Tesis por compendio / [ES] Esta tesis afronta el análisis de la colaboración público-privada (CPP) en sus diferentes dimensiones, a través de la definición de un marco analítico que trata de contemplar toda la complejidad del fenómeno y, desde un enfoque cualitativo, se plantea como herramienta para caracterizarlo en un sector concreto de políticas públicas. Uno de los objetivos generales es identificar y entender los condicionantes de su mayor o menor aplicación y éxito en dicho sector. El modelo se perfila también como instrumento para analizar las diferentes fórmulas concretas de CPP implementadas. La CPP tal y como se plantea en esta investigación, se entiende, en un sentido amplio, como una fórmula de respuesta de los poderes públicos a las crecientes y cambiantes necesidades que, en forma de grandes retos sociales, ha de afrontar una sociedad cada vez más compleja. Estos grandes retos sociales requieren de soluciones integradas, que deben surgir, a partir de un enfoque de gobernanza, de la coordinación de los gobiernos nacionales con los gobiernos y administraciones públicas de ámbito sub y supra nacional, por una parte, pero también de su colaboración con la comunidad académica y los diversos integrantes del sector privado por otra. En este contexto, instituciones como la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) o la Comisión Europea, otorgan a las políticas de innovación un rol fundamental, más allá de impulsar el desarrollo, crecimiento y productividad generales de una economía. Se espera que estén cada vez más orientadas a transformar o modelar los sistemas socio técnicos en la dirección que marcan los retos sociales. Dado que los modelos interactivos de innovación han evolucionado hacia la, cada vez mayor, participación en los procesos de innovación de actores como la propia sociedad civil, la CPP se perfila como el modelo de gobernanza adecuado para las políticas de innovación. Conscientes de ello, los gobiernos tratan de impulsar la colaboración en sus sistemas de innovación, a través de diferentes instrumentos, pero con éxito desigual. El bajo nivel de articulación es uno de los problemas que afectan al sistema español de innovación desde hace décadas, a pesar de la existencia de diferentes medidas orientadas a solucionarlo. Por tanto, entender bien el papel que desempeña la CPP en el sistema es la primera pregunta que esta tesis quiere responder. En este sentido, en España, la CPP se muestra en sus diferentes dimensiones y con diferentes realidades en varias políticas sociales españolas. Entender este escenario, permite plantear un marco contextual en el que situar el análisis de la CPP en innovación en España a través del marco analítico definido. A partir de aquí, teniendo en cuenta aquel escenario, se identifican los factores obstaculizadores y facilitadores que se encuentra la CPP en innovación en España, dando respuesta así a la segunda pregunta de investigación de esta tesis. Teniendo en cuenta los factores identificados, se realiza un análisis comparativo entre la implementación de un instrumento concreto en España y Finlandia, como caso de éxito, para dar respuesta a la tercera pregunta de investigación. Se trata de entender cómo plantear la CPP en innovación en España para favorecer con ella la articulación del sistema y su desempeño innovador. Los resultados obtenidos muestran como en cada una de las dimensiones de la CPP, territorial, sectorial y organizacional, existen factores que inciden en los bajos niveles de articulación del sistema español de innovación. En gran medida, los retos que se le plantean al propio sistema para favorecer la colaboración entre sus agentes pasan por una clara redefinición del rol que algunos de ellos deben desempeñar en el escenario actual. En este sentido, la presente investigación espera ser de utilidad, entre otros, para los decisores públicos a la hora de diseñar instrumentos de CPP ex / [CA] Aquesta tesi afronta l'anàlisi de la col·laboració públic-privada (CPP) en les seues diferents dimensions, a través de la definició d'un marc analític que tracta de contemplar tota la complexitat del fenomen i, des d'un enfocament qualitatiu, es planteja com a eina per caracteritzar-lo en un sector concret de polítiques públiques. Un dels objectius generals és identificar i entendre els condicionants de la seua major o menor aplicació i èxit en aquest sector. El model es perfila també com a instrument per analitzar les diferents fórmules concretes de CPP implementades. La CPP tal com es planteja en aquesta recerca, s'entén, en un sentit ampli, com una fórmula de resposta dels poders públics a les creixents i canviants necessitats que, en forma de grans reptes socials, ha d'afrontar una societat cada vegada més complexa. Aquests grans reptes socials requereixen de solucions integrades, que han de sorgir, a partir d'un enfocament de governança, de la coordinació dels governs nacionals amb els governs i administracions públiques d'àmbit sub i supranacional, d'una banda, però també de la seua col·laboració amb la comunitat acadèmica i els diversos integrants de el sector privat per una altra. En aquest context, institucions com l'Organització per a la Cooperació i el Desenvolupament Econòmics (OCDE) o la Comissió Europea, atorguen a les polítiques d'innovació un paper fonamental, més enllà d'impulsar el desenvolupament, creixement i productivitat generals d'una economia. S'espera que estiguen cada vegada més orientades a transformar o modelar els sistemes soci tècnics en la direcció que marquen els reptes socials. Atès que els models interactius d'innovació han evolucionat cap a la, cada vegada major, participació en els processos d'innovació d'actors com la mateixa societat civil, la CPP es perfila com el model de governança adequat per a les polítiques d'innovació. Conscients d'això, els governs intenten impulsar la col·laboració en els seus sistemes d'innovació, a través de diferents instruments, però amb èxit desigual. El baix nivell d'articulació és un dels problemes que afecten el sistema espanyol d'innovació des de fa dècades, tot i l'existència de diferents mesures orientades a solucionar-ho. Per tant, entendre bé el paper que