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Ce mémoire compare les politiques implémentées sous le vote de pluralité et les systèmes de vote préférentiel. En raison de certaines caractéristiques jugées indésirables du vote de pluralité, plusieurs règles de vote alternatives ont été proposées par différents académiques et activistes politiques afin de le remplacer. En particulier, les systèmes de vote préférentiel constituent une alternative très discutée mais sur laquelle peu de recherches ont été effectuées. En endogénéisant les décisions de candidature grâce au modèle du candidat-citoyen, je m'intéresserai à savoir si certains systèmes de vote préférentiel mènent à une modération des politiques comparativement au vote de pluralité comme il est parfois suggéré dans le débat public. Cette étude théorique permettra donc de mieux connaître les possibles conséquences d'une réforme électorale basée sur ce type de système de vote.

L'intérêt de ce mémoire est de vérifier si l'explication de la dépendance temporelle peut être utilisée afin d'expliquer que des pays avec des systèmes électoraux similaires se retrouvent dans des contextes gouvernementaux très différents. Deux réformes ont été étudiées. La première consistait au remplacement du vote de pluralité par le vote d'approbation et la deuxième, au remplacement de vote de pluralité par le vote unique transférable. Les résultats montrent que la dépendance temporelle peut être utilisée pour expliquer les différences dans les résultats d'élections suivant une réforme électorale. Les résultats obtenus avant la réforme ont de l'influence lorsque la réforme consiste en la mise en place du vote d'approbation. Ce n'est pas le cas sous le vote unique transférable où les résultats obtenus avant la réforme n'ont aucune influence. Ce résultat est très important car on remarque dans la littérature expérimentale s'intéressant aux diverses règles de votes que la composante de dépendance temporelle n'est pas prise en compte. Nos résultats nous permettent aussi de voir que les modes de scrutins étudiés ont leurs caractéristiques. Le vote d'approbation favorise l'émergence de plusieurs partis tout en amenant un bien-être social plus élevé que les autres modes de scrutin étudiés. On remarque aussi que le vote transférable unique favorise la modération chez les électeurs ; on entend par modération que les candidats situés plus près du centre sont avantagés.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T13:42:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Gil Santos Junior.pdf: 5077840 bytes, checksum: bcc5f1f9542cd40b7cb781e8c7675a7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / This study uses the labor practices of the diffusion sector of Assembleia Legislativa do Paraná (Alep) and consequently the TV Sinal that produces the journalistic content of the said institution site, to give an overview of the work done for the people and identify if the work is of journalism, media relations or journalism source. Taking into account the current Brazilian legislation, the use of digital technologies such as the change of the behavior of professionals. For this, the research uses a methodology with various techniques, for example, content analysis, participant observation and in-depth interviews to discern in what moments the work of these journalists can be considered a corporate communication or public communication since the cost of this structure comes from the taxpayer and from not the head of the legislature. The result points to a journalism source and media changing in Alep, due to increased transparency of public data, as well as using objectivity as a tool to achieve credibility and so, in a pluralized journalism context, the great demand information available to consolidate as a reliable expert reference, compared to other means to address the legislative public issue. / O presente estudo se utiliza das práticas laborais do setor de Divulgação da Assembleia Legislativa do Paraná (Alep) e por consequência da TV Sinal, que produzem o conteúdo jornalístico do portal da referida instituição, para traçar um panorama do trabalho prestado para a população e identificar se o trabalho é jornalismo, assessoria de imprensa ou jornalismo da fonte, levando em conta a legislação brasileira vigente, o uso das tecnologias digitais, como a própria mudança de comportamento dos profissionais. Para isso, a pesquisa se utiliza de uma metodologia com diversas técnicas como, por exemplo, análise de conteúdo, observação participante e entrevistas em profundidade para discernir em que momentos o trabalho destes jornalistas pode ser considerado de comunicação institucional ou de comunicação pública, uma vez que o custo desta estrutura é oriundo do contribuinte e não do chefe do poder legislativo. O resultado aponta para um jornalismo da fonte e assessoria de imprensa em transformação na Alep,devido a maior transparência dos dados públicos, como também se utilizando da objetividade como ferramenta para alcançar a credibilidade e assim, em um contexto de jornalismo pluralizado, pela grande demanda de informações disponíveis, se consolidar como referência especializada confiável, frente a outros meios que abordam o tema público legislativo.