Syftet med denna etnografiska studie var att få större förståelse för hur hundägare samspelar med sina hundar och hur de tillskriver könsroller på sina hundar i sociala interaktioner. Studien baserades på deltagande observationer med hundägare och deras hundar när de besökte en hundrastplats i en medelstor stad i Sverige. Studien genomfördes med ett symbolisk interaktionistiskt perspektiv samt ett socialkonstruktivistiskt genusperspektiv där det hävdas att individen skapas genom sociala interaktioner. Resultatet visade att många hundägare har förväntningar på hur deras hundar skall uppföra sig efter mänskliga könsroller. Det var mer accepterat att en tik uppvisade ett stereotypiskt manligt beteende än att en hane uppvisade stereotypiskt feminina beteenden. De kvinnliga hundägarna tenderade att behandla sina hundar som barn, medan män tenderade att behandla hundarna som sina kompisar samt uppvisade en mer stoisk relation till hundarna. Studien visade även att hundägare gärna beskriver sina hundar i könade termer som bygger på mänskliga uppfattningar. Analysen koncentrerar sig på samspelet mellan hundägare och deras hundar för att öka förståelsen för hur hundägare tillskriver könsroller till sina hundar. / The purpose of this ethnographic study was to gain deeper knowledge of how dog owners interact with their dogs and how they ascribe gender roles on their dogs in social interaction. The study was based on participant observation with dog owners and their dogs when they visited a dog resting area in a medium sized city in Sweden. The study was conducted with a symbolic interactionist perspective, and from a social constructivist gender perspective, which states that the individual is created through social interactions. The results showed that many dog owners have expectations for how their dogs should behave according to human gender roles. It was more accepted that a female dog displayed a stereotypical male behavior than a male displaying stereotypically feminine behaviors. The female dog owners tended to treat their dogs like children, while men tended to treat the dogs as their friends and displayed a more stoic relationship to the dogs. The study also showed that dog owners happily describe their dogs in gendered terms, which are based on human perceptions. The analysis concentrates on the interplay between dog owners and their dogs to increase understanding of how dog owners ascribe gender roles to their dogs.

The purpose of this text is to contribute to theunderstanding of a specific academic discipline (in Swedishcalled Ekonomistyrning). Another purpose is to contribute to arenewal of this field. Theoretical bases are theories from thesociological field like new institutional theory and theoriesof social constructions. The text consists of two parts. Thefirst part is about the academic discipline and the second isabout newer practices and a renewal of the discipline. In thefirst part twelve prominent academics give their views ofdifferent aspects of the discipline. The images are groupedtogether in different categories and also discussed from aninstitutional theory point of view. The second part puts focuson the pragmatic orientation in theory and on two kinds ofnewer production in practice. Two companies that producetelevision programmes and four biotech-companies are described.Interpretations are made regarding the nature of theirmanagement and control activities. Contributions from the firstpart are that (1) there are two aspects of the discipline. Thefield has first of all a strong pragmatic orientation but alsosmall and growing academic influence. The limit (2) for what isconsidered ekonomistyrning are wider and not so obvious asbefore. Traditional parts of the discipline (3) like budgetinghave been questioned and reconsidered. Consultants (4) havecreated room for new concepts like JIT, BPR, TQM, BSC and SCMinside the discipline. Contributions from the second part arethat (1) individuals are self managed and guided by theirknowledge and that these companies use (2) a "new" kind ofmanagement systems like e.g. milestones. These kinds of newpractices give vital contributions to the discussion about arenewal of the discipline. Arguments are given (3) forregarding management and control as human activities ratherthan technical questions. This calls for an extended use of newmodels, of a different language and of new images based onsocial sciences. Keywords:Ekonomistyrning, Management Accounting,Management Control, Social Construction, Institutional theory,Images taken-for-granted. / <p>NR 20140805</p>

