur la reprise précoce de fonction de transplant et en limitant les lésions d'ischémie-reperfusion. Bien que le mécanisme d'action de l'Argon ne soit pas élucidé, il semble que Hsp 27 soit un élément central de la renoprotection. / Introduction: Based on prolonged preservation of perishable food products under modified atmosphere, we developed an innovative method to preserve kidneys during transplantation using nobles gases. We evaluated the protective effect of argon and xenon on preserving kidney graft functionality and integrity in a clinically relevant pig model of transplantation. Methods: The left kidneys of pigs (n=6 per group) were removed, flushed and stored for 30 h in Celsior solution saturated with air, nitrogen, 100% argon, or 100% xenon. Next, autotransplantation and controlateral nephrectomy were performed. The survival rate, renal function, Hsp27, thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), reduced ascorbic acid (RAA), and TNF alpha were analyzed. A histological examination was completed.Results: Argon improved survival (83.3% for argon vs 33.3% for air, p=0.04) and transplant function recovery. All pigs in the nitrogen and the xenon group died. Diuresis recovery occurred earlier in the argon group (n= 5) when compared with the air group (n=2), p=0.05. On day 7 argon transplants had lower serum creatinine levels and a large reduction in primary non function than the air group. Argon-treated tissues showed better cell structural integrity with minor signs of inflammation, fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. The argon group showed significantly higher RAA/TBARS ratios and Hsp27 levels.Conclusion: We demonstrated that modified atmosphere preservation packaging with argon in cold-storage solution improved early transplant function recovery and long-term quality by minimizing IRI in a pig model of prolonged cold-ischemia. The renoprotective effect of argon may involve the Hsp27 pathway.

A hipertensão arterial apresenta alta prevalência entre os receptores de transplante renal sendo considerada um fator de risco cardiovascular importante influenciando na sobrevida do paciente e do enxerto. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi comparar se o controle da pressão arterial nos pacientes transplantados renais por meio da utilização de monitorização residencial da pressão arterial é mais comparável ao resultado da monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial quando comparada à medida da pressão arterial de consultório. No período de março de 2008 a abril de 2009, foram avaliados prospectivamente 183 pacientes transplantados renais, com tempo de transplante de 1 a 10 anos. Os pacientes foram submetidos a três métodos de medida de pressão arterial (PA): medida de pressão arterial em consultório, monitorização residencial da pressão arterial (MRPA), e monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA). Foram avaliados 183 pacientes, dentre eles 94 eram homens (54 %) e 89 mulheres (46 %). A idade média foi de 50 ± 11 anos. O tempo de transplante médio foi de 57 ± 32 meses. Noventa e nove pacientes receberam enxertos de doadores falecidos (54 %) e 84 foram receptores de doadores vivos (46 %). Quando avaliados usando a medida de PA obtida em consultório, 56,3% apresentavam-se PA elevada e 43,7% com PA normal com média de 138,9/82,3 ± 17,8/12,1mmHg. Entretanto, quando avaliados pela MRPA, 55,2% dos indivíduos apresentavam-se PA normal e 44,8 % apresentavam-se PA elevada com média de 131,1/78,5 ± 17,4/8,9. Utilizando a MAPA observamos que 63,9 % dos indivíduos apresentavam-se PA normal e 36,1 % dos indivíduos apresentavam-se PA elevada com média de 128,8/80,5 ± 12,5/8,1. Verifica-se que os dois métodos (Consultório e MRPA) tem concordância significativa com a MAPA, mas a MRPA tem uma concordância maior que a medida de Consultório, comprovado pelo teste Exato de Fisher, com valor descritivo de 0,026. Pelo teste de McNemar, verificamos que não há simetria nos dados nos dois métodos (MRPA e Consultório). Os índices de correlação linear de Pearson dos métodos, comparadas a MAPA, foram de 0,494 para medida de consultório e de 0,768 para MRPA, com a MRPA com melhor correlação com a MAPA. Comparando os erros dos dois métodos pelo teste t pareado, obteve-se o nível descritivo de 0,837, pelo qual concluí-se que o erro médio da PA de Consultório é igual ao do