Ett av målen i skolans läroplan är att eleverna utvecklar en kommunikativ och social kompetens. Enligt kursplanen för engelska B kurs, skall eleverna bland annat ha utvecklat en förmåga att kunna anpassa språket beroende på den situation eleven befinner sig i. Det indefinita pronomenet man är vanligt förekommande i det svenska språket. Att översätta detta ord fordrar en förståelse av situation såväl som av register. Undersökningen går ut på att ta reda på hur eleverna hanterar översättningen av man och om de vet när situationen fordrar formellt eller informellt språk. Resultatet visar att de kan hantera översättningen i de flesta avseenden även om de inte fått mycket undervisning om problemet. Valet av you som motsvarighet till man är dock övervägande och eftersom detta val signalerar informalitet kan kommunikationen påverkas. / One of the goals of the Swedish national curriculum is that students develop a communicative and social competence. According to the English B-level syllabus, the students should among other things develop their ability to adjust language use to the situation. The indefinite pronoun man is a frequent occurrence in the Swedish language. Translating this word requires an understanding of situation as well as register. The study examines how the students handle the translation of man and if they know when the situation requires formal or informal language. The result shows that they can handle the translation in most cases even though they have not been given much instruction on the problem. However, the choice of you as a correspondence to man is predominant, and since this choice signals informality communication might be affected.

Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland Galves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T20:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cavalcante_SilviaReginadeOliveira.pdf: 705251 bytes, checksum: 03b5546f8db580f0ad6dbcc37df82172 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A análise sincrônica da variação 0 j se com infinitivo em amostras de fala (NurcjRJ e Português Fundamental) e de escrita (jornais) do Português Brasileiro (PB) e do Português Europeu (PE) revela uma diferença no percentual do uso de se com infinitivo: PE apresenta uma média de 8% de presença de se nas amostras de fala e de escrita, ao passo que PB apresenta uma média de 25% e de .50% de se na fala e na escrita respectivamente. partir de tais resultados, esta tese procura entender a evolução diacrônica de se com infinitivo que dá lugar a esse uso diferenciado em PE e PB. Para isso, trata da variação 0 j se numa amostra de textos de autores portugueses nascidos entre os séculos 16 e 19, que compõem o Corpus Anotado do Português Histórico - Corpus Tycho Emhe. Nesta amostra, a média de se com infinitivo sofre uma mudança: até o século 18 (período do Português Clássico - PCI), há 20% de presença de se nas infinitivas; a partir do século 18 (Português Europeu), há 10% de presença de se nas sentenças infinitivas. A análise se fundamenta (a) no tipo de se que pode aparecer junto ao infinitivo: sepassivo, se-indefinido e se-impessoal (cj. Raposo e U riagereka 1996 e Martins 2003), e (b) na natureza de AGR não finito em PB e PE (cj. Moreira da Silva 1983, Galves 1993 e Figueiredo Silva 1996). Com base neste quadro teórico e nos resultados de um conjunto de mudanças ocorridas na gramática do PB, é possível argumentar a favor de que, enquanto no PE, um sistema em que AGR é forte, capaz de licenciar e identificar sujeitos nulos, aparecem o se-indefinido e o se-impessoal; no PB, um sistema de AGR fraco no traço [pessoa], o se é o se-impessoal e aparece para identificar o referente indeterminado da posição sujeito de infinitivo, em variação com os pronomes a gente e você. No PCI, diferentemente, aparece o se-passivo nas infinitivas. Com esses resultados, procuro contribuir para uma descrição mais acurada das diferenças paramétricas existentes entre PE e PB. Esses resultados, aliados às pesquisas desenvolvidas dentro do quadro teórico gerativista, contribuem para se postular que estamos diante de três gramáticas distintas: a do PCI, a do PE e PB / Abstract: The synchronic analysis of 0/ se variation in infinitival sentences in spoken and written dialects of both Brazilian and European Portuguese samples reveals a different rate of se: Brazilian Portuguese presents a higher rate of se in infinitival clauses than European Portuguese. Taking in consideration this difference, this