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Optimal Composition Window of Type 410 Welding Consumables and Base Metals for Hydro-processing ApplicationsStone, David Joseph 28 August 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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[pt] PERSPECTIVAS SOBRE COMPORTAMENTO MECÂNICO E EFICIÊNCIA DE INIBIDORES NOS HIDRATOS DE CICLOPENTANO / [en] PERSPECTIVES ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR AND INHIBITOR EFFICIENCY IN CYCLOPENTANE HYDRATESMARINA RIBEIRO BANDEIRA 13 August 2024 (has links)
[pt] No âmbito da indústria de petróleo e gás, a interrupção das linhas de produção
e transporte devido à acumulação de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos representa
um desafio generalizado e significativo, resultando em consideráveis perdas
financeiras e apreensões ambientais. Os hidratos de gás, particularmente
enfatizados entre vários desafios relacionados à deposição inorgânica, apresentam
uma questão complexa caracterizada pela formação de sólidos cristalinos à base de
água, semelhantes ao gelo, ocorrendo sob condições de pressão elevada e baixas
temperaturas que se formam quando moléculas leves de hidrocarbonetos e água se
combinam para formar uma estrutura ordenada específica. A formação de hidrato
começa na interface água-hidrocarboneto, o que destaca o papel crítico que a
reologia interfacial desempenha neste processo. Apesar da importância desta
interface na formação de hidratos, persiste uma lacuna na pesquisa, particularmente
no emprego de abordagens de reologia de cisalhamento. Este estudo ajuda a
preencher essa lacuna investigando as propriedades mecânicas e de fluxo da
interface, utilizando um recurso em um reômetro rotacional, uma célula de anel de
parede dupla, para controle preciso da temperatura. O ciclopentano serve como
formador de hidrato, permitindo a experimentação sob condições atmosféricas.
pressão e temperaturas variadas. Os protocolos exploram a temperatura e as
concentrações de hidrocarbonetos, com ênfase no envolvimento dos cristais de gelo
no início da formação de hidratos. Após a saturação completa da interface
hidrocarboneto/água por hidratos, os módulos elásticos e viscosos interfaciais são
obtidos através de varreduras de deformação para avaliar a fragilidade do filme de
hidrato e resposta mecânica. Além disso, é examinado o impacto do tempo de
envelhecimento e do tipo de cisalhamento (estático ou dinâmico) na rigidez do
hidrato. Testes com inibidores termodinâmicos, como cloreto de sódio e
monoetilenoglicol, demonstram extensão significativa do tempo de indução. Além
disso, mudanças sistemáticas na taxa de cisalhamento são investigadas para
compreender de forma abrangente sua influência nas características e propriedades
do filme hidratado sob diversas condições de histórico de cisalhamento. No geral,
esta pesquisa lança luz sobre as nuances da dinâmica da interface águahidrocarboneto na formação e mitigação de hidratos. / [en] Within the realm of the oil and gas industry, the disruption of production
and transportation lines due to the accumulation of organic and inorganic
compounds poses a widespread and significant challenge, resulting in
considerable financial losses and environmental concerns. Gas hydrates,
particularly emphasized among various challenges related to inorganic
deposition, present a complex issue characterized by the formation of
crystalline water-based solids, akin to ice, occurring under conditions of high
pressure and low temperatures that arise when light hydrocarbon molecules
and water combine to form a specific ordered structure. Hydrate formation
begins at the water-hydrocarbon interface, highlighting the critical role
interfacial rheology plays in this process. Despite the importance of this
interface in hydrate formation, a research gap persists, particularly in the
employment of shear rheology approaches. This study aids in bridging this
gap by investigating the mechanical and flow properties of the interface,
utilizing a resource in a rotational rheometer, a double-wall ring cell, for
precise temperature control. Cyclopentane serves as the hydrate former,
allowing experimentation under atmospheric pressure and varied
temperatures. Protocols explore temperature and hydrocarbon concentrations,
with an emphasis on the involvement of ice crystals in the early stages of
hydrate formation. Following complete saturation of the hydrocarbon/water
interface by hydrates, interfacial elastic and viscous moduli are obtained
through strain sweeps to assess hydrate film fragility and mechanical
response. Additionally, the impact of aging time and shear type (static or
dynamic) on hydrate stiffness is examined. Tests with thermodynamic
inhibitors, such as sodium chloride and monoethylene glycol, demonstrate a
significant extension of the induction time. Furthermore, systematic changes
in shear rate are investigated to comprehensively understand their influence
on the characteristics and properties of the hydrated film under various shear
history conditions. Overall, this research sheds light on the nuances of waterhydrocarbon interface dynamics in hydrate formation and mitigation.
