[pt] Tabelas são uma forma bastante comum de organizar e publicar dados. Por exemplo, a Web possui um enorme número de tabelas publicadas em HTML, embutidas em documentos em PDF, ou que podem ser simplesmente baixadas de páginas Web. Porém, tabelas nem sempre são fáceis de interpretar pois possuem uma grande variedade de características e são organizadas de diversas formas. De fato, um grande número de métodos e ferramentas foram desenvolvidos para interpretação de tabelas. Esta dissertação apresenta a implementação de um algoritmo, baseado em Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), para classificar as linhas de uma tabela em linhas de cabeçalho, linhas de dados e linhas de metadados. A implementação é complementada por dois algoritmos para reconhecimento de tabelas em planilhas, respectivamente baseados em regras e detecção de regiões. Por fim, a dissertação descreve os resultados e os benefícios obtidos pela aplicação dos algoritmos a tabelas em formato HTML, obtidas da Web, e a tabelas em forma de planilhas, baixadas do Web site da Agência Nacional de Petróleo. / [en] Tables are widely adopted to organize and publish data. For example, the Web has an enormous number of tables, published in HTML, imbedded in PDF documents, or that can be simply downloaded from Web pages. However, tables are not always easy to interpret because of the variety of features and formats used. Indeed, a large number of methods and tools have been developed to interpret tables. This dissertation presents the implementation of an algorithm, based on Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), to classify the rows of a table as header rows, data rows or metadata rows. The implementation is complemented by two algorithms for table recognition in a spreadsheet document, respectively based on rules and on region detection. Finally, the dissertation describes the results and the benefits obtained by applying the implemented algorithms to HTML tables, obtained from the Web, and to spreadsheet tables, downloaded from the Brazilian National Petroleum Agency.

Spreadsheets compose a valuable and notably large dataset of documents within many enterprise organizations and on the Web. Although spreadsheets are intuitive to use and equipped with powerful functionalities, extraction and transformation of the data remain a cumbersome and mostly manual task. The great flexibility they provide to the user results in data that is arbitrarily structured and hard to process for other applications. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture that combines supervised layout inference and multimodal candidate classification to allow knowledge base augmentation from arbitrary spreadsheets. In our design, we consider the need for repairing misclassifications and allow for verification and ranking of ambiguous candidates. We evaluate the performance of our system on two datasets, one with single-table spreadsheets, another with spreadsheets of arbitrary format. The evaluation result shows that the proposed system achieves similar performance on single-table spreadsheets compared to state-of-the-art rule-based solutions. Additionally, the flexibility of the system allows us to process arbitrary spreadsheet formats, including horizontally and vertically aligned tables, multiple worksheets, and contextualizing metadata. This was not possible with existing purely text-based or table-based solutions. The experiments demonstrate that it can achieve high effectiveness with an F1 score of 95.71 on arbitrary spreadsheets that require the interpretation of surrounding metadata. The precision of the system can be further increased by applying candidate schema-matching based on semantic similarity of column headers. / Kalkylblad består av ett värdefullt och särskilt stort datasätt av dokument inom många företagsorganisationer och på webben. Även om kalkylblad är intuitivt att använda och är utrustad med kraftfulla funktioner, utvinning och transformation av data är fortfarande en besvärlig och manuell uppgift. Den stora flexibiliteten som de ger användaren resulterar i data som är godtyckligt strukturerade och svåra att bearbeta för andra applikationer. I det här förslaget föreslår vi en ny arkitektur som kombinerar övervakad layoutinferens och multimodal kandidatklassificering för att tillåta kunskapsbasförstärkning från godtyckliga kalkylblad. I vår design överväger vi behovet av att reparera felklassificeringar och möjliggöra verifiering och rangordning av tvetydiga kandidater. Vi utvärderar systemets utförande på två datasätt, en med singeltabellkalkylblad, en annan med kalkylblad av godtyckligt format. Utvärderingsresultatet visar att det föreslagna systemet uppnår liknande prestanda på singel-tabellkalkylblad jämfört med state-of-the-art regelbaserade lösningar. Dessutom tillåter systemets flexibilitet oss att bearbeta godtyckliga kalkylark format, inklusive horisontella och vertikala inriktade tabeller, flera kalkylblad och sammanhangsförande metadata. Detta var inte möjligt med existerande rent textbaserade eller tabellbaserade lösningar. Experimenten visar att det kan uppnå hög effektivitet med en F1-poäng på 95.71 på godtyckliga kalkylblad som kräver tolkning av omgivande metadata. Systemets precision kan ökas ytterligare genom att applicera schema-matchning av kandidater baserat på semantisk likhet mellan kolumnrubriker.

