abstract: This document explores the presence of stereotype threat among college students training for careers in music. Beginning in the 1990s, an effort led by Claude M. Steele (social psychologist and professor emeritus at Stanford University) identified stereotype threat as an attribute to the underperformance of minority groups. Continued research has mainly focused on stereotype threat within the following contexts: female performance within science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) fields, African American performance on standardized tests, and European American performance in athletics. This document contains two pilot studies that strive to apply current stereotype threat research to the field of music education and music performance in order to ask the following questions: Does stereotype threat impact the education of underrepresented collegiate music students? Does stereotype threat heighten gender awareness of musicians when they enter the typical auditioning environment? The two pilot studies consist of the following: (1) a survey intended to analyze the possible impact of stereotype threat on music students’ interaction with their colleagues and music instructors and (2) a quantitative study that explores the presence of stereotype threat (among musicians) through the use of a word-fragment completion task administered immediately before a mock audition. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Music 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-11-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:37:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 toledo_lg_me_assis.pdf: 1138376 bytes, checksum: f5617b61ed338d61b753f1552b6b18b7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este estudo aborda o modo como estigmas e estereótipos a respeito das lesbianidades influenciam, na esfera da sexualidade, a vida de mulheres que se autodenominam lésbicas. Primeiramente, realizei uma retomada crítica sobre a história da construção desses estigmas e estereótipos para apreender as relações de poder que os sustentam até o presente. Entre estas, estão o machismo, fruto do viriarcado, e seus referentes de sustentabilidade, a saber, a heteronormatividade e o heterossexismo, enquanto formas de relação de poder que, independentemente do vínculo entre as pessoas, regulam a construção de suas identidades de gênero, sexuais e políticas a partir dos estigmas e estereótipos a elas aplicados. O estudo aponta que, em um contexto social machista, as mulheres que se relacionam eróticoafetivamente com outras mulheres permaneceram invisíveis, o que possibilitou a perpetuação de discursos homofóbicos a seu respeito, os quais se apresentam como inteligíveis para os padrões heteronormativos de relações entre as pessoas. Em um segundo momento, entrevistei cinco mulheres lésbicas (três de 18 a 25 anos e duas de 40 a 50 anos, residentes em Assis, interior do Estado de São Paulo, de classe média, de formação educacional até o ensino médio, sendo uma “mulata” e quatro brancas) com o objetivo de compreender como estigmas e estereótipos sobre as lesbianidades influenciam o discurso dessas mulheres no que diz respeito à construção de suas subjetivações. Os resultados apontam que essas mulheres foram (e ainda são) atravessadas pelos estigmas e estereótipos abordados e que há variações no modo como essas influências se deram, em razão da questão geracional e do modo como elaboram o luto da heterossexualidade. Espera-se que este trabalho possa... / This study approaches the ways that stigmas and stereotypes of lesbianity influence the sexuality realm of the lives of women who define themselves as lesbians. The study intended to understand how stigmas and stereotypes of lesbianity influence women's discourse regarding the construction of their subjectivations. I begin with a critical review of the history of the construction of those stigmas and stereotypes, so as to access the power relationships that perpetuate them to the present. Amongst these relationships, I found that the machismo, a result of the viriarcal system, is supported by heteronormativity and heterosexism. Independently of people's bonds and of the form of power relationships, both regulate the construction of these women's gender, sexual and political identities by means of the stigmas and stereotypes that are applied to them. My study suggests that, within a macho social context, women that relate to other women erotically and affectively remain invisible. Such invisibility not only perpetuates homophobic discourses, but it also makes heteronormativist pattern of relationships among people possible and intelligible. The study is grounded on the data collected by means of interviews with five middle class, high school graduated lesbians. Three of them were aged between 18 to 25, and two aged from 40 to 50 years old. Four were white and one was mulatto. The results suggest that these women's discourses are crossed by those stigmas and stereotypes. There are also variations in these influences due to generational issues and the ways they elaborate the mourning of their heterosexuality. The results of this study are... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

This study experimentally examines how Americans’ structural perceptions of people from China predict stereotypes and emotions toward them using the theoretical perspective of the Extended SCM. We first ran a pilot study to ensure that our manipulations of the structural perceptions of Chinese power, goal compatibility, and cultural status were effective. We then conducted a between-participants experiment in which 105 students from a small liberal arts college read pseudo-news article excerpts. These articles were used to manipulate the structural perceptions of Chinese power and Chinese cultural status while emphasizing a competitive relationship between the United States and China throughout all experimental conditions. We assessed the causal relationships between outgroup cultural status, the stereotype of morality, and the intergroup emotion of contempt, as well as the causal relationships between outgroup power, the stereotype of competence, and contempt. Through ANOVA and regression analyses, we found no significant effect of cultural status on morality or contempt and no significant effect of power on competence or contempt. We expect that the low mean level and variability of contempt expressed by participants (M = 1.31, SD = .55) limited the results of this experiment. Future studies should make structural perception stimuli more influential on participants by using well-known authority figures to present structural information of outgroups. Also, researchers should measure contempt using less intense emotions, such as disdain and disrespect, which may limit social desirability and positivity biases in self-report surveys.