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A arbitragem nos conflitos envolvendo a administração pública: uma proposta de regulamentaçãoSchmidt, Gustavo da Rocha 29 February 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / On May 26, 2015, the Brazilian legislature enacted Law n. 13.129/2015, modifying the Brazilian Arbitration Law (Law n. 9.307/1996), allowing public entities, under § 1st of article 1 of the Brazilian Arbitration Act, not only to settle disputes concerning property rights by arbitration, but also to insert the corresponding arbitration clause in public contracts in general. One of my goals, in this paper, it to provide a better understanding of the scope of the rule laid down in article 1st, § 1, of Law n. 9.307/96, offering a deep explanation of the regulatory framework regarding the arbitration act and its applications to the Brazilian public sector. At the end, I intend to indicate a course of action aimed at promoting the use of arbitration in disputes involving Brazilian administrative agencies. Moreover, I intend to present a draft of an executive decree, directed to regulate arbitration within the state bureaucracy. / Em 26 de maio de 2015, foi sancionada a Lei nº 13.129/2015, que promoveu verdadeira reforma na Lei nº 9.307, 23 de setembro de 1996, a Lei de Arbitragem. Dentre as modificações introduzidas no direito arbitral brasileiro, possivelmente a mais importante delas é aquela prevista no § 1º do art. 1º da Lei de Arbitragem, que passou a admitir indistintamente o uso, pelo Estado, da via arbitral para dirimir conflitos relativos a direitos patrimoniais disponíveis, permitindo a inserção da correspondente cláusula compromissória nos contratos administrativos em geral e, inclusive, em convênios, contratos de gestão e termos de cessão e de permissão de uso. A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo, precisamente, o de permitir uma melhor compreensão do alcance da regra prevista no art. 1º, § 1º, da Lei nº 9.307/96, verdadeiro marco regulatório da arbitragem no setor público, e propor, concretamente, linhas de ação voltadas para fomentar o emprego do procedimento arbitral nos conflitos envolvendo a Administração Pública, em especial a regulamentação do instituto no seio da burocracia estatal.
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Modelagem do desempenho ambiental dos projetos de explora??o e produ??o aplicando equa??es estruturaisAramayo, Jesus Leodaly Salazar 08 April 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-04-08 / A legisla??o ambiental e os principais agentes que se relacionam com a empresa se constituem em fatores ex?genos que n?o podem ser negligenciados ao formular-se e avaliar-se a pol?tica ambiental corporativa. As influ?ncias ex?genas e seus efeitos sobre a gest?o ambiental e o gerenciamento de projetos de explora??o e produ??o (E&P) e, por essa via, sobre o desempenho ambiental, foram objetos de estudo desta tese. Embora o desempenho ambiental seja um assunto relevante, a pesquisa sobre esse tema ainda ? escassa. Tal car?ncia desponta ainda mais acentuada quando se aborda o desempenho ambiental de projetos na ind?stria de petr?leo e g?s. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a rela??o entre a legisla??o ambiental vigente, as a??es de ?rg?os reguladores, fornecedores, empresas terceirizadas e comunidades locais e o desempenho ambiental dos projetos de E&P na ind?stria de petr?leo e g?s e, tamb?m, analisar os efeitos do sistema de gest?o ambiental e o gerenciamento dos projetos sobre tal desempenho. Na fase abdutiva, foi conduzido um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa em uma grande empresa brasileira do setor de petr?leo e g?s, na fase dedutiva, foi realizada uma pesquisa survey explanat?ria de corte transversal com abordagem quantitativa, incluindo 113 projetos de E&P de cinco unidades executoras da empresa. Foi formulado um modelo conceitual, com cinco construtos e sete hip?teses de pesquisa, representativo dos efeitos de fatores externos sobre o desempenho ambiental dos projetos de E&P. Os dados foram tratados aplicando a An?lise Fatorial Explorat?ria e a Modelagem de Equa??es Estruturais com aplica??o dos softwares IBM? SPSS? Statistics 20.0 e IBM? SPSS? Amos 18.0. O modelo de equa??es estruturais foi reespecificado e estimado utilizando o m?todo de M?xima Verossimilhan?a e o procedimento bootstrap com 2000 reamostragens, at? alcan?ar adequados valores dos ?ndices de ajustamento. O modelo mostrou boa ader?ncia ?s evid?ncias emp?ricas, representando uma teoria explicativa dos fatores que influenciam o desempenho ambiental dos projetos de E&P na empresa estudada. As estat?sticas descritivas apontaram adequado desempenho dos projetos de E&P com rela??o aos efluentes descartados, volume de ?gua reutilizada, redu??o de res?duos e pr?ticas de reciclagem. Identificou-se que projetos de maior porte alcan?am melhor desempenho