dissertation tries to explain the diachronic evolution of se in infinitival clauses that causes this different usage in EP and BP. Thus, this research deals with the variation 0/ se in a sample of portuguese writers bom between the 16th and 19th centuries, which makes Tycho Brahe Parsed Corpus of Historical Portuguese - Tycho Brahe Corpus. In this sample, the avarage of se in infinitivals undergoes a change: up to the 18th century (the sq-called Classical Portuguese period), there is 20% of se in infinitivals: whereas from the 18th century on (European Portuguese), there is 10% of se in infinitival clauses. The analysis is based on (a) the kind of se that may appear with infinitive: passive-se, indefinite-se and impersonal-se (cf Raposo e Uriagereka (1996), Martins (2003)), and (b) the nature of non-finite AGR in BP and EP (cf Moreira da Silva (1983), Galves (1993) and Figueiredo Silva (1996)). Based on this theoretical framework and on the results of the changes undertaken on the grammar of BP, it is possible to argue that, in EP, with a rich AGR system, able to licence and identify null subjects, we find indefinite-se and impersonal-se. ln BP, a weak AGR system with regards to the [person] feature, there is only impersonal-se and this pronoun appears to identify the indeterminate referent to the subject position of the infinitive, in variation with the arbitrary pronouns a gente and você. ln Classical Portuguese, we find the passive-se in infinitival sentences / Tese (doutorado) - Univers / Doutor em Linguística

Submitted by Oliveira Gabrig (igoliveira@id.uff.br) on 2017-06-13T17:27:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Jessica Tavares dos Santos.pdf: 3667539 bytes, checksum: 3841df9b649ea00a49557235fbb1b7b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jussara Moore (jussaramoore@id.uff.br) on 2017-07-13T18:27:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Jessica Tavares dos Santos.pdf: 3667539 bytes, checksum: 3841df9b649ea00a49557235fbb1b7b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-13T18:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Jessica Tavares dos Santos.pdf: 3667539 bytes, checksum: 3841df9b649ea00a49557235fbb1b7b6 (MD5) / Prefeitura Municipal de Niterói, Escola Municipal Paulo Freire / A presente pesquisa tem como principal finalidade descrever e analisar a abordagem do pronome em sete gramáticas brasileiras produzidas no século XX. Observou-se todo tipo de referência sobre essa classe gramatical - seu conceito, classificação, tipologia, topologia e uso - oferecido por grandes nomes de gramaticografia brasileira, a saber: Antenor Nascentes, Carlos Henrique da Rocha Lima, Celso Cunha, Eduardo Carlos Pereira, Evanildo Bechara, Gladstone Chaves de Melo e Manuel Said Ali. No tratamento do texto gramatical, procurou-se atentar para os princípios e metodologia da Historiografia da Linguística definidos por Konrad Koerner e Pierre Swiggers. Assim, dedica-se a primeira parte do texto à teoria que irá permear toda a pesquisa. Em outro momento, faz-se referência à contextualização histórico-cultural em que os compêndios gramaticais foram produzidos, à história da educação brasileira e ao papel da gramática nas aulas de língua portuguesa no século XX. O capítulo destinado à biografia dos autores permite entender um pouco mais a respeito de sua formação, as influências teóricas que receberam e a repercussão que suas obras tiveram no contexto educacional brasileiro. A descrição pronominal, realizada no capítulo de número cinco, permite verificar que o pensamento gramatical dos autores do século XX acerca do pronome convergia, em sua essência, não obstante se ressaltem, na conclusão, alguns aspectos em que houve divergência de opinião. Dentre as obras que serviram de corpus para esta pesquisa, cumpre destacar que a Gramática expositiva (1918), de Eduardo Carlos Pereira, é a que oferece uma abordagem pronominal mais distinta dos demais textos estudados / The present research aims to describe and analyze the study of the pronoun in seven 20th Century Brazilian grammars. It refers to all aspects regarding this grammatical part of speech - including its concept, classification, typology, topology and use – that are offered by great names of the Brazilian grammaticography, namely Antenor Nascentes, Carlos Henrique da Rocha Lima, Celso Cunha, Eduardo Carlos Pereira, Evanildo Bechara, Gladstone Chaves de Melo e Manuel Said Ali. The treatment of these grammatical texts is based on the