Thesis (PhD)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The teaching and learning of algebra in the middle school grades in Lesotho is dominated by the mechanistic approach where learners are drilled on procedures for solving certain types of problems in algebra, without making any connection to the experience learners had with arithmetic. This is one of the sources of learners’ difficulties in mathematics. Research indicates that use of spreadsheets such as Excel has a potential of bridging the gap between arithmetic and algebra and thus enhancing the teaching and learning of algebra, making it meaningful to the learners. The study sought to answer the question: How do Grade 9 learners in Lesotho experience teaching and learning of algebra through Excel spreadsheets? The research commenced with a literature review that was followed by the empirical study. The theories of instrumental genesis and instrumental orchestration were identified as the framework for the investigation. Instrumental genesis is the process in which learners develop facility with the artifact as they use it towards achieving lesson objectives; technical (conceptual, mechanical) and personal (attitudes, behavior and preferred learning styles) aspects of learners’ experiences were identified. Instrumental orchestration is the steering of learners’ instrumental genesis by the teacher and the manner in which this process is carried out, depends on the teacher’s Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK). The research was a multi-case study following a mixed-methods approach, where both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The empirical study was conducted in two schools in Lesotho. In each school, fifteen learners volunteered participation. The investigation was done through classroom teaching by me as the researcher. The focus was on what challenges learners encountered and how they benefited from their “spreadsheets algebra” learning experience. Data were collected through classroom observations where field notes were recorded and an observation schedule was used by the researcher and the Assistant Observer respectively. A questionnaire was also administered to all learner participants after the whole teaching period. Six learners, representative of high, medium and low performances in class, were also interviewed with a goal of finding out their experiences. The Assistant Observer was also interviewed to reduce the bias that may result from to the researcher studying her own practice The study found that learners experiences with learning algebra through spreadsheets, comprised of both challenges and benefits. The challenges encountered by learners could be classified into those that were school-based and those that were instruction-based. The school-based challenges related to inadequate physical structures and lack of well-functioning equipment in the computer laboratories. Instruction-based challenges encountered by learners were both technical and personal. Technical challenges related to the physical manipulation of the artifact and the lack of understanding of concepts involved, where the spreadsheets meet the algebra. Personal challenges related to learners’ attitude and behavior towards use of spreadsheets for algebra teaching and learning. While school authorities could address some of the challenges, it was found that both the teacher and learners could initiate strategies that could be used to overcome the instruction-based challenges. Teaching strategies such as “technical-demo”, “explain-the-screen”, “discuss-the–screen”, “link-screen-board” and “spot-and-show” (building on learners’ responses), and the general organization of classroom environment were helpful in orchestrating algebra learning within the spreadsheets. It was also found that use of spreadsheets had both cognitive and affective values for the learners. Even though use of spreadsheets may benefit both teachers and learners in algebra teaching and learning, implementation of the practice would require critical considerations in terms of teacher preparation and infra-structural improvements in the schools. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderrig en leer van algebra in die middelbare skoolgrade in Lesotho word oorheers deur die meganiese benadering waarvolgens leerders gedril word in prosedures om oplossings vir sekere tipe algebraprobleme te vind en die ervaring wat leerders in rekenkunde opgedoen het, nie daarmee in verband gebring word nie. Dit is een van die oorsake waarom leerders met wiskunde sukkel. Navorsing toon dat die gebruik van sigblaaie soos Excel moontlik die gaping tussen rekenkunde en algebra kan oorbrug, en dat die onderrig en leer van algebra daardeur kan verbeter, wat dit sinvol vir leerders sal maak. Die studie was daarop gemik om ’n antwoord op die volgende vraag te vind: Hoe ervaar graad 9-leerders in Lesotho die onderrig en leer van algebra deur middel van Excel-sigblaaie? Die navorsing het met ’n literatuuroorsig begin en is deur ’n empiriese studie opgevolg. Die teorieë instrumentele genese en instrumentele orkestrasie is uitgewys as die raamwerk vir die ondersoek. Instrumentele genese is die proses waarvolgens leerders bedrewenheid in die produk ontwikkel namate hulle dit gebruik om lesdoelstellings te bereik; tegniese (konseptuele, meganiese) en persoonlike (ingesteldheid, gedrag en voorkeurleerstyle) aspekte van leerders se ervarings is geïdentifiseer. Instrumentele orkestrasie is die stuur van leerders se instrumentele genese deur die onderwyser; en die wyse waarop hierdie proses uitgevoer word, hang van die onderwyser se Tegnologiese Pedagogiese Inhoudskennis (TPCK) af. Die navorsing het ’n meervoudige gevallestudie gebruik en ’n gemengde metodebenadering is gevolg, terwyl beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe metodes gebruik is. Die empiriese studie is in twee skole in Lesotho uitgevoer. Vyftien leerlinge uit elke skool het vrywillig deelgeneem. Die ondersoek is by wyse van klaskameronderrig deur my as die navorser gedoen. Daar is gefokus op die uitdagings wat leerders teëgekom het en hoe hulle by die “sigbladalgebra”-leerervaring gebaat het. Data is aan die hand van klaskamerwaarnemings versamel, waar veldnotas afgeneem is en ’n waarnemingskedule onderskeidelik deur die navorser en die assistentwaarnemer gebruik is. ’n Vraelys is na die volle onderrigtydperk by al die leerderdeelnemers afgeneem. Onderhoude is gevoer met ses leerders, wat hoë, medium en lae prestasies in die klaskamer verteenwoordig, met die doel om hulle ervarings te bekom. ’n Onderhoud is ook met die Assistentwaarnemer gevoer om vooroordeel, deurdat die navorser moontlik haar eie praktyk kon bestudeer, te verminder. Die studie het bevind dat leerders se ervarings met die leer van algebra deur middel van sigblaaie uitdagings sowel as voordele inhou. Die uitdagings wat leerders teëgekom het, kan onderskeidelik as skoolgebaseerde uitdagings en onderrig-gebaseerde uitdagings geklassifiseer word. Die skoolgebaseerde uitdagings hou verband met onvoldoende fisiese strukture en ’n gebrek aan behoorlik funksionerende toerusting in die rekenaarlaboratoriums. Die onderrig-gebaseerde uitdagings vir leerders is beide tegnies en persoonlik. Tegniese uitdagings hou verband met die fisiese manipulering van die produk en ’n gebrek aan begrip ten opsigte van die betrokke konsepte, naamlik waar die verband tussen die sigblaaie en algebra bestaan. Persoonlike uitdagings hou verband met leerders se ingesteldheid en gedrag rakende die gebruik van sigblaaie by die onderrig en leer van algebra. Alhoewel die skoolowerhede bepaalde uitdagings kan aanspreek, is daar bevind dat onderwysers sowel as leerders strategieë kan aanvoor om onderrig-gebaseerde uitdagings te oorkom. Onderrigstrategieë soos “tegniese demo”, “verduidelik die skerm”, “bespreek die skerm”, “koppel-skerm-bord” en “vind-en-wys” (wat op leerders se reaksie voortbou), asook die algemene organisasie van die klaskameromgewing, dra tot die orkestrasie van algebraonderrig met die sigblaaie by. Daar is ook bevind dat die gebruik van sigblaaie kognitiewe sowel as affektiewe waarde vir die leerders inhou. Selfs al sou onderwysers en leerders voordeel uit die gebruik van sigblaaie in die onderrig en leer van algebra kon trek, sou die implementering van die praktyk kritiese oorwegings moet geniet ten opsigte van onderwyservoorbereiding en infrastruktuurverbetering by die skole.