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-14T19:08:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Cristiane Alves de Lima Cardoso.pdf: 8436046 bytes, checksum: 76fe2df07bae2428df9c3861219f6c5e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T19:08:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Cristiane Alves de Lima Cardoso.pdf: 8436046 bytes, checksum: 76fe2df07bae2428df9c3861219f6c5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-20 / CAPES / This paper aims to present a pedagogical intervention proposal for the study of variable rule verbal agreement of the 1st person plural in the 6th grade of Elementary School, based on the diagnosis done in 2014, in a public school of Duque de Caxias. Three aspects were taken into consideration in the composition of this diagnosis: (1) a study based on the Labovian Variationist Sociolinguistic (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 1968) concerning the verbal agreement of the 1st person plural produced by 6th graders, (2) a survey carried out through a questionnaire of the beliefs and attitudes of Portuguese teachers of the school as to the use and study of this linguistic phenomenon and (3) an analysis of the pedagogical approach proposed by the coursebook chosen by the school. The results of the sociolinguistic study showed a considerable variation of the 1st person plural agreement in the student?s speaking and writing. The answers to the beliefs and attitudes test indicated that the pedagogical action around this variable phenomenon has concentrated on correction and reading practices. The analyzed coursebook does not consider the verbal agreement phenomenon explicitly, but presents an extensive grammatical study of verbs from which it can be concluded that it is up to the school teaching the explicit realization of bending 1st person plural. In developing the proposal itself, the theoretical methodological foundation was based on association between the Model of Continuous (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004), with an emphasis on the continuous stylistic monitoring and didactic-pedagogic approach of the collaborative apprenticeship (BEHRENS, 2013). / Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de interven??o pedag?gica para o estudo da regra vari?vel de concord?ncia verbal de 1? pessoa do plural no 6? ano do Ensino Fundamental, elaborada a partir do diagn?stico realizado no ano de 2014, em uma escola da Rede Municipal de Duque de Caxias. Tr?s aspectos foram considerados na composi??o desse diagn?stico: (1) um estudo com base na Sociolingu?stica Variacionista Laboviana (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 1968) sobre o estatuto da concord?ncia verbal de 1? pessoa do plural produzida por alunos do 6? ano, (2) uma sondagem, por meio de um question?rio, das cren?as e atitudes dos professores de L?ngua Portuguesa da escola quanto ao uso e ao estudo desse fen?meno lingu?stico e (3) uma an?lise da abordagem pedag?gica proposta pelo livro did?tico adotado na unidade escolar. Os resultados obtidos no estudo sociolingu?stico revelaram uma acentuada varia??o da concord?ncia de 1? pessoa do plural na fala e na escrita dos estudantes. As respostas ao teste de atitudes e cren?as indicaram que a a??o pedag?gica em torno desse fen?meno vari?vel tem se concentrado em pr?ticas de corre??o e de leitura. O livro did?tico analisado n?o contempla explicitamente o fen?meno da concord?ncia verbal, mas apresenta um extenso estudo gramatical sobre verbos a partir do qual se conclui que ? escola cabe o ensino da realiza??o expl?cita da flex?o de 1? pessoa do plural. Para a elabora??o da proposta propriamente dita, procedeu-se, como fundamenta??o te?rico-metodol?gica, ? associa??o entre o Modelo dos Cont?nuos (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004), com ?nfase no cont?nuo de monitoramento estil?stico, e a abordagem did?tico-pedag?gica de aprendizagem colaborativa (BEHRENS, 2013).