MRPA. Analisando a curva ROC para as medidas de PA em cada método, observa-se que a PA em consultório apresenta-se áreas sob a curva mais baixas que as obtidas pela MRPA em relação a MAPA. Concluí-se que os resultados pressóricos obtidos com a MRPA são mais comparáveis aos resultados obtidos pela MAPA em relação àqueles obtidos pela medida de consultório, sendo factível sua realização em um hospital publico / Hypertension is highly prevalent among kidney transplantation recipients and considered an important cardiovascular risk factor influencing patient survival and kidney graft survival. The aim of this study were to compare the blood pressure (BP) control in kidney transplant patients through the use of home blood pressure monitoring is more comparable with the results of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring compared to the measurement of office blood pressure. From March 2008 to April 2009 prospectively we were evaluated 183 kidney transplant recipients with time after transplantation 1 - 10 years. Patients underwent three methods for measuring blood pressure: office blood pressure measurement (OM), home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). We evaluated 183 patients, among them 94 men (54%) and 89 women (46%). The average age was 50 ± 11 years. The average time of transplant was 57 ± 32 months. Ninety-nine patients received grafts from deceased donors (54%) and 84 were recipients of living donors (46%). When assessed using OM, 56.3% presented with uncontrolled and 43.7% with adequate control of BP with an average of 138.9 / 82.3 ± 17.8 / 12.1 mmHg. However, when measured by HBPM, 55.2% of subjects were controlled and 44.8% presented with uncontrolled BP with an average of 131.1 / 78.5 ± 17.4 / 8.9 mmHg. Using the ABPM we observed that 63.9% of subjects had was controlled and 36.1% of patients presented uncontrolled BP with an average 128.8 / 80.5 ± 12.5 / 8.1.mmHg We found that the two methods (OM and HBPM) has a significant agreement, but the HBPM has a higher agreement than OM, confirmed by Fisher exact test, with descriptive value of 0.026.We found that there is no symmetry in the data for both methods with McNemar test. Person´s correlation for the ABPM with the other two methods were 0.494 for office measurement and 0.768 for HBPM, best value of HBPM with ABPM. Comparing the errors of the two methods by paired t-test, we obtained the descriptive level of 0.837, we conclude that the average error is equal to OM of HBPM. Looking at the ROC curve for BP measurements in each method, we observed that BP in practice presents lower than those obtained by HBPM in relation to ABPM. We conclude that the results obtained with HBPM were closer to the ABPM results than those obtained with blood pressure obtained at OM

Introduction et buts de la thèse<p>La survie du patient et du greffon se sont nettement améliorées depuis les débuts de la transplantation rénale. Les recommandations de pratiques cliniques basées sur l’évidence aident les cliniciens à améliorer la prise en charge standardisée des patients. Cependant, de nombreux programmes de recherche sont actuellement axés sur la découverte de biomarqueurs qui peuvent prédire les différents résultats chez les patients transplantés rénaux. Ces biomarqueurs sont nécessaires pour personnaliser la gestion et le traitement des patients.<p>Le but des travaux résumés dans cette thèse est d'évaluer l'impact potentiel de plusieurs facteurs biologiques acquis et génétiques spécifiques sur les résultats après la transplantation rénale, en particulier les facteurs de thrombophilie et les polymorphismes génétiques associés au diabète post-transplantation.<p>1. Facteurs de thrombophilie<p>Les patients en insuffisance rénale terminale présentent des anomalies complexes de la coagulation, dont les mécanismes sous-jacents ne sont pas connus à ce jour. La thrombose des vaisseaux du greffon et les événements thromboemboliques comme la thrombose veineuse profonde et / ou l’embolie pulmonaire sont des complications graves, mais relativement rares après transplantation rénale. Au cours de la dernière décennie, plusieurs études ont évalué l'impact des facteurs de thrombophilie sur les résultats après la transplantation rénale, tels que les événements thrombo-emboliques, y compris la thrombose de l’artère ou la veine du greffon, le rejet aigu, les événements