ambiental em rela??o aos de menor tamanho. N?o foram achadas diferen?as significativas entre os desempenhos de projetos executados por unidades operacionais distintas. Os resultados da modelagem indicaram que nem a legisla??o ambiental, nem os agentes externos exercem influ?ncia significativa sobre a sistem?tica da gest?o dos projetos de E&P. Os agentes externos atuam sobre a gest?o ambiental da empresa exercitando capacidades colaborativas, obstrutivas e propositivas. A legisla??o ambiental ? percebida como entrave ao desenvolvimento dos projetos ao longo de seu ciclo de vida, principalmente, pelas defici?ncias dos ?rg?os ambientais. Identificou-se que o sistema de gest?o ambiental influencia diretamente o Programa de Desenvolvimento e Execu??o de Projetos de E&P, que, por sua vez, provoca efeitos diretos e indiretos sobre o desempenho ambiental. Finalmente, comprovou-se que o Sistema de Gest?o Ambiental da empresa ? determinante para o desempenho ambiental dos projetos de E&P, tanto pelos seus efeitos diretos, como pelos indiretos, estes ?ltimos mediados pela sistem?tica de gest?o dos projetos de E&P
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[en] SELECTION OF LOGISTICS PROJECTS OF A COMPANY IN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY / [pt] SELEÇÃO DE PROJETOS DE LOGÍSTICA EM UMA EMPRESA DA INDÚSTRIA DE ÓLEO E GÁS05 November 2021 (has links)
[pt] Em um cenário mundial de intensa competição, com indústrias cada vez
mais complexas e dinâmicas, a tomada de decisão se tornou um fator chave que
muitas vezes pode determinar a sobrevivência e o sucesso de uma empresa. A
indústria do petróleo possui investimentos anuais na ordem de bilhões de dólares e
por isso toda decisão é considerada vital para esta indústria. Em função da grande
quantidade de projetos sendo estudados e propostos, tanto de ampliação quanto de
manutenção da estrutura das empresas, do alto valor de cada um e da restrição
orçamentária de cada empresa, a tomada de decisão é um passo importante e
complexo, devido às inúmeras variáveis e restrições envolvidas. Esta dissertação
elabora uma proposta de método de apoio para o processo de tomada de decisão
usado na seleção de projetos de investimento em logística de uma grande empresa
do setor de óleo e gás. Na maioria das vezes, os critérios utilizados para a tomada
de decisão na seleção de projetos consideram apenas os aspectos financeiros, sem
levar em consideração outros critérios, que são abordados nesse trabalho. Em
função da importância dos projetos e da quantidade de variáveis envolvidas
durante a seleção e priorização deles, esse trabalho utiliza o método AHP
(Analytic Hierarchy Process) Simplificado e os conceitos de Programação Linear
Inteira Mista (PLIM) para determinar os projetos prioritários e otimizar a
satisfação do grupo tomador de decisão. Foram estudados seis dos principais
projetos da empresa, que juntos somam, aproximadamente, 2,7 bilhões de doláres e
representam quase 80 por cento da carteira da área de logística da empresa estudada. Este
estudo possibilitou uma seleção mais eficaz, resultando em uma maior integração
entre os tomadores de decisão e um maior conhecimento sobre cada um dos
projetos avaliados. / [en] In a global scenario of intense competition with increasingly complex and
dynamic industries, decision-making has become a key factor that can often
determine the survival and success of a company. The oil and gas industry has
annual investments of billions of dollars and every decision is considered vital for
this industry. Due to the large number of projects being proposed and studied,
involving both expansion and maintenance of business structure, the high value of
each and the budget constraint of each company, the decision-making is important
and complex, due to numerous variables and constraints involved. This
dissertation develops a proposed method of support to the process of decision
making used in the selection of logistics investment projects, in a large company
in the oil and gas industry. In most cases, the criteria used for decision making in
project selection only considers the financial aspects, without taking into account
other ones, which are addressed in this work. Due to the importance of the
projects and the amount of variables involved when selecting and prioritizing
them, this work uses the Simplified AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and
concepts of Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) to determine priority
projects and optimize the satisfaction of the decision-making group. Six of the
main projects of the enterprise were studied, which together sum up to
approximately 2.7 billion dollars and represent almost 80 per cent of the logistics portfolio
of the studied company. This study allowed a more effective selection, resulting in
a greater integration between decision makers and a greater knowledge of each of
the evaluated projects.