O efeito placebo tem sua origem atrelada aos estudos ligados às ciências médicas e farmacológicas e, basicamente, consiste na capacidade de produtos inertes produzirem efeitos por meio do seu uso ou consumo. Esse efeito passou a fazer parte do escopo do Marketing em 2005, quando estudos mostraram a capacidade do preço gerar modificações sobre o desempenho de um produto. A ideia do efeito placebo desencadeado pelo preço dos produtos está ancorada no fato das crenças globais, que associam preço baixo a produtos de má qualidade, anteciparem as expectativas do consumidor acerca da resposta do produto e, a partir disso, alterarem o seu desempenho. Nessa mesma linha, o estereótipo do país de origem também se apresenta como uma crença global, em que produtos oriundos de países com estereótipo negativo são associados a produtos inferiores e de má qualidade. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa analisou a ocorrência do efeito placebo desencadeado pelo país de origem do produto, analisando, ainda, a interação da força das expectativas e do preço do produto na geração deste efeito. Para tanto, três estudos experimentais foram operacionalizados. O primeiro estudo apresentou as testagens iniciais sobre o efeito placebo gerado pelo país de origem e mostrou que o país de origem com estereótipo negativo é capaz de gerar um efeito placebo negativo sobre o desempenho do produto. Não foi identificado, no entanto, a ocorrência de efeito placebo gerado pelo estereótipo positivo do país de origem. No segundo estudo, analisou-se o efeito placebo do país de origem em cenário de alta e baixa expectativa. Como resultado, obteve-se, em cenário de baixa expectativa, a ocorrência de efeito placebo negativo gerado pelo estereótipo negativo do país de origem. Já em cenário de alta expectativa, os resultados indicam que o fortalecimento das expectativas eliminou o efeito placebo negativo e, além disso, promoveu a ocorrência de um efeito placebo positivo gerado pelo estereótipo positivo do país de origem. O último estudo observou a interação do país de origem e do preço do produto sobre a geração de efeito placebo. Os resultados mostram que, em cenário de preço baixo, há efeito placebo negativo gerado pelo país de origem com estereótipo negativo, mas não foi observada a ocorrência de efeito placebo positivo gerado pelo estereótipo positivo do país de origem. Já, em cenário de preço alto, não se observou a ocorrência de nenhum efeito placebo, nem positivo, nem negativo. Ou seja, o preço elevado do produto foi capaz de anular o efeito placebo negativo gerado pelo estereótipo negativo do produto, mostrando a capacidade do preço em compensar os efeitos negativos causados pelo país de origem com imagem desfavorável. Com base nisso, os achados desta tese contribuem para o avanço teórico dos estudos sobre efeito placebo em Marketing, uma vez que adicionam o país de origem como um elemento gerador deste tipo de efeito e, ao analisar a interação do país de origem com o fortalecimento das expectativas e o preço do produto, confirmam as bases conceituais sobre a relação entre esses elementos. Além disso, seus achados, em termos gerenciais, podem promover reflexões por parte das organizações que compõem o seu mix de produtos com bens importados e também que operaram no exterior e fazem investimentos externos diretos em diversas partes do mundo. / The placebo effect has its origin linked to studies related to medical and pharmacological sciences and basically consists in the ability of inert products to produce effects through its use or consumption. This effect became part of the Marketing scope in 2005 when studies showed the ability of pricing to generate changes on the performance of a product. The idea of the placebo effect triggered by product price is anchored on the fact that global beliefs, which associate low price to low quality products, anticipate consumer expectations about the response of the product and, from there, change its performance. Along the same line, the stereotype of the country of origin also presents itself as a global belief in that products from countries with negative stereotypes are associated with inferior and bad quality products. Thus, this research analyzed the occurrence of the placebo effect triggered by the country of origin of the product, also analyzing the interaction of the strength of expectations and of product price in the generation of this effect. For this purpose, three experimental studies were operationalized. The first study presented initial testings on the placebo effect generated by the country of origin and showed that the country of origin with negative stereotypes is able to generate a negative placebo effect on product performance. However, the occurrence of the placebo effect generated by positive stereotypes in the country of origin was not identified. In the second study, the placebo effect of the country of origin in a scenario of high and low expectations was analyzed. As a result, in a scenario of low expectations, the occurrence of a negative placebo effect generated by the negative stereotype of the country of origin was obtained. However, in a scenario of high