cardiovasculaires ou la survie du greffon. Cependant, les limitations méthodologiques et l'hétérogénéité de ces études rendent les conclusions ou les recommandations difficiles. D’autre part, la prévalence exacte des facteurs de thrombophilie dans la population de patients en insuffisance rénale terminale et la correction éventuelle de ces facteurs après transplantation ne sont pas connues. Dans ce contexte, nous avons réalisé une étude prospective afin d’évaluer l’impact d’un panel de 11 facteurs de thrombophilie testés le jour de la transplantation et 1 mois plus tard, sur les événements thrombo-emboliques et le rejet aigu durant la première année de greffe [58]. Nous avons également évalué la prévalence de 7 facteurs de thrombophilie non-génétiques chez les patients en insuffisance rénale terminale et le taux de correction après la transplantation rénale dans une cohorte de 215 patients [59]. <p>2. Diabète post-transplantation<p>Le diabète post-transplantation est une complication métabolique grave et fréquente après la transplantation. Les patients transplantés rénaux souffrant d’un diabète post-transplantation ont un risque plus élevé d'événements cardiovasculaires majeurs, de décès et d’échec de greffe. Une étude prospective rapporte une incidence de 20,5% durant les six premiers mois de greffe rénale, en utilisant les critères stricts de l'ADA (American Diabetes Association). La plupart des facteurs de risque identifiés sont communs avec le diabète de type 2 dans la population générale: l'âge, les antécédents familiaux, l’ethnie (africaine et hispanique), l'indice de masse corporelle élevé, une sérologie hépatite C positive et la présence d’un syndrome métabolique. Certains traitements immunosuppresseurs sont des facteurs de risque de diabète post-transplantation spécifiques et modifiables. Les inhibiteurs de la calcineurine sont diabétogènes et il a été clairement montré que le tacrolimus est plus diabétogène que la cyclosporine. En se basant sur ces données, nous avons remplacé le tacrolimus par la cyclosporine chez une série de patients ayant développé un diabète post-transplantation sous tacrolimus. Nous avons évalué rétrospectivement l’efficacité et la sécurité de cette approche [60]. Nous avons également élaboré des recommandations pour la prise en charge du diabète post-transplantation sur base de notre expérience et des études publiées [62]. <p>La susceptibilité génétique du diabète post-transplantation a été étudiée par des approches «gènes candidats », mais les faibles effectifs et l'absence de réplication dans des cohortes indépendantes rendent les conclusions difficiles. Les études pan-génomiques de type « genome wide association study (GWAS) apportent un éclairage neuf sur les origines génétiques du diabète de type 2. Plus de 10 loci de susceptibilité ont été associés au diabète de type 2 dans la population générale, avec des odds ratio (OR) allant de 1.10 à 1.20, excepté un variant commun du gène TCF7L2 pour lequel le risque de la maladie augmente de 37% par allèle à risque. Nous avons utilisé une approche gène candidat en sélectionnant 11 variants génétiques associés au diabète de type 2 à travers ces GWAS et nous avons évalué leur association avec le risque de diabète post-transplantation durant les 6 premiers mois post-transplantation, dans une large cohorte de Caucasiens (N = 1076) [61].<p>Méthodologie générale<p>L’unité de transplantation rénale de l'Hôpital Erasme (Université Libre de Bruxelles) a créé une base de données clinique incluant les patients transplantés depuis 1964 dans l'institution et une biocollection (ADN et sérum) depuis 2001. En outre, depuis 2007, l'unité de transplantation rénale de l'Hôpital Erasme a développé une collaboration avec d'autres centres européens de transplantation rénale (CHU de Tours, CHU de Limoges, CHU de Brest, CHU de Saint-Étienne, CHRU de Lille, CHU de Poitiers et CHU de Bordeaux actuellement). Nous avons actuellement collecté les données cliniques et l’ADN de plus de 4000 receveurs d'allogreffe rénale.