The aim of this thesis is to create a collection of tasks that would address the students of secondary schools, secondary vocational schools and grammar schools by using a spreadsheet. Collection of tasks will respond to the theoretical background, which is mainly based on the requirements for the knowledge and skills to work with spreadsheets in the curricula of the Czech and Slovak secondary schools and ECDL standards. Other theoretical bases are the analysis of learning tasks in the books, a survey among secondary school teachers, through which we discover how the spreadsheet is used and what tasks the students dealt with this application. Collection of tasks will offer a wide range of tasks of varying difficulty allowing cross-curricular use. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Zweck - In dieser Bachelorarbeit werden die öffentlich nicht zugänglichen Technologieparameter von Passagierflugzeugen näherungsweise bestimmt. Das sind maximaler Auftriebsbeiwert bei Start und Landung, maximale Gleitzahl und spezifischer Kraftstoffverbrauch im Reiseflug. Folgende Flugzeuge werden paarweise untersucht und verglichen: A340-300 und IL-96-300, Boeing 727-200 Advanced und TU-154M, Fokker 100 und MD-82, A319-100 und An-72. --- Methodik - Die Berechnung erfolgt mit dem Excel-basierten Werkzeug "Passenger Jet Reverse Engineering" (PJRE). Grundlage der Berechnung ist die aus dem Flugzeugentwurf bekannte Dimensionierung mit dem Entwurfsdiagramm. Für die ausgewählten Passagierflugzeuge werden die erforderlichen Eingangsparameter recherchiert. Die zunächst unbekannten Technologieparameter werden dann mit PRJE sowohl ermittelt als auch verifiziert. --- Ergebnisse - Die Ergebnisse aus dem Reverse Engineering stimmen recht gut überein mit den Werten aus der Verifikation. Lediglich die Werte der maximalen Gleitzahl im Reiseflug sind berechnet aus der Verifikation oft deutlich höher als berechnet aus dem Reverse Engineering. Der spezifische Kraftstoffverbrauch im Reiseflug hat sich über die Jahrzehnte der Flugzeugentwicklung stark verringert. --- Bedeutung für die Praxis - Durch die Konkurrenzsituation der Flugzeughersteller können viele Flugzeugparameter nicht öffentlich zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Die Anwendung von PJRE zeigt, wie diese Parameter trotzdem näherungsweise ermittelt werden können. --- Soziale Bedeutung - Eine detaillierte Diskussion über Flugkosten, Ticketpreise und die Umweltverträglichkeit des Flugverkehrs setzt detaillierte Kenntnisse über die Flugzeuge voraus. Durch ein Reverse Engineering können Verbraucher diese Diskussion mit der Industrie auf Augenhöhe führen. --- Originalität / Wert - Nach der Entwicklung von PJRE wird die Methode hier zum ersten Mal angewandt.

No description available.