The thesis "Media Picture of a Teacher in the Czech Film in the Period Since 2000" is construed as one of a theoretical-empirical nature. Its theoretical part has set out two objectives. First, a process, through which media takes part in construing the reality and building up a discourse on the present teacher, is being described in such part. Another objective rests in a brief depiction of the current state of a teacher profession, and a description of the academic discourse, which is being presented by a pedagogical science with respect to a figure of the teacher. In addition, selected Czech films creating a media picture of the teacher that are subject to a critical discourse analysis in the empirically based part of the thesis are presented in the theoretical part thereof. Individual types of discourse, which these films propose with respect to a teacher, are being commented on at the conclusion of such thesis. Keywords media, teacher, Social Construction of Reality, film, discourse analysis, discourse

This thesis supplements existing literature by examining the relationship between institutional regulations and gendered assumptions about bodies. This thesis draws from feminist social constructionist perspectives and gendered organizational theories to explore the role of gendered body assumptions in the organizational framework of a hypermasculine political institution. Using the U.S. military as an illustrative example, this thesis studies military policies and rationales historically, focusing on the post-Vietnam accelerated inclusion of women, the increasing use of combat as a divisive component, and the gendered structural elements that are used to determine physical competence. Findings coincide with existing literature and suggest that social meanings relating to gender are a prominent influence in U.S. military policy historically and contemporarily, even when biological reasons are cited as justification. This research provides implications for understanding institutional, strategic use of gender and provides analysis of how physical bodies and accompanying social meanings are impacted by institutional goals.

Gender roles and the nature of heterosex have been clearly outlined in the literature as having a significant impact on both individuals and societies. Some debate has existed in the field of psychology as to the nature and origin of gender and gender roles. Furthermore, it is believed that the current South African context offers a rich source of material for debate and discussion around which social factors are impacting on gender role development and how. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the perceived origins of such gender roles the study explores qualitative accounts of the various social elements of both South African and international origin which individuals perceive as impacting on gender role ideology. Individual interviews were conducted with 8 participants (4 males and 4 females) between the ages of 20 and 30, who were either living with their partner at the time of the study or had co-habited before. While all social constructs identified in the study can be understood as impacting internalised notions of gender roles some factors appear to play a more significant role than others in creating knowledge around egalitarian roles rather than perpetuating less contemporary views or gender inequality. In particular culture, religion and the family were found to be sights of perpetuation of more traditional roles, while globalisation, education, media, work and urbanisation appeared to be significant constructs in creating more egalitarian gender role ideologies. Recommendations for future research include a closer examination of these relationships within broader realms of class, religion and age.

O presente estudo objetivou verificar como mulheres, atletas e ex-atletas, percebem-se em relação aos gêneros, expectativas, reconhecimentos, preconceitos e desigualdades sociais no meio esportivo; discutir sobre as percepções de gêneros, desigualdades e preconceitos como aspectos construídos socialmente e transferidos ao esporte. O grupo estudado foi composto por seis atletas e duas ex-atletas brasileiras das seguintes modalidades esportivas: judô, natação, futebol de campo, handebol e voleibol. Todas já haviam participado de pelo menos uma versão dos Jogos Olímpicos. O Instrumento utilizado foi a entrevista semi-estruturada. Os resultados revelaram que a categoria Desigualdades de Gêneros é predominante nas respostas das atletas e Igualdades de Gêneros estiveram mais presentes nas modalidades de voleibol e natação. A categoria Cobranças foi percebida pelas atletas igualmente para homens e mulheres. Na modalidade que possui uma tradicional atribuição de gênero como sendo ‘mais feminina’ (voleibol) as atletas discursaram de diferentemente daquelas que estão em meios esportivos característicos e tradicionalmente ‘mais masculinos’ (futebol de campo, handebol, judô) / The current study had as objectives: verify how women, athletes and former athletes perceive themselves in relation to gender, expectations, recognitions, prejudices and social inequalities and prejudices as aspects socially built up and transferred to sports. The group studied was composed by six Brazilian athletes and two Brazilian former athletes from the following sports: judo, swimming, soccer, handball and volleyball. All of them had already participated in at least one version of the Olympic Games. The instrument used was a semi-structured interview. The results revealed that the categories ‘Gender Inequalities’ prevails in the athletes answers an ‘Genders Equalities’ were more present in volleyball and swimming categories. The ‘Charges" category was equally perceived by the athletes for both men and women. In sport, which the traditional gender attribution is ‘more feminine’ (volleyball) the athletes lectured differently from those who are in characteristically ‘more male’ sports environments (soccer, handball and judo).