<p>Résultats<p>1. Facteurs de thrombophilie<p>Nous avons enrôlé prospectivement 320 greffes rénales consécutives correspondant à 317 patients greffés dans notre institution entre 2001 et 2006. Onze facteurs de thrombophilie ont étés dosés le jour de la transplantation. Dix patients ont étés exclus en raison de valeurs manquantes pour plus de 3 facteurs. Tous nos patients ont reçu de l’acide acétylsalicylique en prophylaxie, débuté juste avant la greffe. Le taux d'événements thromboemboliques et/ou de rejet aigu durant la première année post-transplantation (critère d’évaluation primaire composite) était de 16,7% chez les patients sans facteur de thrombophilie (N = 60) et de 17,2% chez ceux ayant au moins un facteur de thrombophilie (N = 250) (P=NS) le jour de la greffe. L'incidence du critère d’évaluation primaire était similaire chez les patients sans facteur de thrombophilie et ceux avec au moins deux (N = 135), ou au moins trois (n = 53) facteurs (16,3% et 15,1% respectivement, P=NS) et chez les patients avec au moins un facteur persistant 1 mois après la greffe (15,7%, P=NS). Aucun des facteurs de thrombophilie individuels présents le jour de la transplantation n’était associé au critère d’évaluation primaire. L'incidence des événements cardio-vasculaires à 1 an, la créatinine sérique à 1 an, la survie de greffe actuarielle à 4 ans n’étaient pas influencés par la présence d’au moins un facteur de thrombophilie le jour de la greffe (P= NS).<p>La prévalence des facteurs de thrombophilie était significativement plus élevée chez les patients dialysés que chez les patients non encore dialysés le jour de la greffe (74% vs 52,4%, P =0,03). La prévalence était similaire chez les patients hémodialysés et en dialyse péritonéale (P=NS). Un mois après la transplantation, la prévalence globale des facteurs de thrombophilie a chuté de 74,4% à 44,7% (P <0,001). La plupart des facteurs de thrombophilie avaient disparus après la transplantation. <p>2. Le diabète post-transplantation<p>Nous avons analysé rétrospectivement les paramètres du métabolisme glucidique chez 54 patients greffés rénaux traités par tacrolimus et développant un diabète post-transplantation. Trente-quatre patients ont été convertis à la cyclosporine alors que 20 patients ont poursuivi le tacrolimus (groupe contrôle). Après la conversion, le taux de rémission du diabète post-transplantation était de 42% (IC 95% :24-59%) 1 an après la conversion versus 0% dans le groupe contrôle (P=0,001). La conversion<p>était sûre en termes de fonction du greffon, de rejet aigu, de survie des patients et du greffon.<p>Dans notre étude multicentrique (Hôpital Erasme-Bruxelles, CHU de Tours, CHU de Limoges et CHRU de Lille), nous avons enrôlé 1477 patients greffés successivement. Parmi les 1229 patients éligibles pour l’étude, 1076 étaient Caucasiens (analyses primaires). Un total de 118 patients, soit 11% des Caucasiens ont développé un diabète post-transplantation durant les 6 premiers mois de greffe. En analyse multi-variée, le variant rs7903146 de TCF7L2 était indépendamment associé au diabète post-transplantation (OR = 1,60 pour chaque allèle T, P = 0,002). Les autres facteurs de risque indépendants étaient: l'âge du receveur, l’indice de masse corporelle au moment de la greffe, l'utilisation du tacrolimus et la survenue d'un épisode de rejet aigu traité par corticoïdes.<p>Conclusions<p>Les facteurs de thrombophilie sont très fréquents au stade terminal de l'insuffisance rénale et sont corrigés dans la grande majorité après la transplantation rénale. Cela suggère que la plupart des facteurs sont acquis et associés à l'urémie et / ou la dialyse. En outre, notre étude prospective n’a pas démontré d’impact des facteurs de thrombophilie détectés de manière systématique avant la transplantation sur les résultats après transplantation rénale, dans une population recevant un régime immunosuppresseur moderne et de l’acide acétylsalicylique en prophylaxie.<p>L’effet diabétogène du tacrolimus est réversible. Nos résultats suggèrent une amélioration significative du métabolisme glucidique après la conversion à la cyclosporine chez les patients transplantés rénaux atteints de diabète post-transplantation sous tacrolimus.<p>Le diabète post-transplantation et le diabète de type 2 partagent des facteurs de risque communs, dont un variant du gène TCF7L2. La place de ce type de biomarqueur dans la prédiction de la survenue du diabète post-transplantation et dans les stratégies de modification d’immunosuppression doit faire l’objet d’évaluations prospectives.