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The Use of Mediation and Mediative Elements to Improve the Integration of the Human Factor in Risk Assessments in Order to Enhance the Safety in the International Oil and Gas IndustryKinzel, Holger 26 June 2017 (has links)
The work of an engineer is closely intertwined with safety. An engineer’s perception of the “safety” task is traditionally inherent in his or her design. However, in the technical world most machines and systems designed by engineers contain a human element, which engineers have to consider in their work.
In the oil and gas upstream industry – especially drilling, production and workover operations – petroleum engineers (including drilling and production engineers) are responsible not only for design but also for operational and organizational aspects. The human factor becomes more important in complex offshore operations. Incorporating safety into a sys-tem design requires identifying, analyzing and evaluating risks and ensuring that any not accounted for are taken into consideration. This process requires communication among everyone involved in the process. Analysis of accidents in the oil and gas industry shows that often a lack of that communication led to incident triggering events.
In this thesis, the author proposes a novel communication model that improves this exchange of information and supposedly makes the process of risk assessment more effective. In addition, the new model also incorporates factors such as emotions, feelings, needs and imagination into the risk assessment process. This broadens the information base for the risk identification and analysis and creates an atmosphere of psychological ownership for the stakeholders in the process, which leads to a perceived safety climate in the organization where the new model is applied.
The innovative communication or consultation model, as it is also referred to in risk assessments, is based on a structured process used in conflict resolution called mediation. Mediation is an alternative conflict resolution process that is centered on mutual under-standing and listening to each other’s needs. The process is composed of elements that characterize it. These elements of mediation are used to assess other communication processes and to develop new communication models. The application of the elements of mediation and the safety-mediation consultation into the risk assessment process enables this process to be enhanced with human factors such as emotions, feelings, intuition and imagination. The inclusion of all stakeholders creates psychological ownership, improves communication, enables organizational learning and expands the knowledge base for risk analysis.
The applicability of the safety-mediation consultation process for a human factor-based risk assessment is presented and tested using illustrative examples and field cases from the international oil and gas industry. Possible concerns and limitations are also discussed.
This thesis shows that mediation and elements of the mediation process can be applied to improve communication in the international oil and gas industry. This is facilitated by educated safety mediators, who help the petroleum engineer and operational crew on a drilling rig to achieve a better understanding by ensuring that they hear and fully register each other’s needs.