exerceix la CPP en el sistema és la primera pregunta que aquesta tesi vol respondre. En aquest sentit, a Espanya, la CPP es mostra en les seues diferents dimensions i amb diferents realitats en diverses polítiques socials espanyoles. Entendre aquest escenari, permet plantejar un marc contextual en el qual situar l'anàlisi de la CPP en innovació a Espanya a través de el marc analític definit. A partir d'ací, tenint en compte aquell escenari, s'identifiquen els factors obstaculitzadors i facilitadors que es troba la CPP en innovació a Espanya, donant resposta així a la segona pregunta d'investigació d'aquesta tesi. Tenint en compte els factors identificats, es realitza una anàlisi comparativa entre la implementació d'un instrument concret a Espanya i Finlàndia, com a cas d'èxit, per donar resposta a la tercera pregunta de recerca. Es tracta d'entendre com plantejar la CPP en innovació a Espanya per afavorir amb ella l'articulació de sistema i el seu acompliment innovador. Els resultats obtinguts mostren com en cadascuna de les dimensions de la CPP, territorial, sectorial i organitzacional, hi ha factors que incideixen en els baixos nivells d'articulació del sistema espanyol d'innovació. En gran mesura, els reptes que se li plantegen al propi sistema per afavorir la col·laboració entre els seus agents passen per una clara redefinició del paper que alguns d'ells han d'exercir en l'escenari actual. En aquest sentit, la present investigació espera ser d'utilitat, entre altres, per als decisors públics a l'hora de dissenyar amb èxit instruments de CPP a partir dels factors claus identificats. / [EN] The purpose of this thesis is the analysis of public-private partnerships (PPP) in their different dimensions, through the definition of an analytical framework that tries to cover the entire complexity of the phenomenon. Thus, from a qualitative approach, it is proposed as a tool to characterize PPPs in a specific sector of public policies. One of the general objectives is to identify and understand the conditions of its greater or lesser application and success in said sector. The model is also outlined as an instrument to analyse the different specific PPP formulas implemented. PPPs, as stated in this investigation, are understood, in a broad sense, as a formula for the response of public authorities to the growing and changing needs that an increasingly complex society must face. These needs are identified with great social challenges that require integrated solutions. These solutions must arise, from a governance approach, from the coordination of national governments with governments and public administrations of the sub and supra national level, on the one hand, but also from their collaboration with the academic community and all members from the private sector for another. In this context, institutions such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) or the European Commission, give innovation policies a fundamental role, beyond promoting the overall development, growth and productivity of an economy. They are expected to be increasingly oriented to transform or model socio-technical systems in the direction that define social challenges. Given that interactive innovation models have evolved towards, increasingly, participation in the innovation processes of actors such as civil society itself, PPPs are emerging as the appropriate governance model for innovation policies. Aware of this, governments try to promote collaboration in their innovation systems, through different instruments, but with unequal success. The low level of collaboration is one of the problems affecting the Spanish innovation system for decades, despite the existence of different measures aimed at solving it. Therefore, to understand well the role that PPPs play in the system is the first question that this thesis wants to answer. In this sense, in Spain, PPPs are shown in their different dimensions and with different realities in several Spanish social policies. Understanding this scenario allows us to propose a contextual framework in which to place the analysis of PPPs in innovation in Spain through the defined analytical framework. From here, considering that scenario, the obstacles and facilitators that PPPs find in innovation in Spain are identified, thus answering the second research question of this thesis. Considering the factors identified, a comparative analysis is carried out between the implementation of a specific instrument in Spain and Finland, as a case of success, to answer the third research question. It is about understanding how PPP can be appropriate in innovation in Spain to favour with it the articulation of the system and its innovative performance. The results obtained show that in each of the dimensions of the PPPs, territorial, sectorial and organizational, there are factors that affect the low levels of collaboration of the Spanish innovation system. To a large extent, the challenges posed to the system itself to favour collaboration among its agents go through a clear redefinition of the role that some of them must play in the current scenario. In this sense, this research hopes to be useful, among others, for public decision makers when designing successful CPP instruments based on the key success factors. / En cuanto a instituciones, esta tesis se ha financiado a través de una ayuda pre-doctoral de Formación de Profesorado Universitario (FPU 15/03926) convocada en 2015 por el entonces Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. El segundo premio concedido en la convocatoria de los Premios Nacionales de Fin de Carrera de Educación Universitaria para titulados en 2013‐2014 y fallado en 2018 por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, también ha supuesto una ayuda financiera importante para el desarrollo de la investigación. Pero, además, algunas de las publicaciones incluidas en esta tesis se han beneficiado, en parte, de diferentes proyectos de investigación en los que he tenido la ocasión de participar: • Proyecto CRISAUT (Capacidad y Estrategias de Reforma frente a la Crisis Fiscal en los Sectores Públicos y las Políticas de Bienestar Autonómicos: Condicionantes