principles and methodology of the Historiography of Linguistics as established by Konrad Koerner and Pierre Swiggers. The first part of this these explains the theory that will guide all research. In the next chapter it is touched the historical-cultural context in which the grammatical text books were written, as well as the history of Brazilian education and to the role of grammar text books in the 20th Century Portuguese language classes. A chapter is dedicated to the authors’ biography, which allows us to understand their lives, their theoretical influences and the repercussion that their works in the Brazilian educational context. The pronominal description made in chapter five is important to conclude that the 20th century grammatical thought about the pronoun is unique in its essence. The conclusion touches some aspects in which there was a slight divergence of opinion among the works that served as corpus for this research, from what one can state that Eduardo Carlos Pereira 's Grammatica expositiva (1918) is the one that offers a distinct pronominal approach

Two categories of sex are considered to not be enough and the use of a masculine pronoun in cases where gender is unknown is said to increase the gaps instead of bringing them together when it comes to gender equality. In 2015, the new word ze (in swedish: hen) was added to the Swedish Academic Glossary and since then the opinions regarding the linguistic change have gone apart. This study aims to provide in-depth knowledge of the gender neutral pronouns ze, the attitudes to and the use of the word in the Swedish language and society. Through a quantitative study with a survey as a method; 226 questionnaires were collected. Then they were analyzed based on the theoretical framework based on a sociolinguistic perspective and queertheory that focuses on normality and deviation. The results from the study show that more than half of the respondents have a positive attitude towards ze. It is primarily in writing that the gender neutral pronoun is used; almost half of the respondents state that they prefer the word in writing situations. Language usage in general affects a persons attitude to the word ze, the more linguistic change someone has accepted, the more likely it is that they start using a future one. The conclusion is that linguistic changes take time, but despite that, ze have been established in the Swedish language and society as a gender neutral pronoun but not as a third gender category.

I denna studie analyseras funktionen av ordet hen i syfte att undersöka hur ordet används i dag. Hen fungerar som könsneutralt pronomen i svenskan men fyller även andra syntaktiska och könsöverskridande funktioner. Materialet har analyserats med en kvantitativ ansats och består av texter från dagspress där de olika förekomsterna av hen har kategoriserats efter funktion och texttyp. Uppsatsens avsnitt om teori behandlar språkplanering, feministisk språkplanering och hens uppkomst. Resultatet visar att hen främst fyller syntaktiska funktioner i dagspress, där 143 av 167 förekomster av ordet användes i funktioner som i den här studien kategoriserats som syntaktiska. Den vanligaste funktionen i materialet var hen i generisk referens. Ordet användes inom 15 olika texttyper inom dagspress, främst artiklar och krönikor, där hen i generisk referens var vanligast i artiklar och hen i maskerande funktion var vanligast i krönikor. / This study analyzes the function of the Swedish gender-neutral pronoun hen with the purpose of examining how the word is used today. Aside from being used as a gender-neutral pronoun, hen is also used in other syntactical functions as well as gender-transcending functions. The study material consists of texts from daily press that have been analyzed through a quantitative method. The various uses of hen have been categorized by function and text type. The theoretical part of the study introduces language planning, feminist language planning, and the origins of hen. The results of the study indicate that hen mainly fills a syntactical function in daily press, as 143 out of 167 uses of the word were in functions that can be categorized as syntactical. The most common function of hen found in the material was hen in generic reference. Hen was used in 15 different text types within daily press, most commonly in articles and columns. In articles, hen in generic reference was most common, while in columns most of the found hen were used in a concealing function.