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:16:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paginas 1-124.pdf: 754125 bytes, checksum: 097665a608ceb4347d25dcc142f0555a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-29 / In this research, a further analysis was taken upon a mid-class ideology that permeatesthe educational project of the Faculdade Zumbi dos Palmares. Initially, we pointed to the historical elements responsible for the access and ascension of a Negro population parcel to the private and public employs. Throughout a criticizing reading of the 26 editions of the institutional magazine Afirmativa Plural, from year 2004 to 2009, we looked up to capture the Ideological principles guidance and action of the founder group Unipalmares. Their superior education project feature as a project to black and other origins group a humanistic university graduation, having as center of attention the ethnic and cultural diversity. However, those editorials showed an educational project almost exclusively marked by an allusion to graduated well succeed black executives contingent. Thereunto, besides the contents target to an executive graduation, there are some histories about well succeed black persons used as models to be followed. As the selected images chosen for magazines covers reinforce the idea of creating a mid-lass reality to be achieved for the students, forging, this way, a certain anxiety to belong to this universe of consumerism and prestige symbol.(Au) / Nesta pesquisa, empreendemos uma análise sobre a ideologia de classe média que permeia o projeto educacional da Faculdade da Cidadania Zumbi dos Palmares. Inicialmente, procuramos pontuar os determinantes históricos responsáveis pelo acesso e ascensão de uma parcela da população negra paulistana, ao mercado de trabalho assalariado e ao sistema de ensino público. Em seguida, através de uma leitura crítica de vinte e seis editoriais da revista institucional Afirmativa Plural, de 2004 a 2009, buscamos apreender os princípios ideológicos que norteiam as ações do grupo fundador da Unipalmares. Seu projeto de formação superior apresenta como objetivo proporcionar aos estudantes, negros e não-negros, uma formação universitária humanística, tendo como foco a diversidade étnica e cultural. No entanto, os editoriais evidenciaram um projeto educacional quase que exclusivamente marcado por alusões à formação de um contingente de executivos negros. Para isso, além dos conteúdos direcionados para a formação executiva, há as histórias de negros bem sucedidos que servem de modelos positivos a serem seguidos. Nessa direção, as imagens selecionadas para a capa das edições reforçam na criação de uma realidade, de classe média, a ser alcançada pelos estudantes, forjando, assim, uma certa ansiedade em pertencer àquele universo pautado no consumo como símbolo de prestígio.(AU)

Swedish students’ morpheme acquisition order in English, including the acquisition of -s morphemes, is a relatively unstudied topic. Given the morphological differences between the English and Swedish languages, students learning English in Sweden may encounter difficulties in the use of the third person singular present tense -s morpheme. Research also shows that Swedish students use the plural -s morpheme rather accurately at 9-10 years old. Mapping out the usage of the -s morphemes may pave the way for understanding the difficulties learners encounter in the use of such morphemes. Furthermore, looking into the usage of morphemes that have the same form but different grammatical functions (e.g.,-s morphemes) may help us understand the relationship between different proficiency levels and the accuracy rate of morpheme usage in L2 English. To this end, this study investigates a corpus of texts produced by students learning English in Sweden in grades 6, 9 and 12. The focus is particularly on the frequency and accuracy of the use of -s morphemes, aiming at revealing which type of -s morphemes has a higher accuracy rate. The results show that the accuracy rate with the plural -s morpheme is relatively higher, whereas the possessive -‘s morpheme is the most problematic one across all levels. Additionally, the largest issue with the contracted verb form of be -‘s was that the students did not add an apostrophe between the word and the -s, rather than not using the form at all. Lastly, the third person singular present tense-s accuracy was very low in grade 6 but increased a lot through grade 9 and 12 where more complex subjects were the largest issue. However, the results indicate that further research with a larger corpus size is required to be able to generalize the findings.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-07-13T23:29:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 entrega DISSERTA??O SIMEIA.pdf: 2026591 bytes, checksum: 1a9f43b45ba81ae8ce62414bca386df7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T23:29:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 entrega DISSERTA??O SIMEIA.pdf: 2026591 bytes, checksum: 1a9f43b45ba81ae8ce62414bca386df7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This dissertation is mainly aimed to do a mapping or not of occurrence of plural reading in the first person of existing verbs in spoken language in the Baiano semiarid region through a sociolinguistic analysis, checking which linguistic and sociocultural factors that contribute or not to this variation.We sought to investigate the hypothesis