y Trayectorias de Cambio, CSO2012-33075, 2012-2016), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Programa Nacional de Proyectos de Investigación Fundamental (Capítulo 3.1). • Proyecto CRIGOBBE (Los efectos de la crisis en la gobernanza del sistema de protección social en España: la perspectiva multinivel y del welfare-mix, 2016-2017), Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública INAP, convocatoria permanente para la contratación de proyectos de investigación (Capítulo 2, 3.1 y 3.2). • Proyecto GoWPER (Reestructuración de la gobernanza del Estado del bienestar: determinantes políticos e implicaciones en la (des) mercantilización de riesgos, CSO2017-85598-R, 2017-2019), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Programa Nacional de Proyectos de Investigación Fundamental (Capítulo 7). El apoyo recibido por parte del Programa Erasmus+ de la Unión Europea me ha permitido financiar parte de las estancias o visitas de investigación realizadas durante el tiempo de elaboración de esta tesis doctoral: sendas estancias de 3 meses de duración cada una de ellas en la Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas de Ansbach (Alemania) y en la Universidad de Helsinki (Finlandia), y dos visitas de una semana, también a Ansbach y a la Universidad Técnica de Kosice (Eslovaquia). / Catalá Pérez, D. (2020). La colaboración público-privada como instrumento de intervención pública para el impulso de la innovación: un análisis del Sistema Español de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/139096 / Compendio

This thesis focuses on the protection of the patient’s privacy in health care in Sweden. It is crucially important that the patient has confidence in the health care and that patient data are kept secret from other persons and authorities. A patient who is unsure about secrecy and confidentiality may choose not to provide data that could prove necessary for health care personnel to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. Some individuals might even avoid seeking medical help from fear that data may be spread to outsiders. Inadequate protection of sensitive data may lead to the confidence of citizens in health care eventually eroding or vanishing completely. Protection of patient privacy is thus of fundamental importance in this area. In the area of health care, the intention of the legislator is that the regulations regarding secrecy in public health care and confidentiality in private health care will guarantee protection of patient privacy. Secrecy in public health care is regulated mainly in Chapter 25, Section 1 of the Swedish Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act (2009:400). In private health care, confidentiality is regulated mainly in Chapter 6, Section 12, first paragraph, and Section 16 of the Swedish Act on Patient Safety (2010:659). The overall purpose of the thesis is to examine and analyse the legislator’s intentions and the juridical construction regarding the rules of secrecy and confidentiality, from the perspective of patient privacy. The starting point of the thesis is that the patient’s privacy should be strongly protected. One of the main conclusions is that the legal construction cannot be considered to be in accordance with the legislator’s intention that the regulation of patient privacy protection should constitute a strong protection for the patient’s privacy, be comprehensible, clear and easy to apply for health care personnel, as well as being the same in both public and private health care.

「社會行銷」概念與技術於1971年由學者Kotler & Zaltman提出，為首次行銷概念技術擴大應用至非營利部門在社會公益上的研究。行銷學者Kotler認為，社會行銷可擴大應用至社會各領域的公益推廣，包含公部門。由是，本研究基於擴大化應用的精神，以我國環保機關推動之「不燒紙錢宣導政策」為個案，探究行銷概念擴大化後，公部門在行銷理論基礎上，即交換理論在公私部門差異上導致社會行銷分析公部門個案時產生哪些差異？以及社會行銷擴大應用至公部門，在理論基礎上有哪些問題？同時以社會行銷概念及技術對個案進行分析。 因此，本研究在研究方法上，以個案研究的方式，先進行社會行銷及交換理論在公私部門差異的文獻基礎進行一回顧與整理，再依研究目的與問題針對理論基礎設計深度訪談的問題，依目的性抽樣原則尋找最能符合本研究目的之訪談者進行深度訪談，共十一位。訪談完成即整理逐字稿以進行後續分析。 經本研究分析，在理論面及實務面均提出研究貢獻與建議： 一、理論面： （一）社會行銷因為公私部門在本質上存有差異，導致源自於私部門的行銷理論基礎─交換理論，用於分析公部門社會行銷政策時，在各社會行銷步驟中均產生差異。 （二）交換理論自利假定在公私部門中產生差異，因此有關法律強制力、公民及消費者、自願交換關係及通路概念在未來社會行銷擴大應用至公部門時，有理論適用上的問題。 二、實務面： （一）「不燒紙錢宣導政策」經社會行銷八步驟分析，屬於同社會行銷概念及技術的行銷個案，但因其為公部門推動者，故在細部特徵上有公私部門假定上、本質上的差異。 （二）「不燒紙錢宣導政策」的推動，雖滿足公共利益的需求，但執行過程中直接法源不明確、推動組織鬆散、忽略利害關係人權益為實務需加強之處。 / The very concept of “Social Marketing”, first introduced by Philip Kotler and Gerald Zaltman, is used to apply marketing techniques to the area of nonprofit organizations to promote public interest. In Kotler’s mind, marketing techniques can be applied to both public and private sectors. However, whether this application adequate is needed to be answered. In this thesis, author uses a case named “campaigning the policy against burning golden papers in worship” implemented by the R.O.C government as an example to examine the adequacy of the “Exchange Theory” behind the concept of social marketing to understand marketing cases in the public sector. In order to find the conceptual problems through case study, author first adopts the eight stages of social marketing to describe the case throughout. Then, author design several interview problems to ask various actors who related to the case. Finally, author combines theoretical arguments, case details, and qualitative data from in-depth interview to analyze the adequacy of applying exchange theory in public sector through social marketing. Several findings are presented as follows. First, many differences were found in all the eight stage of social marketing. These differences illustrate many possible inadequacies of applying marketing techniques, supported by exchange theory, to public sector. Second, based on the above differences founded, the intention of broadening the concept of marketing to non-profit organizations should take them into considerations. Especially, the strategic marketing scheme, such as 4Ps, should be reevaluated according to the findings. Thirdly, practically speaking, there are supporting factors to make a marketing campaign successful in public sector: ambiguities in regulation, lack of solid implementation organization, and the missing of stakeholders opinion collection and interest-protection activities in the process.