expectations, results indicate that the strengthening of the expectations eliminated a negative placebo effect and in addition, promoted the occurrence of a positive placebo effect generated by the positive stereotype of the country of origin. The last study observed the interaction of the country of origin and the price of the product upon the generation of the placebo effect. The results show that in a scenario of low price, there is a negative placebo effect generated by the country of origin with a negative stereotype, but the occurrence of a positive placebo effect generated by the positive stereotype of the country of origin was not observed. However, in a scenario of high prices, there was no occurrence of a placebo effect, whether positive or negative. In other words, the high price of the product was able to cancel the negative placebo effect generated by the negative stereotype of the product, showing the capacity of the price to compensate for the negative effects caused by the country of origin with an unfavorable image. Based on this, this thesis’ findings contribute to the theoretical progress on the studies about the placebo effect in Marketing, once the country of origin is added as a generating element of this type of effect, and when analyzing the interaction of the country of origin with the strengthening of expectations and the price of the product, the conceptual foundations about the relationship between these elements are confirmed. Moreover, its findings in management terms can promote reflections by organizations that compose the product mix with imported goods and also that operate overseas and make foreign direct investments in various parts of the world.

Esta dissertação aborda as práticas de produção da publicidade articuladas ao mundo social. O objetivo geral de pesquisa é compreender os tensionamentos da articulação da publicidade com a sociedade contemporânea no que tange aos estereótipos mobilizados na criação, segundo a perspectiva de publicitários atuantes em agências e produtoras audiovisuais em Porto Alegre/RS. Estamos considerando a publicidade como processo sociocultural e, por isso, nosso aporte teórico aborda a intersecção presente entre comunicação e cultura através de autores como Williams e Hall; para tratar a publicidade acionamos autores como Rocha, Piedras e Wottrich; as práticas de produção da publicidade por meio de autores como Hansen, Silva e Toaldo, Petermann e Rocha; e o estereótipo a partir de autores como Gastaldo, Johnson e Hall. No âmbito empírico, de vertente qualitativa, a unidade de pesquisa é constituída por quatro publicitários (profissionais de agências de publicidade e produtoras audiovisuais) com quem realizamos entrevistas semipadronizadas sucessivas. Além disso, consultamos dados secundários provenientes de fontes especializadas no mercado publicitário, do CONAR e da mídia em geral. Como resultados, emergiram aspectos que posicionam a publicidade contemporânea brasileira diante da questão do estereótipo, entre os interesses econômicos e as demandas sociais: a regulação como via pela qual o estereótipo historicamente entra em pauta na publicidade brasileira, o movimento sutil da publicidade global e local rumo ao enfrentamento da reprodução do estereótipo, os limites para mudança impostos pelos condicionamentos da produção institucionalizada e as demandas pela continuidade do debate a partir das questões que emergem do público e da sociedade civil. / This dissertation addresses the advertising production practices articulated to the social world. The general objective of the research is to understand the tensions between the articulation of advertising and contemporary society regarding the stereotypes mobilized in creation, according to the perspective of advertisers working in agencies and audiovisual producers in Porto Alegre / RS. We are considering advertising as a sociocultural process and, therefore, our theoretical contribution addresses the present intersection between communication and culture through authors such as Williams and Hall; to deal with advertising we trigger authors like Rocha, Piedras and Wottrich; the practices of production of advertising by authors such as Hansen, Silva and Toaldo, Petermann and Rocha; and the stereotype from authors like Gastaldo, Johnson and Hall. In the qualitative field, the research unit is made up of four publicity agents (professionals of advertising agencies and audiovisual producers) with whom we conduct successive semipadronized interviews. In addition, we consult secondary data from specialized sources in the advertising market, CONAR and the media in general. As results, emerged aspects that position the Brazilian contemporary advertising before the stereotype question, between the economic interests and the social demands: the regulation as the route through which the stereotype historically enters in the agenda in Brazilian publicity, the subtle movement of the global and local publicity the limits to change imposed by the constraints of institutionalized production, and the demands for the continuity of the debate from the issues that emerge from the public and from civil society.