O presente estudo objetivou verificar como mulheres, atletas e ex-atletas, percebem-se em relação aos gêneros, expectativas, reconhecimentos, preconceitos e desigualdades sociais no meio esportivo; discutir sobre as percepções de gêneros, desigualdades e preconceitos como aspectos construídos socialmente e transferidos ao esporte. O grupo estudado foi composto por seis atletas e duas ex-atletas brasileiras das seguintes modalidades esportivas: judô, natação, futebol de campo, handebol e voleibol. Todas já haviam participado de pelo menos uma versão dos Jogos Olímpicos. O Instrumento utilizado foi a entrevista semi-estruturada. Os resultados revelaram que a categoria Desigualdades de Gêneros é predominante nas respostas das atletas e Igualdades de Gêneros estiveram mais presentes nas modalidades de voleibol e natação. A categoria Cobranças foi percebida pelas atletas igualmente para homens e mulheres. Na modalidade que possui uma tradicional atribuição de gênero como sendo ‘mais feminina’ (voleibol) as atletas discursaram de diferentemente daquelas que estão em meios esportivos característicos e tradicionalmente ‘mais masculinos’ (futebol de campo, handebol, judô) / The current study had as objectives: verify how women, athletes and former athletes perceive themselves in relation to gender, expectations, recognitions, prejudices and social inequalities and prejudices as aspects socially built up and transferred to sports. The group studied was composed by six Brazilian athletes and two Brazilian former athletes from the following sports: judo, swimming, soccer, handball and volleyball. All of them had already participated in at least one version of the Olympic Games. The instrument used was a semi-structured interview. The results revealed that the categories ‘Gender Inequalities’ prevails in the athletes answers an ‘Genders Equalities’ were more present in volleyball and swimming categories. The ‘Charges” category was equally perceived by the athletes for both men and women. In sport, which the traditional gender attribution is ‘more feminine’ (volleyball) the athletes lectured differently from those who are in characteristically ‘more male’ sports environments (soccer, handball and judo).