摘 要 本研究旨在探討臺北縣市公私立高中職學校行銷策略實施現況。為達研究目的，首先係從臺北縣市公私立高中職學校的發展概況切入，探究臺北縣市區域、人口發展與高中職發展之因果關係，進而了解目前高中職學校在少子化及教育市場自由化的趨勢及衝擊下，所引發之經營困境，並利用問卷調查方法，以百分比、次數分配、平均數、標準差、t考驗與單因子變異數等方式進行統計分析，探討學校最佳行銷方式、最優先之行銷對象、學校行銷的主要功能、與不同學校背景變項實際運作行銷策略之狀況及差異情形，以期提供學校訂定最適宜且有利學校永續經營的行銷策略之參考。 本研究依研究目的所獲得之主要研究結論有以下幾點： 壹、臺北縣市公私立高中職學校在推展學校行銷方式上，認為以「設置學校行銷組或公關組--由副校長或校長秘書兼任組長」、「成立跨處室的行銷小組--由校長指派處室主任兼任組長」與「校長親自負責」之方式最佳。 貳、現行臺北縣市公私立高中職學校行銷策略，各項策略之通用性皆極高，尤以「產品策略」與「價格策略」最受重視，而對於「通路策略」、「人員策略」及「推廣策略」則展現較低排序。 參、臺北縣市私立高中職學校在學校行銷的認知、推行與執行困境的感受程度較公立高中職校為強，且高職的危機感較高中更為明顯，顯見現行私立高中職學校的辦學壓力，亟待重視。 關鍵字：臺北縣市公私立高中職、學校行銷策略 / Abstract With the intent to research the status quo of the marketing strategy for the public and private senior high and vocational senior high schools in Taipei City and Taipei County, this study is initiated into a profile of the development of the senior highs in Taipei, which explores the effect of the development of regions and populations on that of senior highs, moreover, probing into the managing difficulties resulted from decreased births and the liberalized educational market. By using poll-taking method, which employs the statistical analysis of percentage, frequency distribution, average, standard deviation, t-test and single-factor-coefficient of variation。 This survey quests for senior high schools’ optimal marketing strategies, the first-priority marketing target, major effect of school marketing, varied practical adaptation in marketing based on different factors of school background, hence, a reasonable guideline emerges for schools to constitute their most adapted marketing strategies that facilitate their sustainable management. The principal conclusions extracted from this research are as follows: 1. As far as school marketing is concerned, the following are currently being widely regarded as best approaches among the senior high schools in Taipei City and Taipei County: A. Setting up a school marketing section or PR section with a section chief concurrently assumed by vice-principal or secretary of the principal. B. Instituting a trans-departmental marketing section with a concurrent chief directly assigned by the principal from one of the section chiefs of the faculty. C. Being under the charge of the principal’s own fair hand. 2. Among the senior high schools in Taipei, the prevailing marketing strategies are highly universal, among which the “product strategy” and “pricing strategy” are especially emphasized, while “marketing channels,” “sales force strategy” and “promotion strategy” are ranked in lower priority. 3. In both Taipei City and Taipei County, with regard to the cognition, promotion and execution of school marketing, private senior high schools perceive more difficulty than public ones, hence, vocational schools appreciate stronger sense of crisis, revealing the crucial pressure on the survival of the private vocational senior highs. Key Words: The public and private senior high schools and vocational high schools in Taipei City and Taipei County, School Marketing Strategy

Tendo em vista um cenário em que os dispositivos de registro do real adquirem onipresença na vida cotidiana, o jornalismo se encontra em um período de readequação de suas estratégias narrativas e de seu modus operandi. A presente tese procura investigar as reconfigurações no telejornalismo em razão da ubiquidade de câmeras, que capturam registros produzidos tanto pelas mídias quanto por instâncias externas a elas, e que oferecem aos veículos jornalísticos um material inesgotável e irrecusável, visto estar cercado de uma expectativa de autenticidade. Propõe-se então uma categorização às câmeras, sistematizadas como câmeras oniscientes e onipresentes, de modo a nos aproximarmos à especificidade do fenômeno. Em comum, todas as câmeras apontam à busca de uma estética realista, baseada no reconhecimento de uma baixa interferência midiática. Desse modo, o que se observa é o emprego de estratégias narrativas e estéticas para que o telejornalismo possa se apropriar destes conteúdos gerados por estas máquinas de visibilidade, que trazem às mídias algo que ficaria anteriormente restrito aos bastidores, operando também com sintoma da desfronteirização entre o público e o privado. A partir deste percurso metodológico, intenta-se por fim compreender de que forma estes dispositivos são utilizados para a concretização de novos efeitos de realismo ao jornalismo. / Considering a scenario where the technologic devices that visually register the world acquire omnipresence in everyday life, journalism is in a period of readjustment of its narrative strategies and its modus operandi. This research intents to investigate the changes in TV journalism because of the ubiquity of cameras, which capture images produced both by the media and by external institutions, since they offer to the journalistic enterprises an inexhaustible and irresistible material, because it is surrounded by an expectation of authenticity. We propose then a categorization of these machines, which are systematized as omniscient and omnipresent cameras, for the purpose of understanding the specificity of the phenomenon. In common, all of these cameras point to the search for a realistic aesthetics, based on the recognition of a low media interference. Thus, it is observed that the TV stations use some strategies to adapt these contents in their narratives, which bring to the media something that would previously be restrict to the backstage area. In a sense, they operate as a symptom o the erosion of the boundaries between public and private. With this methodological course, we finally attempt to understand how these technologic devices are used to achieve effects of realism to journalism.