This study analyzes students' use of the French second-person pronouns tu (T) and vous (V) in small-group (2-3 students) inter-learner online chat sessions. The influence of internal linguistic factors (i.e., turn type and morphosyntactic environment) on learners' appropriate vs. inappropriate use of these pronouns is considered. The study also investigates the influence of Instructional Level on tu-vous use and the extent to which students from different instructional levels provide various types of peer assistance (e.g., lexical, morphosyntactic, and sociolinguistic/pragmatic) . Pronoun use was extremely unstable for learners of all levels, and a Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed that Instructional Level did not significantly affect appropriate T/V use overall. Instructional Level and Syntax did, however, significantly affect interrogative T/V use, as shown through multivariate analyses. Peer-assisted performance was limited to lexical retrieval. Pedagogical recommendations are presented for teaching and learning second-person pronouns in French.

Orientador: Ruth Elisabeth Vasconcellos Lopes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T03:33:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_Fernanda_D.pdf: 6435015 bytes, checksum: dd66221b24cf9005f43c82ecc56266d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Examinando a aquisição de estruturas possessivas inalienáveis em português brasileiro (PB), a presente pesquisa, baseada na Teoria Gerativa e, consequentemente, na Hipótese Inatista, estabelece um paralelo com outras línguas, tais como francês, espanhol e inglês. É interessante notar que, neste contexto, o PB parece apresentar um padrão oposto ao do inglês ¿ ao menos no que diz respeito à coocorrência entre nomes de partes do corpo e determinantes definidos ¿, porém tampouco exibe um comportamento similar às outras línguas românicas, tais como o francês e o espanhol, mostrando uma maneira única de realizar estruturas de posse inalienável. Baseando-se, entre outros, em Guéron (1985), Vergnaud e Zubizarreta (1992), Pérez-Leroux et al. (2002a,b), Floripi e Nunes (2009) e Mendes (2010), o presente estudo testa a aquisição de estruturas de posse inalienável em PB e inglês, assumindo que crianças falantes nativas de inglês teriam disponível, num primeiro momento, a mesma gramática disponível para crianças falantes nativas de PB, em que a leitura inalienável poderia ser vinculada tanto na presença de pronomes possessivos quanto na presença de determinantes definidos com qualquer tipo de nome ¿ seja de parte do corpo, seja relacional. O estudo experimental foi constituído por duas séries de testes, uma contendo nomes de partes do corpo, em que foram aplicados os métodos de Tarefa de Julgamento de Valor de Verdade e Tarefa de Seleção de Figura; e outra contando nomes relacionais, em que foi aplicado apenas o método de Tarefa de Julgamento de Valor de Verdade, sendo ambos métodos que permitem que se extraia julgamentos interpretativos indiretamente, o que se coloca como indispensável quando os participantes envolvem crianças. De fato, a distinção entre as gramáticas das duas línguas apareceu por volta dos 6;0 anos de idade, quando crianças falantes de inglês restringiram o uso do determinante definido de acordo com a gramática alvo, não permitindo o seu uso nas estruturas contendo nomes de partes do corpo, quando foi veiculada a interpretação inalienável. Neste caso, o determinante definido foi substituído pelo pronome possessivo. Em relação ao mesmo uso com nomes relacionais, também examinados nesta tese, observou-se que estes, diferentemente dos nomes de partes do corpo, podem coocorrer, inclusive na gramática adulta do inglês, vinculando a leitura inalienável. Isso indica, portanto, que, nesta língua, o estatuto dos determinantes definidos que constituem tais estruturas é diferente, sendo determinantes definidos substantivos, no caso em que há um nome de parte do corpo envolvido, e determinantes definidos expletivos, no caso em que há um nome relacional envolvido. Já em PB, esses determinantes poderiam ser expletivos em ambos os casos / Abstract: In order to examine the acquisition of inalienable possessive structures in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), this research, based on the Generative Grammar approach and, consequently, on the Innateness Hypotesis, establishes a parallel with other languages, such as French, Spanish and English. It is an interesting fact that, in this context, BP seems to present the opposite pattern found in English ¿ at least in which concerns to cooccurrences of body-parts names and definite determiners ¿ and also does not behave similarly to Spanish and French, showing a unique way of building inalienable possession constructions. Following, among others, Guéron (1985), Vergnaud and Zubizarreta (1992), Pérez-Leroux et