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Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion of Mild Steel at Elevated TemperaturesGao, Shujun 01 October 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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[en] ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSING IN THE OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL: A NOT VERY CLEAR REGULATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT / [pt] O LICENCIAMENTO AMBIENTAL NA INDÚSTRIA PETROLÍFERA OFFSHORE NO BRASIL: MA REGULAMENTAÇÃO POUCO ELUCIDATIVA PARA A PROTEÇÃO AO MEIO AMBIENTECAROLINE SOARES DE SOUSA FIGUEIREDO 06 December 2022 (has links)
[pt] O licenciamento ambiental na indústria petrolífera offshore no Brasil é o tema
dessa dissertação. A questão do licenciamento ambiental para a produção do
petróleo e gás na indústria e as possibilidades de se evitar, ao máximo, adversidades
que possam degradar o meio ambiente foi o objetivo central desta pesquisa
descritivo exploratória A natureza produz o petróleo e gás, mas, como usufrui-lo
sem acarretar problemas à própria natureza que o produz? A regulamentação
brasileira supõe essa questão? A da preservação da natureza? Analisou-se o
processo de licenciamento ambiental para a execução da extração do petróleo e gás
no Brasil e, ao mesmo tempo, outras referências mundiais, representadas pelos
países: Canadá, Austrália, EUA e Noruega. Após essa análise viu-se que no Brasil
o momento ainda é incipiente no desenvolvimento legal no que se refere a
regulamentação geral; percebe-se contradições nas legislações pertinentes e a falta
de clareza e objetividade (especificidades) no que se almeja regulamentar. Vale
dizer, uma legislação pouco esclarecedora e confusa. Conclui-se que o caminho
para a diminuição da degradação ambiental na exploração do petróleo e gás, exige,
na prática, leis que ampliem e assegurem clareza, principalmente, na preservação
do meio ambiente. Falta a definição desse caminho, ou seja, um roteiro explícito
dos procedimentos legais necessários a aquisição desse licenciamento. Respeitar a
natureza - o meio ambiente, e não somente explorá-lo sem medir as consequências
negativas a este meio, deve ser o compromisso de todos os envolvidos. / [en] The main objective of this research was to discuss the environmental
licensing in the offshore oil industry in Brazil by its laws and regulations and, at the
same time, to have the possibility to avoid, as much as possible, adversities that
could degrade the environment. Specifically, an attempt was made to understand
the process of its regulation and other world references to understand the
functioning of environmental licensing (environmental laws) for the execution of
oil and gas extraction, represented by the countries: Canada, Australia, USA, and
Norway; and point out necessary advances in environmental laws in preservation
actions.
In this descriptive exploratory research, the analysis focused on the
environmental licensing process in Brazil in the offshore Oil and Gas industry,
giving relevance to data for analysis of the bodies involved in the environmental
licensing process; procedures and requirements for the offshore Oil and Gas
Industry; laws and regulations in the offshore oil industry in Brazil and, finally,
some information about the National Petroleum Agency (ANP) and its bidding and
concession of exploratory blocks. And how does this interaction occur in other
countries.
The environmental licensing process is, in a way, old, vast and takes place
from the prevention of deforestation established by the Forest Code in 1965 and in
the authorizations for hunting and fishing in forests. However, at this time only a
simple request was required to obtain authorization to carry out the activities.
Law No. 6938 from 1981, which established the National Environmental
Policy in Brazil, registered a regulatory milestone in the country s environmental
legislation.
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Managing political risk : corporate social responsibility as a risk mitigation tool. A focus on the Niger Delta, southern NigeriaMoen, Siri 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The petroleum industry concern itself with natural resource extracting activities which are highly
sensitive for contributing to environmental degradation by oil spills or gas flaring. A large
proportion of the world’s oil and gas reserves is located in developing countries where the
presence of multinational oil corporations (MNOCs) is high as host countries often lack the
infrastructure needed or are financially unable to conduct extracting operations on their own. The
Niger Delta in southern Nigeria has one of the largest oil reserves in Africa and is one of the
world’s leading oil exporters. MNOCs like Shell, Chevron, Total, ExxonMobil and Statoil are
some of the firms present in the Niger Delta region. The oil-rich area in the developing country
poses high levels of political risk for the MNOCs. Local grievances, paired with environmental
degradation and human rights violations by the oil companies, have led to a tense relationship
between the local stakeholders and the MNOCs, with so-called petro-violence at the center of the
oil conflict. Frequently, oil installations are sabotaged and crude oil is stolen, causing major
financial losses for the firms, and armed attacks on oil facilities and kidnapping of MNOCs’ staff
constitute the majority of political risks facing MNOCs operating in the Niger Delta.