La domanialité des biens de l'administration publique à l'épreuve des régimes fonciers traditionnels pose le problème de la situation juridique du domaine au Mali. Il s'agit de donner la photographie des biens de l'administration publique ainsi que leur évolution par rapport aux régimes fonciers coutumiers. Cette étude passe naturellement par un aperçu historique des biens de l'Etat et des collectivités territoriales. Nous aborderons en même temps la situation juridique des biens au sens traditionnel de l'expression. Il sera notamment question de l'étude des biens pendant la période précoloniale, coloniale et postcoloniale. Avant la colonisation,le domaine tel que connu aujourd'hui n'existait pas et le mode de détention des biens était collectif. On ne parlait pas de domaine mais bien plutôt de propriété collective. Aussi, ce ne sont pas les lois qui ont établi les modes de tenure traditionnelle mais plutôt les principes quazi religieux. Les biens qui constituent aujourd'hui le domaine de l'Etat et des collectivités locales appartenaient, non pas aux hommes mais aux divinités. Ils étaient la propriété de la collectivité et étaient gérés le chef de terre ou le Dji tigui (propriétaire de l'eau). Ces derniers étaient les dépositaires d'une partie de la souveraineté divine et en même temps les délégués des puissances supérieures. Plus qu'ils ne les possédaient, la terre et l'eau étaient les propriétaires du chef de terre net du Dji tigui. Leurs obligations étaient dictées par les croyances ancestrales amoindries certes par le temps et les interprétations partisanes. Ces biens n'étaient pas dans le commerce juridique, ils étaient inaliénables. La propriété individuelle existait certes, mais elle n'était pas très repandue. Elle ne concernait ni la terre ni les cours d'eau. Cette propriété individuelle au sens du code civil ne pouvait concerner que certains biens biens mobiliers à l'exception de ceux qui constituaient la fortune mobilière indispensable des collectivités indigènes. A l'entame de la colonisation, l'Etat colonial décidait, non sans opposition, de mettre en place le système expérimenté en Australie du Sud par les anglais à savoir l'Act Torrens. Les indigènes avaient leur propre régime juridique et ne voulaient aucune bouleversements de leurs habitudes millénaires. Mais, dans la perspective de développer l'agriculture et l'industrie dans la nouvelle possession française, il importait d'introduire dans l'arsenal juridique de la colonie le principe de domanialité des biens. Pour ce faire, l'administrationdevait jouer toute sa partition. En conséquence, elle devait avoir les moyens de sa politique par la constitution, en premier lieu, d'un domaine public et privé. Cette constitution de domaine passait forcément par des spoliations de biens appartenant aux collectivités autochtones. A l'accession du pays à l'indépendance, la problématique est restée entière. Les textes coloniaux ont continué à régir le domaine jusqu'à l'adoption d'un code domanial et foncier en 1986. Les droits coutumiers désormais reconnus et magnifiés à la faveur de la valorisation des traditions séculaires contestent la primauté du droit écrit. Ce dernier reconnaît, qu'avant son avènement, les rapports juridiques et économiques entre individus et groupements d'individus étaient bien organisés. C'est d'ailleurs pourquoi le colonisateur n'a pas entendu faire table rase des coutumes précoloniales encore moins les nouvelles autorités. Pour autant, des problèmes de constitution et de gestion ont persisté. De nos jours encore, de nombreuses difficultés demeurent par rapport à la gestion du domaine qu'il soit public ou privé, qu'il appartienne à l'Etat ou aux collectivités territoriales. / The state ownership of assets of public administration to the test traditional land tenure raises the question of the legal situation of the area in Mali. This is to give the photograph the property of the government and their evolution in relation to customary land tenure. This study course with a historical overview of state assets and local authorities. We will discuss together the legal status of goods in the traditional sense of the term. The tropics adressed include the study of the property during the precolonial, colonial and postcolonial. Before colonization, the area as known today did not exist and the mode of holding property was collective. They spoke not domain but rather of collective awnership. Also, these are not laws that established the traditional tenure bur rather quasi-religious principles. The goods, which are now the domain of state and local government, belonged not to men but to the gods. They were owned by the community and were managed either by the land chief or dji tigui (owner of the water). Thes were the custodians of a part of God's sovereignty and at the same time delegates from higher powers. More than they possessed them, earth and water were the owners of the land chief and dji tigui. Their bonds were dictated by the ancestral beliefs certainly diminished bye time and biased interpretations. Thes goods were not in the lega trade, they were inalienable. Individualownership was true, but it was not widespresd. It did not concern either the land or waterways. This individual property within the meaning of the french Civil Code could only relate to certain personal property except those who were truly essential property of indigenous community. At the start of colonization, the colonial state decided, not without opposition, to implement the experimenced en South Australia by the English to know the Torrens Act. Indeed, the natives had their own legal system and did not want any disruption in their habits millennia. But, in view of