al. (2002a,b), Floripi and Nunes (2009), and Mendes (2010), the current study tests the acquisition of inalienable possessive structures in BP and English, assuming that English-speaking children start with the same grammar as BP-speaking children do. This first grammar would allow inalienable interpretation being carried by possessive pronouns as well as definite determiners introducing any kind of name ¿ body-parts names or relationship names. The experimental study consisted of two sets of tests, one of them with body-parts names under Truth Value Judgment Task and Picture Selection Task, and another one with relationship names under Truth Value Judgment Task. Both types are techniques that allow one to obtain interpretational judgments indirectly, which is indispensable when it comes to trials involving children. Confirming the literature findings, the difference between BP grammar and English grammar appeared around the age of 6;0, when English-speaking children approach the target grammar, in which the presence of the possessive pronoun is what allows the inalienable interpretation and the use of definite determiners is restricted to alienable possession constructions with body-parts names. In other hand, when relationship names are present in the structure, it was noted that they can cooccour with definite determiners even when carrying inalienable interpretation. Therefore, it indicates a difference in the status of definite determiners in such language: there are substantive definite determiners occurring with body-parts names, while there are expletive definite determiners occourring with relationship names. In BP, however, in both cases it could be the case in which there are expletive definite determiners occurring / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutora em Linguística

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-09-29T21:28:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o-UEFS.pdf: 1542944 bytes, checksum: b0f3dc86dc2d544c993c9381f8fceff4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-29T21:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o-UEFS.pdf: 1542944 bytes, checksum: b0f3dc86dc2d544c993c9381f8fceff4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / As with other varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, the Portuguese language spoken in Feira de Santana has different strategic ways to represent the accusative and dative objects referring to the second person singular, competing, to represent the direct object, the accusative forms: o/a, te, lhe, voc? (him, her, you) and null object; and for indirect representation, the dative forms te, lhe (you), para voc? (for you) and null object. The present work, motivated in such observations, is committed to investigate the alternation of use in the representation of dative and accusative objects referring to the second person, exploring the research subject in two analysis schemas, namely: i) The variable use of the te and lhe (you) to reference the interlocutor; b) The variable use of the te and lhe (you) clitics as direct object referring to the second person singular. In order to reach the analysis 60 interviews were collected, being 36 of spontaneous speaking and 24 directly aimed to the informants, in both genders, distributed in three age-groups: 25 to 35 years (group I), 45 to 55 (group II) and age 65 and older (group III). The interviews of spontaneous speaking are part of the databank of the research project A l?ngua portuguesa falada no semi-?rido baiano (Fase 3), it is composed of 73 spontaneous speaking samples. The Sociolinguistics Theory was used in order to do the data stratification and analysis. Among the results, it is highlighted: for the first analytic schema, the group-age and level of schooling factors being the 65 and older (group III) speakers who most use the lhe (you) clitic referring to the interlocutor. The informants? level of schooling confirms the hypothesis that the speaker with low level of schooling (popular) most uses the clitic in its non standard form, referring to the second person. It was checked that time and verb tenses were the most pertinent factors in the second analysis schema, being the past perfect and the simple present the most conditioning verb tenses for the use of the clitic as accusative. The alternation to the canonical form of the clitic lhe (you) in its dative syntactic function is determined by the periphrastic future presence. Finally, this study gathers data about the investigation of lhe (you) as second person accusative in Feira de Santana, as well as in other varieties of Brazilian Portuguese. / Assim como em outras variedades do Portugu?s Brasileiro, o portugu?s falado em Feira de Santana possui formas estrat?gicas distintas para a representa??o do objeto acusativo e dativo de refer?ncia ? segunda pessoa do singular competindo, para