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Background: Aim of this single center cross-sectional study was to investigate oral behavior, dental, periodontal and microbiological findings in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and after kidney transplantation (KT). Methods: Patients undergoing HD for end-stage renal failure and after KT were investigated. Oral health behavior was recorded using a standardized questionnaire, e.g. dental behavior, tooth brushing, oral hygiene aids. Oral investigation included screening of oral mucosa, dental findings (DMF-T) and periodontal situation (Papilla bleeding index [PBI] periodontal probing depth [PPD] and clinical attachment loss [CAL]). Additionally, microbiological analysis of subgingival biofilm samples (PCR) was performed. Statistical analysis: Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney-U-test, Fisher’s exact test (α = 5 %). Results: A total of 70 patients (HD: n = 35, KT: n = 35) with a mean age of 56.4 ± 11.1 (HD) and 55.8 ± 10.9 (KT) years were included. Lack in use of additional oral hygiene (dental floss, inter-dental brush) was found. KT group presented significantly more gingivial overgrowth (p = 0.01). DMF-T was 19.47 ± 5.84 (HD) and 17.61 ± 5.81 (KT; p = 0. 21). Majority of patients had clinically moderate and severe periodontitis; showing a need for periodontal treatment of 57 % (HD) and 71 % (KT; p = 0.30). Significantly higher prevalence of Parvimonas micra and Capnocytophaga species in the HD group were found (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Periodontal treatment need and lack in oral behavior for both groups indicate the necessity of an improved early treatment and prevention of dental and periodontal disease, e.g. in form of special care programs. Regarding microbiological findings, no major differences between KT and HD patients were found.

Bakgrund: Antalet njurtransplantationer har under de senaste åren ökat i Sverige. För patienter med CKD-5 är det den säkraste åtgärden för att kunna leva ett längre och bekvämare liv. En njurtransplantation från en levande donator bidrar till bättre återhämtning och längre liv. Den grundutbildade sjuksköterskan behöver ha god insikt i ämnet njurtransplantation för att ge god och säker vård, både medicinskt och omvårdnadsmässigt. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att utforska patienters upplevelser i väntan på njurtransplantation med en levande donator. Metod: I litteraturstudien används tio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ metod.  Resultat: Resultatet belyser två huvudteman, förväntningar i väntan samt förändrade relationer. Deltagarna i studien upplevde känslor som hopp, oro, förhoppning om att kunna återgå till ett normalt liv samt skuld. Mottagarnas upplevelser varierade beroende på vilken relation de hade till donatorn. Slutsats: Det är viktigt för den grundutbildade sjuksköterskan att ge korrekt omvårdnad och god information till patienten. Sjuksköterskan kan bidra till god omvårdnad genom stöttande samtal och att initiera kontakt mellan donator och mottagare. Mottagarna upplever levande njurtransplantation som livsomvälvande, och många olika känslor och funderingar väcks till liv. / Background: The number of kidney transplants has increased in Sweden in recent years. Kidney transplantation is the safest measure for patients living with CKD-5, it prolongs and leads to a better life. A kidney donation from a living donor contributes to better recovery and a longer life. The graduate nurse needs good insight regarding the subject of kidney transplantation to be able to provide adequate and safe care, both in the aspect of medicine and care. Aim: The aim of this literature study is to explore patients' experiences while waiting for a kidney transplantation from a living donor.  Method: In this literary study ten scientific articles were used with a qualitative method. Results: In the result two main themes arose, Expectations in waiting and Changing relations. The participants of this study experienced feelings of hope, worry, hope of getting back to a normal life and guilt. Recipients' experiences varied depending on what relation they had to the donor. Conclusion: It is of importance to the graduate nurse to provide just care and correct information to the patient. The nurse is able to contribute to just care through supportive conversation and initiating contact between the donor and the recipient. The recipient perceives waiting for kidney transplantation as life changing, and many diverse feelings appear.