developing agriculture and industry in the french possession, it was important to introduce into the legal arsenal of the colony the principle of state ownership of property. To do this, government should play itd full score. Consequently, it must be adequate means of its policy by establisheing, first, a public and private domain.This domain constitution necessarily spent by the spoliations of property belonging to indigenous communities. At the country attained independence, the problem remained large. The colonial tested continued to govern the field until the adoption of a code Land Law in 1986. Customary rignts recognized and magnified now thanks to the recovery of ancient traditions challenge the rule of written law. The latter recognizes that before his accession, economic and legal relationships between individuals and groups of individuals were well organized. This is why the colonizers did not intend to make a clean sweep of pre-colonial customs let alone the new authorithies. However, problems of formation and management persisted. Even today, many challenges remain in relation to the management domain whether public or private, whether owned by the state or local authorithies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina Ferrucci Moncao.pdf: 1313501 bytes, checksum: 5946f39b16367aadbc98fce3228980f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-19 / This work points out the ways and results of an investigation about the choices intended by students from privileged social groups of Mogi das Cruzes (SP) towards superior education: institutions and careers. The main objective of the research, over all based on Pierre Bourdieu s notions of social position, economical and cultural capital, has related the cultural practices of students who are finishing high school at expensive schools to their intentions of choice of institutions and careers at college. In order to reach this objective, three schools that charged the highest high school fees at the referred municipal district were selected. After contacting the schools, two of them accepted that their students answered the instrument of data collect, a questionnaire elaborated for this specific purpose. The questionnaire had 74 objective and subjective questions and it was answered by 77 students from the two schools in 2008. The analysis of the results quantified the students cultural practices museums visits, physical activities developed by them, foreign language fluency, informatics knowledge, arts courses, musical instruments abilities, international trips and related them to these students intentions of going to college. 75 out of 77 subjects involved on this investigation stated their intentions to go to college. The results about parental formation and occupation, family income, types of investments on the cultural practices cited above mark the possibility of these students being part of privileged social groups not only through an economical point of view. The results also point out the fact that the various practices accomplished by the students are related to a vast series of options towards the intended institutions / Este trabalho apresenta os caminhos e os resultados de uma investigação sobre as escolhas pretendidas por estudantes oriundos de grupos sociais privilegiados do município de Mogi das Cruzes (SP) em relação à educação superior: instituições e carreiras. O objetivo central da pesquisa, baseado, sobretudo nas noções de posição social, capital econômico e capital cultural de Pierre Bourdieu, constituiu-se em relacionar as práticas culturais de concluintes do nível médio de educação de escolas de altas mensalidades às suas intenções a respeito da escolha de instituições e de carreiras na educação superior. Para atingir tal objetivo foram selecionadas as três escolas que cobravam as mais altas mensalidades no nível médio da educação básica no referido município. Após contato com as escolas, duas delas aceitaram que seus estudantes respondessem ao instrumento de coleta de informações: um questionário elaborado para este fim específico. O questionário continha 74 questões entre objetivas e discursivas e foi respondido por 77 estudantes das duas escolas no ano de 2008. A análise dos resultados consistiu em quantificar as práticas culturais dos estudantes - conhecimento de museus, realização de atividades físicas, fluência em língua estrangeira, domínio de informática, cursos de arte, habilidades com instrumento musical, viagem internacional - e relacioná-las às intenções dos mesmos sobre a educação superior. Entre os 77 sujeitos envolvidos nesta investigação, 75 afirmaram ter intenção de cursar o nível superior. Os resultados encontrados sobre nível de formação e ocupação dos pais, renda familiar, tipos de investimentos nas práticas culturais citadas anteriormente sinalizam para a possibilidade de tais estudantes pertencerem a grupos sociais privilegiados não apenas economicamente. Os resultados apontam também o fato de que a diversidade de práticas culturais realizadas pelos estudantes se relaciona a uma maior amplitude de opções quanto às instituições pretendidas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os diários de escrita íntima constituem tipo de texto do domínio confessional. Apresentam narrativas pessoais com características específicas ao gênero, como datação, marcas de subjetividade, escrita informal e coloquialidade. Durante muitos anos, eram escritos em cadernos e guardados a sete chaves por seus autores para que não fossem lidos por outras pessoas. Por volta dos anos 80, surgiram as agendas de adolescentes. Aproveitando o modelo pré-definido industrialmente, as agendas eram preenchidas dia a dia, como