that there are patterns of variation and quantitative differences among the communities studied, due to: i) the ethnic background; ii) the community isolation and iii) the distance geographic area of the capital city, urbanization center. For this, it was taken as a research topic verbal agreement with the first person plural (P4) in rural communities of the Baiano semi-arid region, this topic has already been investigated by scholars as Silva (2003) and Lucchesi, Baxter and Silva (2009) which focused only in rural communities marked ethnically, Nina (1980), Almeida (2006), Araujo (2012), in addition to the descriptive analysis undertaken by dialectology scholars of the early twentieth century and by Veado (1982). Perceiving that the studies with the theme of the verbal agreement with P4 take, in most cases, as an example urban Brazilian Portuguese and also the study of pronominal switching (we / us), it is believed that this research becomes relevant because it is a work, in a way, unprecedented, once investigates rural speech and search to see specifically how the verb agreement is made with the first person plural in this variety. It drew up a comparative study between the dialects of the Baiano regions: Rio de Contas and Jeremoabo which according to social history are formed by black people (Barra / Bananal community) and white people (Mato Grosso community), located in the municipality communities of Rio de Contas; remaining Indians in Tapera community, Quilombo remnants in Casinhas community; mestizos and whites people in Lagoa do In?cio community, such communities are located in the municipality of Jeremoabo.In conclusion, the characterization of popular Portuguese of the country is marked by the socio-historical influence of each chosen community. Therefore, it can state that the verbal agreement is a variable phenomenon in the Baiano semi-arid region that it has gained trend towards the use of CV. Thus, it is used the theoretical - methodological model of Variationist Sociolinguistics it was found that the contact of ethnic groups, such as the isolation of some of them, resulted in linguistic differences, so that it can?t be ignored that formation of the popular Brazilian Portuguese language has its roots planted in the rural variety. / Esta disserta??o teve como objetivo central realizar um mapeamento da ocorr?ncia ou n?o da marca??o de plural na primeira pessoa dos verbos existentes na l?ngua falada no Semi?rido Baiano atrav?s de uma an?lise sociolingu?stica, verificando quais fatores lingu?sticos e socioculturais contribuem ou n?o para essa varia??o. Buscou-se investigar a hip?tese de existem padr?es de varia??o e diferen?as quantitativas entre as comunidades estudadas, por conta: i) da forma??o ?tnica; ii) do isolamento da comunidade e iii) da dist?ncia espa?o geogr?fico da capital, centro de urbaniza??o. Para isso, tomou-se como t?pico de pesquisa a concord?ncia verbal com a primeira pessoa do plural (P4) em comunidades rurais do semi?rido baiano, t?pico este j? investigado por estudiosos como Silva (2003) e Lucchesi, Baxter e Silva (2009), que centraram apenas em comunidades rurais marcadas etnicamente, Nina (1980), Almeida (2006), Araujo (2012), al?m da an?lise descritiva empreendida por dialet?logos do inicio do s?culo XX e de Veado (1982), entre outros. Observando que os estudos realizados com a tem?tica da concord?ncia verbal com P4 tomam, na maioria das vezes, como amostra o portugu?s brasileiro urbano ou apenas o estudo da altern?ncia pronominal (n?s/a gente), acredita-se que esta pesquisa torna-se relevante por ser um trabalho, de certa forma, in?dito, visto que investiga a fala rural e busca ver, especificamente, como a concord?ncia verbal se realiza com a primeira pessoa do plural nessa variedade. Tra?ou-se um estudo comparativo entre os falares das regi?es baianas: Rio de Contas e Jeremoabo que segundo a s?cio-hist?ria s?o formadas por negros (a comunidade de Barra/Bananal) e brancos (a comunidade de Mato Grosso), comunidades situadas do munic?pio de Rio de Contas; remanescentes de ?ndios na comunidade de Tapera, remanescentes de quilombolas na comunidade Casinhas; mesti?os e brancos na comunidade Lagoa do In?cio, comunidades essas situadas no munic?pio de Jeremoabo. Concluiu-se que a caracteriza??o do portugu?s popular do pa?s est? pautada na influ?ncia s?cio-hist?rica de cada comunidade escolhida. Deste modo, ? poss?vel afirmar que a concord?ncia verbal ? um fen?meno vari?vel na regi?o semi?rida baiana que tem ganhado tend?ncia ao uso da marca??o de plural nas formas verbais. Desse modo, utilizando-se o modelo te?rico-metodol?gico da Sociolingu?stica Variacionista constatou-se que o contato de etnias, tal como o isolamento de algumas delas, implicou em diferen?as lingu?sticas, de modo que n?o se pode desconsiderar que forma??o do portugu?s popular brasileiro tem suas ra?zes fincadas na variedade rural.