The thesis called ``Illegible foreigners{\crqq} deals with the way Českobudějovické listy (renamed Českobudějovický deník in October 2006) presents minorities living in the Czech Republic. The thesis focuses on Romanies, the most frequently mentioned minority in this south Bohemia daily. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part outlines important theo-retical concepts that should explain the current situation of minorities as pre-sented in the south Bohemia daily. The main indicator of the relationship be-tween the media, minorities and the majority society are stereotypes, which can be positive or negative. The thesis lists the main stereotypical attributes as-cribed to minorities by the media and discusses the degree of objectivity in articles that mention minorities.The second part of the thesis uses specific arti-cles on minorities published from 1 January 2004 to 31 July 2006 in the south Bohemia daily to document whether minorities are depicted in a negative or positive way and whether the articles (journalists) are objective.

The world statistics state that 80% of the population encounter pains in the back. These problems were accelerated by modern times, that thanks, to the technical comfort, brought to many people health troubles resulting from the lack of exercise. I chose the subject {\clqq} Training of the back`` because I work as physiotherapist and the people feeling pains in the back belong to my profession every day. I occupy myself with the given problems. Considering the present state of the given problems, I concentrated on the most important connection concerning the training of the back. First, I described the backbone as a part of the locomotory system. Another guideline that was interconnection of muscular groups of the back, chest, abdomen and of the pelvis, that build the muscular corset. I described locomotory stereotypes and disorders there of in particular relations. Integral part of the present state that is the origin of the pain, its cause, diagnosis and therapy. In the theoretical part I dealt with general principles as to the training of the back and with the importance of this training for the therapy of vertebrogenous patients. The aim of the work and of the research was to discover whether a change in locomotory stereotypes before and after therapy took place at patients with pains in lumbosacral part of the backbone and to propose for three different professions the therapy inclusive of necessary regiment measures. The hypothesis was proclaimed that the therapy including also the training of the back will bring about the change locomotory habits of the patients. Secondary analysis of data from health documentation in combination with directly watching the patents were used as technology of the research. The last form of the research is the questionnaire interviewing of the patients suffering from pains in the lumbosacral part of the backbone. It concerns an integral research with prevailing technologies of quantitative research. The basic check group, that are clients of the physiotherapeutical clinic, who suffer from back pains in the lumbosacral part of the backbone. 100 patients altogether underwent the therapy. They were given the same number of questionnaires. All of them were returned. Theoretical questionnaire investigation was under way from October 2007 to March 2008. I used diagrams in processing the collected data and show the results in percentages. I chose three different professions in the course of therapy, and that secretary, forester and student doing sport and I proposed for them the therapy of back pain, that included also the training of their backs and regimen measures as pain prevention. The proclaimed hypothesis was confirmed in connection with the aim of the work. The research work, I carried out, present analysis of particular locomotory stereotypes. The results showed that locomotory habits had been improved after the therapy in direction to psychology. If the patients observe the stereotypes, they learnt and continue the physiotherapy, I chose, and the part of which is also the training of the back, helped not only the patients themselves, but that it brought benefit for the whole physiotherapeutical clinic. The work will be exploited for organization of seminars on the given place of work.