um diário, mas com a novidade do acréscimo de elementos semióticos, como fotos, papéis de bala, recortes de revistas, entre outros. Além disso, traziam como diferencial a presença de um leitor participativo: os textos eram compartilhados com amigos, e bilhetes e comentários eram escritos nas páginas das agendas. Com o advento da Internet, o diário e a agenda se fundem no blog que aproveita os recursos do suporte virtual para tornar o gênero interativo, hipertextual e multimídia, acentuando o processo de leitura e de escrita nos jovens produtores de blogs. Paralelamente, a escrita se torna grande ferramenta de comunicação no ambiente virtual, adquirindo características peculiares em função da rapidez na comunicação e da economia de digitação. A partir da teoria de Bakthin sobre gêneros do discurso e do conceito de gêneros digitais de Marcuschi, a pesquisa apresenta como objeto perceber e elencar categorias pertinentes aos gêneros diário e blog para analisá-las e compará-las, na intenção de mapear um possível percurso dos diários aos blogs de adolescentes, discutindo o contraste público-privado na escrita íntima, bem como suas principais marcas linguísticas, percebendo vantagens e desvantagens de sua utilização como ferramenta auxiliar no processo de aprendizagem da escrita e da leitura de Língua Portuguesa. A pesquisa foi motivada pela discussão de que a escrita digital pode prejudicar o desenvolvimento da produção textual de jovens em formação, o que não se confirmou, visto que a estrutura sintática da língua se mantém, e que a variação acontece apenas no nível vocabular, não interferindo na comunicação. Os resultados apontam para a utilização de blogs na educação como complementação do material pedagógico e como incentivo à leitura, à escrita, à construção da argumentação e do posicionamento crítico, aproximando a escola da vida cotidiana dos estudantes / Intimate writing diaries represent a text of a confessional nature. They show personal narratives with specific characteristics of the genre, with dates, subjective marks, informal writing and colloquialism. For years they were written in notebooks and locked up and hidden by the authors so no one else would read them. Around the 80s, the adolescent planners came out. Using an industrially predefined model, the planners were filled out every day as a diary, but included new semiotic elements, such as photos, candy wraps, magazine clips, among others. They also differed in the presence of a participative reader: the texts were shared with friends, and notes and comments were written in the planner pages. With the arrival of the Internet, the diary and planner merged into the blog, which uses virtual resources to become an interactive, hypertext, and multimedia genre, emphasizing the reading and writing process for young blog producers. At the same time, writing is the major communication tool in the virtual environment, acquiring peculiar characteristics due to a faster communication and less typing. According to Bakthins theory on the discourse genres and Marcuschis digital genre concept, the purpose of this study is to perceive and bring out categories inherent to the diary and blog genres to analyze and compare them with the purpose of mapping a potential route for planners and blogs of teenagers, discussing the public-private contrast in intimate writing as well as their main linguistic features, noticing the advantages and disadvantages of their use as an auxiliary tool in the learning process of writing and reading in the Portuguese language. The study was motivated by the debate that digital writing can harm the development of text production of young adults, which was not observed, since the syntax structure is maintained and the variation occurs in the vocabulary, which doesnt interfere with communication. The results point at the use of blogs in education as a supplement to the learning material and as an incentive to reading, writing, building critical argumentation and standpoint, bringing the students closer to the daily school of life

L’étude des différentes représentations des femmes, qu’elles interviennent à un niveau social, corporel ou encore linguistique, amène, dans le contexte littéraire, à interroger le concept d’identité. Ce « mot-valise », au sens de Jean Petitot-Cocorda, appartient au patriarcat, ce qui signifie que la notion d’identité elle-même a été pensée, élaborée par les hommes pour les hommes, que le mot même d’’identité appartient à l’univers sémantique masculin. Lorsque nous cherchons à définir l’identité féminine, nous sommes pris au piège de la langue élaborée par le patriarcat, car la notion d’identité fonctionne pour le Masculin, et ne peut donc pas, dans une approche qui revendique l’autonomie, être signifiante pour les femmes puisqu’elle n’a pas été pensée pour elles. Il y a une forme d’impasse à rechercher une identité stable et universalisable des femmes. Le présent travail de thèse se propose d’explorer les différents prismes sous lesquels des auteures francophones mettent en tension le Féminin afin de repenser le concept même d’identité depuis les années 1950, i.e. après la publication du Deuxième sexe (1949) de Simone de Beauvoir, qui marque la genèse des études anti-essentialistes. Dans le panorama de la terminologie critique utilisée dans les études du genre, les Gender studies, c’est la Littérature de femmes qui nous intéresse : elle consiste en la revendication d’identités des femmes qui leur soit propre, selon une perspective féministe différentialiste. Les auteures relevant de cette catégorie tendent à analyser une transcription du Féminin dans le texte, à l’y incarner, par le biais d’une esthétique