Résumé Les conflits font partie intégrante de toutes les activités de la société. Ces conflits, cependant, deviennent indésirables lorsqu'ils parcourent la ligne de destruction élargie des biens et des personnes. La démocratie est un mécanisme visant à réglementer les opinions dissidentes et à harmoniser les intérêts multigrades pour une coexistence réussie et un développement national. La littérature suggère que la démocratisation est très difficile, sinon impossible, dans les sociétés pluralistes ou à clivage multiple. Pour surmonter cette difficulté, le consociationalisme a été suggéré comme une panacée qui permet un partage équitable formel du pouvoir et des ressources publiques parmi les facettes reconnues de la société plurielle. Sans cela, on suppose que toute tentative de démocratie est susceptible de s'effondrer et d'échouer. Le Ghana est un pays multiethnique avec au moins 92 groupes ethniques différents qui défie apparemment le raisonnement fondamental de la démocratisation consociative, parce qu'il a pratiqué la démocratie avec succès depuis plus de 25 ans sans nécessairement adopter des modèles consociatifs formels. Cette thèse situe le Ghana dans ce contexte théorique et examine les raisons de son succès malgré l'écart théorique par rapport au consociationalisme. L'approche de la méthode mixte a été adoptée dans l'étude, et 542 répondants ont été choisis à dessein pour l'observation. Les données recueillies par l'administration des questionnaires des entrevues ont révélé que le Ghana n'a pas connu de conflits violents à l'échelle nationale malgré les conflits ponctués à travers le pays en raison de la nature même de ses conflits internes; donc circonscrits par les circonstances géographiques, les causes des conflits, et les l'acteurs impliqués. Deuxièmement, l'étude révèle que, malgré l'existence de multiples clivages sociaux au Ghana, l'interaction sociale entre les personnes met plus d’accent sur les liens transversaux qui existent parmi les individus que sur les clivages qui les divisent, même s’il existe une prise de conscience du clivage élevée dans la société ghanéenne. En outre, la disposition constitutionnelle pour la démocratisation au Ghana englobe préalablement l'intérêt national au-dessus des intérêts de clivage. Elle interdit aussi les organisations politiques basées sur les clivages sociales. L'étude recommande qu'une plus grande attention soit accordée à l'éducation à la paix dans tout le pays, en impliquant formellement dans ce processus les pertinentes institutions traditionnelles et modernes, toutes formelles qu’informelles, au niveau de base de la société. Il est également impératif d'aborder d'urgence les causes profondes de la myriade de conflits qui couvrent la longueur et l'étendue du pays pour leur résolution durable afin d'améliorer la démocratisation pacifique. Les politiciens devraient éviter de s'immiscer dans les conflits locaux et permettre aux dispositions institutionnelles établies par le système démocratique ghanéen de traiter de manière décisive avec les questions de conflit. / Abstract Conflicts are part and parcel of every societal endeavour. These conflicts however, become undesirable when they travel along the widening line of destruction of property and persons. Democracy is one mechanism aimed at regulating dissenting views and harmonising multi-group interests for successful, peaceful coexistence and national development. There is growing establishment in the literature that democratisation is very difficult, if not impossible, in pluralistic or multi-cleavage societies. To surmount this difficulty, consociationalism has been suggested as a panacea which allows formal equitable sharing of power and public resources among recognised facets of the plural society. Without this, it is assumed any attempt at democracy is most likely to crumble and fail. Ghana is a multi-ethnic country with at least 92 different ethnic groups which is seemingly defying the basic reasoning of consociational democratisation because it has successfully practised democracy for over 25 years without necessarily adopting formal consociational models. This thesis situated Ghana within this theoretical context and examined the reasons behind