This study investigates how MNOCs can successfully manage such political risks, providing a
business advantage in a challenging business environment. By addressing the companys’ own
behaviour, the research analyses if social engagement through corporate social responsibility
(CSR) can mitigate political risk in the Niger Delta. The study looks at two different MNOCs
operating in the Niger delta, Shell and Statoil, and scrutinises their methods of implementation of
their CSR initiatives. The difference in approaches to CSR is elucidated where Shell claims it
has repositioned its approach from a top-down angle during the first years of conducting CSR
projects, to a more stakeholder-oriented approach. Yet, their approach is still found to carry
elements of the previous top-down approach, and has not resulted in satisfactory performance in
relation to stated goals. Statoil undertakes a stakeholder-oriented bottom-up approach, executed
with a high level of commitment. The stated CSR goals have to a great extent been met. By
assessing the two companies’ CSR strategies in relation to the frequency of political risks
experienced by each MNOC, the study finds that CSR has the potential to mitigate political risk
depending on the approach to implementation, and could serve as a political risk management
strategy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die brandstofbedryf is betrokke by die ontginning van natuurlike hulpbronne, ’n aktiwiteit wat
hoogs sensitief is vir sy bydrae tot omgewingsbesoedeling as gevolg van storting van olie en
opvlamming van gas. ’n Baie groot deel van die wêreld se olie en gas reserwes word aangetref in
ontwikkelende lande. Die teenwoordigheid van Multinasionale Olie Korporasies (MNOKs) in
hierdie lande is groot omdat daar gewoonlik ’n gebrek aan toepaslike infrastruktuur is en die
lande ook nie finansieel in staat mag wees om die ontginning op hulle eie te doen nie. Die Niger
Delta in die Suide van Nigerië beskik oor een van die grootste olie reserwes in Afrika en is een
van die voorste olie uitvoerders in die wêreld. Shell, Chevron, Total, ExxonMobil en Statoil is
van die bekende MNOK wat ontginning doen in die Niger Delta gebied. Die olieryke gebiede in
’n ontwikkelende land kan groot politieke risiko vir die MNOKs inhou. Plaaslike griewe
gekoppel aan omgewings besoedeling en menseregte skendings deur die oliemaatskappye het
gelei tot ’n gespanne verhouding tussen hulle en die plaaslike belange groepe, en sogenaamde
“petrogeweld” staan sentraal hierin. Heel gereeld word olie-installasies gesaboteer en ru-olie
word gesteel, wat natuurlik groot finansiële verliese die firmas inhou. Daarby word gewapende
aanvalle op die olie-installasies uitgevoer en van die MNOKs se personeel ontvoer. Al hierdie
dinge vorm die groot politieke risiko’s wat die MNOKs in die Niger Delta in die gesig staar.
Hierdie studie ondersoek hoe die MNOKs met welslae hierdie politieke risiko’s kan teenwerk
om vir hulle ’n suksesvolle besigheid te vestig in ’n baie mededingende bedryfsomgewing. Deur
te kyk na die maatskappy se eie gedrag, sal die navorsing analiseer of
gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid deur korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid (KSV) die politieke
risiko in die Niger Delta kan temper. Die studie kyk na twee verskillende MNOK wat in die
gebied bedryf word, Shell en Statoil, en kyk noukeurig na die manier waarop hulle KSV
inisiatiewe toegepas word. Die verskil in benadering tot die probleem word toegelig deur die feit
dat Shell beweer dat hulle ’n bo-na-onder benadering in die beginjare van KSV projekte
verander het na ’n beleid waar meer na die betrokkenheid van belangegroepe gekyk word. Tog
word gevind dat daar nog oorblyfsels is van die bo-na-onder benadering en dat doelwitte wat
gestel is nie bevredigend bereik is nie. Statoil daarenteen. Implementeer ’n onder-na-bo
benadering met betrokkenheid van belangegroepe en ’n hoë vlak van toewyding deur die
maatskappy. Die gestelde KSV doelwitte is grootliks behaal. Deur te kyk na die twee
maatskappye se ervaring van politieke risiko in verhouding met hulle KSV strategieë bevind
hierdie studie dat KSV wel die potensiaal het om, as dit suksesvol toegepas word, politieke risiko
te temper en dus kan die as ’n strategie om sodanige risiko te bestuur.
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