A área do conhecimento destinada ao estudo de políticas públicas assume uma grande relevância para a academia contemporânea, entre elas, as políticas públicas de educação apresentam forte apelo científico, em especial, no que se refere a processos que envolvam a busca pelo aprimoramento educacional das escolas do campo. Tais estudos são cada vez mais numerosos e significativos, e essa crescente se justifica em função da recente redescoberta da importância do ensino especializado para as ruralidades em um país de histórica vocação para o campo, de base econômica de origem agropastoril superlativa, onde tais circunstâncias passaram a exigir a formulação de políticas públicas mais adequadas. No entanto, a maioria das pesquisas aponta que as fracas condições socioeconômicas determinam resultados insatisfatórios. Desse modo, o propósito do estudo consiste em identificar as principais características presentes nas comunidades escolares do campo com bom desempenho em ensino, considerando o Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB). Para tanto, o estudo envolveu treze escolas do campo de elevado desempenho, identificadas pela técnica qualitativa TPCF (Target Population Change Framework), desenvolvida pelo pesquisador a partir da Teoria da Construção Social de Schneider e Ingram (1993). Os resultados apontam, particularmente, para a influência das ações dos gestores de políticas públicas na geração de efeitos positivos, mais do que as iniciativas restritas apenas aos protagonistas locais. Entretanto, constatou-se que em todas as escolas com \"bom desempenho\", segundo os critérios adotados, foi sempre imprescindível o engajamento da comunidade escolar, por meio de práticas aderentes à realidade, com a adoção de projetos culturais e educacionais expandidos à comunidade, ainda que esses estímulos apresentassem caráter predominantemente produtivista. Tais circunstâncias impõem uma reflexão sobre o futuro das escolas do campo quanto às orientações pedagógicas de fundo, isto é, de reprodução e servidão ao modelo histórico concentrador de ativos fundiários, ou libertário para uma sociedade que busca reduzir suas bases históricas de grandes distâncias socioeconômicas, também tão, ou ainda mais, presentes no contexto rural brasileiro. / The objective of this research is to identify the main reasons that lead the rural school communities to achieve good performance in education, considered the Basic Education Development Index (IDEB). This study is justified because it takes up the theme of public policies aiming to revitalize the set of rural schools, it is vital for a country still so economically designed for rural production. The method used was prepared by the author, and is called TPCF (Target Population Change Framework), developed from the theory of social construction of Schneider and Ingram (1993). Through qualitative approach pursues to analyze how changes occur in target populations, in this case, thirteen of the best rural schools in Brazil. The results reveal in particular that the influence of policymakers in the generation of positive effects is greater than the initiatives of local actors, however it was found that in all schools with \"good performance\" according to the criteria adopted, was always indispensable mobilization principal, teachers, families, students, and better, from all those, proving the fundamental condition of the school community engagement through adhering practices to reality with the adoption of cultural and educational projects expanded the community, even if those stimuli presented predominantly productivity character. Such circumstances impose a reflection on the future of rural schools as the pedagogical guidelines, that is, the historical model hub replication of land assets, as opposed to libertarian thought, for a society that intends to reduce large socioeconomic distances, as visible in the Brazilian rural areas.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la contribution des recherches visant à recenser les conditions permettant de prévenir durablement les troubles musculo-squelettiques et psycho-sociaux dans les entreprises. Nous nous sommes interrogés sur la façon de créer les conditions de la mobilisation d'acteurs internes à un établissement, facteur d'efficacité des interventions, en vue de permettre la construction sociale de la prévention des troubles musculo-squelettiques et psycho-sociaux. Pour faire cela, nous avons suivis le déploiement d'une démarche de prévention des risques professionnels en milieu de soins appelée ORSOSA. Nous avons analysé qualitativement l'activité d'acteurs d'horizons et de niveaux hiérarchiques différents durant le déploiement d'une démarche de prévention primaire. Nos résultats nous amènent à identifier quatre catégories de conditions permettant la mobilisation des acteurs lors du déploiement d'une démarche préventive : en lien avec le contexte organisationnel, les stratégies utilisées par l'intervenant, le lien effectué par les acteurs internes entre leur activité individuelle et la démarche mise en œuvre et enfin le développement de l'activité collective. L'apport de cette thèse est à la fois de proposer une nouvelle méthodologie mais aussi un regard renouvelé aux praticiens et aux chercheurs, afin de mieux mobiliser des acteurs et ce le plus en amont possible lors du déploiement d'une démarche préventive. / This thesis aims to contribute to research aimed at identifying the conditions to sustainably prevent musculoskeletal and psychosocial disorders in companies. We brought into question how to create the conditions for the mobilization of stakeholders within an establishment, a factor for effective interventions, in order to enable the social construction of the prevention of musculoskeletal and psycho-social disorders. To do this, we followed the deployment of professional risk prevention approach in health care called ORSOSA. We qualitatively analyzed the activity of players backgrounds and different hierarchical levels during the deployment of a primary prevention approach. Our results suggest four categories of conditions for the mobilization of stakeholders when deploying a preventive approach: the organizational context, the strategies used by the practitioner, the link made by the internal stakeholders between their individual activity and gait implementation and finally the development of collective activity. The contribution of this thesis is to offer both a new methodology as well as a renewed overview to better mobilize stakeholders as early as possible when deploying a preventive approach, both to practitioners and researchers.

This dissertation explores the lives of baby boomers turning sixty as they use narrative to review their past by focusing on turning points. They reflect upon their present, and anticipate their future. The story begins at the St. Pius X High School Class of 1965's fortieth reunion, and proceeds to a class sixtieth birthday celebration and focus group. In addition, five members of the class record their life stories retrospectively. This research explores issues of identity, both personal and generational; the social construction of aging; grief, loss and death; and resilience, meaning, and spirituality. Methods used are autoethnography, narrative, participant observation, and writing as inquiry.