objeto direto, as formas acusativas: o/a, te, lhe, voc? e objeto nulo; e para a representa??o do objeto indireto, as formas dativas: te, lhe, para voc? e objeto nulo. Motivado em tais observa??es, este trabalho empenhou-se em investigar a altern?ncia de uso na representa??o do objeto dativo e acusativo de refer?ncia a segunda pessoa, explorando o objeto de estudo em dois esquemas de an?lise, a saber: i) O uso vari?vel dos cl?ticos te e lhe para referenciar o interlocutor; ii) O uso vari?vel dos cl?ticos te e lhe como objeto direto de refer?ncia ? segunda pessoa do singular. Para a efetiva??o da an?lise foram utilizadas 60 entrevistas, sendo 36 de fala espont?nea e 24 diretamente dirigidas aos informantes, em ambos os sexos, distribu?dos em tr?s faixas et?rias: 25 a 35 anos (faixa I), 45 a 55 anos (faixa II) e a partir de 65 anos (faixa III). As entrevistas de fala espont?nea constituem parte do banco de dados do projeto de pesquisa A l?ngua portuguesa falada no semi?rido baiano (Fase: 3), composto por um total de 72 amostras de fala espont?neas. Valeu-se da Teoria Sociolingu?stica para a estratifica??o dos dados e an?lise dos mesmos. Dentre os resultados, destacamos: para o primeiro esquema anal?tico os grupos de fatores faixa et?ria e escolaridade, sendo os falantes a partir de 65 anos (faixa III) os que mais fazem uso do cl?tico lhe para referenciarem o interlocutor. A escolaridade dos informantes confirma a hip?tese de que os falantes com menor escolaridade (popular) fazem maior uso do cl?tico na sua forma n?o padr?o, referenciando a segunda pessoa. Conferiu-se ao segundo esquema anal?tico o grupo de fatores tempo e modo verbais como o mais pertinente, sendo o pret?rito perfeito e o presente do indicativo os tempos verbais mais condicionantes ao uso do cl?tico como acusativo. J? a altern?ncia para a forma can?nica do cl?tico lhe em sua fun??o sint?tica de dativo ? determinada pela presen?a do futuro perifr?stico. Por fim, este estudo agrega dados sobre a investiga??o de lhe como acusativo de segunda pessoa em Feira de Santana, assim como em outras variedades do PB.

This essay contains own collected material wherein seven religious women are interviewed. Theprincipal focus in this work is about god pronoun in relation to a social constructionist analyticalframe circling around androcentric language. In the research overview and in the theory section ofthis work you can find the feminist and social constructionist theories that represents thegroundwork of this essay. "To name god with masculine pronoun influence individuals and theirgodrepresentation" is my main hypothesis of this work. The social constructionist analytical frameof pronoun the interviewed women use proves my feminist point of view that androcentric languagepermeate the interviewing persons speech about god and their god representation. / Denna uppsats innehåller eget insamlat intervjumaterial där sju religiösa kvinnor intervjuats.Huvudfokus i arbetet kretsar kring gudspronomen med en socialkonstruktivistisk analys avandrocentriskt språk. Under forskningsöversikten och i teoriavsnittet presenteras mer utförligt defeministiska och socialkonstruktivistiska forskningsunderlag som använts till grund för arbetet. "Attbenämna gud med maskulina pronomen påverkar individer och deras gudsrepresentation" ärhuvudhypotesen till denna uppsats. Den socialkonstruktivistiska analysen av de pronomenintervjupersonerna använder samt hur de talar om gud bevisar min feministiska utgångspunkt attandrocentriskt språk genomsyrar de intervjuades tal om gud och gudsrepresentation.

The aim of this thesis is to find out how co-referential relationships in Czech texts are developed in terms of the information and constituent structures. The data was processed using the following methods. Firstly I examined the available literature on information and constituent structures with special attention being paid to the formation of coreferential relations. This information was then compared to my own research. With regards to disparities between the approaches, it was necessary to introduce some basic terms that are used within my thesis (Chapter 2). Thereafter, I was able to introduce current approaches to the thesis, including the methodological basis of my work, which is represented by the foreign Centering Theory, because unlike other Czech approaches this theory includes predictions on the frequency of different ways of co-referential relationship development (Chapter 3). Secondly, the knowledge gained from literature was applied to two different types of data: corpus material of Prague Dependency Treebank and material obtained through a questionnaire survey (Chapter 4). The most appropriate methods of developing co-referential chains in the Czech text were determined by challenging the prediction model with the obtained data set. Using this method we gained information about...