abstract: Despite a large body of research on stereotypes, there have been relatively few empirical investigations of the content of stereotypes about Native Americans. The primary goal of this research was to systematically explore the content of cultural stereotypes about Native Americans and how stereotypes about Native Americans differ in comparison to stereotypes about Asian Americans and African Americans. Building on a classic paradigm (Katz and Braly, 1933), participants were asked to identify from a list of 145 adjectives those words associated with cultural stereotypes of Native Americans and words associated with stereotypes of Asian Americans (Study 1) or African Americans (Study 2). The adjectives associated with stereotypes about Native Americans were significantly less favorable than the adjectives associated with stereotypes about Asian Americans, but were significantly more favorable than the adjectives associated with stereotypes about African Americans. Stereotypes about Native Americans, Asian Americans and African Americans were also compared along the dimensions of the stereotype content model (SCM; Fiske, et al., 2002), which proposes that stereotypes about social groups are based on the core dimensions of perceived competence, warmth, status, and competitiveness. Native Americans were rated as less competent, less of a source of competition, and lower in social status than Asian Americans, and less competent and lower in social status than African Americans. No significant differences were found in perceived warmth across the studies. Combined, these findings contribute to a better understanding of stereotypes about Native Americans and how they may differ from stereotypes about other racial groups. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Psychology 2013

The proposed studies will examine how higher education courses that include components from the discipline of ethnic studies may modify implicit stereotypic associations associated with race. In two studies, participants will complete a Race Implicit Association Test at different time points to measure how they associate Black and White people with either positive or negative qualities. The first study will focus on two methods of presenting information to participants. Participants will learn about a moment in American history either in factual or personal narrative form. The second study will examine if what participants learn from ethnic studies courses from different departments such as Africana, Chicanx/Latinx, and Asian American Studies can be generalized to stereotyping of Black and White people. Both studies will confirm that participants will start at the same level of stereotypic associations. However, the motivations behind the studies predict that implicit stereotyping will change after participants engage narrative, first person portrayals about a moment in history involving people of African descent. In addition, while some level of generalization is expected, participants in Africana studies course will show the greatest change. Keywords: Stereotype, Conceptual Associations, Education, Ethnic Studies

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o discurso político presidencial, a fim de identificar a construção da identidade que se faz da mulher brasileira do século XXI, observando a configuração de relações de poder entre a constituição desta identidade e o lugar de poder que Dilma Rousseff ocupa como Presidenta do país. O corpus da pesquisa constitui-se de transcrições das entrevistas veiculadas pelo programa radiofônico Café com a Presidenta, no período de 2011 e início de 2012. O embasamento teórico corresponde aos estudos de CHARAUDEAU (2006) para explorar a relação entre linguagem e discurso político. Para tratar das relações de poder estabelecida no e pelo discurso, selecionamos as pesquisas de van DIJK (1997, 2008) e de STOPPINO (1998). Em relação às questões sociais e identitárias sobre a mulher, valemo-nos dos estudos organizados por DEL PRIORE (2002) e PERROT (2010). Por fim, para tratar das questões identitárias e estereotípicas, embasamo-nos nos trabalhos desenvolvidos por WOODWARD (2003) e EMÍDIO E HASHIMOTO (2008). / This study aims to analyze the presidential political discourse, in order to identify the construction of the Brazilian women\'s identity on the 21st century, observing the configuration of power relations between the constitution of such identity and the place of power that Dilma Rousseff holds as President of the Brazil. The research corpus consists on transcripts of interviews aired by the radio program \"Café com a Presidenta\" (Coffee with the President), throughout 2011 and early 2012. Theoretical studies are based on CHARAUDEAU (2006) to explore the relation between language and political discourse. To explain power relations established on and by the discourse van DIJK (1997, 2008) and STOPPINO (1998) researches were used. When it comes to social issues and those concerning women\'s identity, studies conducted by DEL PRIORE (2002) and PERROT (2010) served as base for this paper. Finally, WOODWARD (2003) and EMÍDIO AND HASHIMOTO (2008) studies were used to talk about identity ans stereotypical issues.