Construction sites are among the most common areas to experience soil erosion and sediment transport due to the mandatory foundation tasks such as excavation and land grubbing. Thus, temporary sediment barriers are installed along the perimeter to prevent sediment transport from the site. Erosion and sediment transport control measures may include, but not limited to, physical and chemical processes such as the use of a silt fence and polyacrylamide product. Runoff from construction sites and other impervious surfaces are routinely discharged into ponds for treatment before being released into a receiving water body. Stormwater harvesting from a pond for irrigation of adjacent lands is promoted as one approach to reducing pond discharge while supplementing valuable potable water used for irrigation. The reduction of pond discharge reduces the mass of pollutants in the discharge. In the dissertation, presented is the investigation of the effectiveness of temporary sediment barriers and then, development of a modeling approach to a stormwater harvesting pond to provide a comprehensive stormwater management pollution reduction assessment tool. The first part of the research presents the investigation of the performance efficiencies of silt fence fabrics in turbidity and sediment concentration removal, and the determination of flowthrough-rate on simulated construction sites in real time. Two silt fence fabrics, (1) woven and the other (2) nonwoven were subjected to material index property tests and a series of field-scale tests with different rainfall intensities and events for different embankment slopes on a tilting test-bed. Collected influent and effluent samples were analyzed for sediment concentration and turbidity, and the flow-through-rate for each fabric was evaluated. Test results revealed that the woven and nonwoven silt fence achieved 11 and 56 percent average turbidity reduction iv efficiency, respectively. Each fabric also achieved 20 and 56 percent average sediment concentration removal efficiency, respectively. Fabric flow-through-rates were functions of the rainfall intensity and embankment slope. The nonwoven fabric exhibited higher flow-throughrates than the woven fabric in both field-scale and laboratory tests. In the second part of the study, a Stormwater Harvesting and Assessment for Reduction of Pollution (SHARP) model was developed to predict operation of wet pond used for stormwater harvesting. The model integrates the interaction of surface water and groundwater in a catchment area. The SHARP model was calibrated and validated with actual pond water elevation data from a stormwater pond at Miramar Lakes, Miramar, Florida. Model evaluation showed adequate prediction of pond water elevation with root mean square error between 0.07 and 0.12 m; mean absolute error was between 0.018 and 0.07 m; and relative index of agreement was between 0.74 and 0.98 for both calibration and validation periods. The SHARP model is capable of assessing harvesting safe-yield and discharge from a pond, including the prediction of the percentage of runoff into a harvesting pond that is not discharged. The combination of silt fence and/or polyacrylamide PAM before stormwater harvesting pond in a treatment train for the reduction of pollutants from construction sites has the potential of significantly exceeding a performance standard of 85 percent reduction typically required by local authorities. In fact, the stringent requirement of equaling pre- and post-development pollutant loading is highly achievable by the treatment train approach. The significant contribution from the integration of the SHARP model to the treatment train is that real-time assessment of pollutant loading reduction by volume can be planned and controlled to achieve target performance standards.

No description available.

Purpose - Find optimal flight and design parameters for three objectives: minimum fuel consumption, Direct Operating Costs (DOC), and environmental impact of a passenger jet aircraft. --- Approach - Combining multiple models (this includes aerodynamics, specific fuel consumption, DOC, and equivalent CO2 mass) into one generic model. In this combined model, each objective's importance is determined by a weighting factor. Additionally, the possibility of further optimizing this model by altering an aircraft's wing loading is analyzed. --- Research limitations - Most models use estimating equations based on first principles and statistical data. --- Practical implications - The optimal cruise altitude and speed for a specific objective can be approximated for any passenger jet aircraft. --- Social implications - By using a simple approach, the discussion of optimizing aircraft opens up to a level where everyone can participate. --- Value - To find a general answer on how to optimize aviation, operational and design-wise, by using a simple approach.

This thesis explains how the classified design parameters of existing passenger jets can be determined. The classified design parameters are; the maximum lift coefficient for landing and take-off, the maximum aerodynamic efficiency and the specific fuel consumption. The entire concept is based on the preliminary sizing of jet powered civil aeroplanes. This preliminary sizing is explained in detail because it is the foundation of the final result. The preliminary sizing is combined using reverse engineering which is not a strict method. Therefore, only the basics are explained. By applying reverse engineering on the preliminary sizing and aiming for the classified design parameters as output, formulas are derived to calculate the maximum lift coefficients, the maximum aerodynamic efficiency and the specific fuel consumption. The goal is to calculate these parameters, using only aircraft specifications that are made public by the manufacturer. The calculations are complex with mutual relations, iterative processes and optimizations. Therefore, it is interesting to integrate everything in a tool. The tool is built in Microsoft Excel and explained in detail adding operating instructions. The program is executed for miscellaneous aeroplanes, supported with the necessary comments. Investigated aeroplanes are: Caravelle 10B (Sud-Aviation), Boeing 707-320C, BAe 146-200 (British Aerospance), A320-200 (Airbus), "The Rebel" (based on A320), Boeing SUGAR High, Boeing 747-400, Blended Wing Body VELA 2 (VELA) and Dassault Falcon 8X.