spécifique. Ainsi, l’identité féminine littéraire consiste en une polysémie, une pluralité, préparant une identité « ouverte », inscrite « activement » dans les textes par les auteures (les thématiques traitées, les structures narratives...). Elle s'y inscrit aussi « passivement », par exemple par l’usage féminin de la langue, la présence du corps de l'auteure dans le texte. Il s’agit de déplacer les perspectives féministes pour en arriver à une circonscription féminine plus globale dans laquelle texte et auteure seraient indissociables. Les auteures étudiées, Corinna S. Bille, Nina Bouraoui, Assia Djebar, Jacqueline Harpman, Anne Hébert, Alice Rivaz, Gabrielle Roy et Marguerite Yourcenar, tendent à développer une véritable esthétique littéraire qui se place en faux par rapport à la logique sociale totalisante. Dans cette perspective, les femmes ne sont pas ramenées, réduites, à leur essence, c’est-à-dire à leur sexe biologique. Le Féminin, tel que l’envisagent nos auteures, est le produit d’une réflexion, d’une exploration du Moi, qui va des problématiques sociétales traditionnelles, représentées sous l’angle des thématiques abordées, à l’investissement d’une langue d’expression innovante et dépassant les clivages classiques autour du binôme « Masculin / Féminin ».Il ne s’agit plus, pour lors, de s’approprier la « langue de l’autre », mais bien de trouver la sienne propre. Nous sommes loin de l’archétype patriarcal qui bâtit et préétablit à l’existence et à l’écriture, les identités figées et prescrites des femmes. Comme nous le verrons, ces identités ne s’inscrivent plus dans une invariance de l’objet « femmes », mais les fondent souverainement dans leurs œuvres et par leurs écritures. Elles participent ainsi activement à une nouvelle définition de leur genre. Le déficit identitaire se comble par le recours aux caractéristiques féminines (oralité, nature, sexualité, etc.) différentes pour accéder à un tout définitoire ; dans ce corpus, il ne s’agit plus d’écrire comme ou contre les hommes, mais de s’émanciper de la langue patriarcale en incorporant les éléments textuels et linguistiques qui participent à la construction d’identités féminines composites. / The study of different representations, whether at a social, body or linguistic level, leads us to question the very concept of identity in literature. That “portmanteau word” – “mot-valise” in the meaning set out by Jean Petitot-Cocorda – belongs to Patriarchy, which means that the notion of identity itself has been (culturally) constructed by men for men, and the very word identity belongs to the semantic and existentialist masculine world. When we try to define feminine/female identity, we are trapped by the language constructed by patriarchal culture: the notion of identity is relevant for the Masculine and cannot be autonomously applied to women, since it has not been thought out for them in the first place. Therefore we reach a deadlock, as it were, when seeking a fixed, universal identity of women. This thesis will explore the different prisms through which French-speaking female writers put women’s identities into words and set them into tension so as to rethink the very concept of identity. Such process started in the 1950s with the publication of Le Deuxième sexe (1949) by Simone de Beauvoir, which marked the beginning of anti-essentialist studies.In the panorama of the terminology used in Gender studies, our attention will focus on Women’s literature, which implies claiming the existence of specific women’s identities from a differentialist feminist viewpoint. Female writers belonging to that category tend to analyze how the Feminine is conveyed into words in the text, to embody it, through a peculiar aesthetic. Thus woman’s identity in literature is based on polysemy and plurality, leading to an “open” identity, inscribed “actively” in the text by women writers (themes, narrative structures, etc.) and “passively” (for example, through a feminine use of language, the presence of the female writer’s body in the text, etc.). We have to shift feminist perspectives in order to achieve a more comprehensive feminine definition, in which text and writer are indissociable.The female authors included in our corpus (Corinna S. Bille, Nina Bouraoui, Assia Djebar, Jacqueline Harpman, Anne Hébert, Alice Rivaz, Gabrielle Roy and Marguerite Yourcenar) strive to develop a real literary aesthetic which is at odds with a rule-complying social model. From that viewpoint, women are not reduced to their essence, that is to their biological sex. The Feminine, as it is considered by our authors, is the result of a process of reflection and self-exploration, involving traditional societal issues (as figured in the themes dealt with), as well as an innovative literary language, capable of going beyond the classical dichotomy between masculine and feminine.Therefore, the aim is no longer to take possession of the “language of the other”, but to find one’s own. Therefore, we are distant from the patriarchal archetype constructing, and pre-establishing, fixed identities for women’s existence and writing. As we will see, such identities are no longer inscribed in the tradition of the objects “women”: they try to forge a new object in their writing, and in so doing they end up redefining their genre. In order to make up for the lack of “identity landmarks”, they resort to specific feminine features (oral language, nature, sexuality, etc.) so as to reach a definition of a Whole. The aim is no longer to write like men or against men, but to write women out of the patriarchal language by introducing in their texts those feminine elements capable of building a multifaceted feminine identity.