Ghana’s democratic success despite the theoretical deviation from consociationalism. Mixed-method approach was adopted in the study, and 542 respondents were purposefully selected for observation. Data gathered through interview and questionnaire administration revealed that Ghana has not experienced nation-wide violent conflicts in spite of the dotted conflicts across the country due to the very nature of its internal conflicts; thus circumscribed by the geographical, issue, and actor-based circumstances. Second, the study found that despite the existence of multiple social cleavages in Ghana, social interaction among the people places emphasis on crosscutting ties that exist among them, than on the cleavages that divide them even if cleavage awareness is high in Ghanaian society. In addition, constitutional framework for democratisation in Ghana formerly enshrines national interest above cleavage interests and prohibits political organisations based on cleavages. The study recommends that more attention be paid to peace education across the country by formally involving both relevant formal and informal traditional and modern institutions at the basic level of society in this peace education process. It is also imperative to address as a matter of urgency the root causes of the myriad of conflicts that span the length and breadth of the country for their sustainable resolution to enhance peaceful democratisation. Politicians should avoid meddling in local conflicts and allow the institutional frameworks established by the Ghanaian democratic system to deal decisively with conflict issues

Em tempos atuais o processo de globalização vem fornecendo novas configurações identitárias levando como modelo de análise na interpretação das relações entre o global/local. Partindo deste pressuposto, o objetivo desse projeto situa-se em abordar a construção do rap produzido no Brasil enquanto projeto artístico de resistência ao sistema hierárquico de poder e prestígio, como componente musical integrado no fluxo global de produtos, idéias, estilos, ou seja, enquanto linguagem cultural e consumível. Trata-se precisamente de estudar a disseminação do Rap Nacional (seu impacto social, no papel da política lírica de um discurso politizado em torno da interação social e da organização do cotidiano) enquanto meio de produção cultural, objeto de consumo imerso no contexto da cultura hip-hop. Diante disso, fica proposto para a presente pesquisa reconstruir o sistema de significações simbólicas que a mensagem produz, caracterizando pela capacidade de reflexão crítica à ordem social, articulada pelos jovens consumidores desse gênero artístico musical, na cidade de São Paulo, que são denominados por “manos" e por “boys", tentando apanhar a singularidade que há por trás desse processo. O presente trabalho ajuda a estabelecer pontos de apoio para a renovação tanto das questões sociais numa reavaliação da visão conformista e atomizada, idéias correntes quando o assunto é juventude brasileira. / The globalization process has been providing new arrangements to identity issues on its role as a model to interpret the relations between the global and the local in current times. From this prospect, this project’s purpose approaches the construction of the rap made in Brazil as an artistic project of resistance to an hierarchical power and prestige system as well as a musical component integrated to the global flux of products, ideas and styles, therefore, as a cultural and marketable language. The project’s challenge is to study the dissemination of Brazilian National Rap in its variety of meanings: its social impact as lyrical politics about social interaction and day by day relations as a means of cultural context as a merchandise. This project’s goal is an effort to rebuild the symbolic system of meanings which is passed on by this message to the specific public, young consumers of this artistic and musical type, in São Paulo city, who are denomined and use to call themselves ‘manos’ and ‘boys’, trying to highlight the uniqueness behind this process. This project helps to set up supporting ideas towards a renovation of social issues as well as a reevaluation of current ideas on Brazilian youth.