Com a popularização da Web 2.0 e RIA - Rich Internet Applications, as aplicações web cada vez mais utilizam-se da linguagem JavaScript, para implementar recursos de interação sofisticados e complexos na plataforma da Web, visando atrair os usuários com experiências que agradem e atendam suas expectativas. Uma vez que esses recursos de RIA, muitas vezes, fornecem feedback visual de mudanças realizadas na interface, usuários que interagem com a Web por meio de Tecnologias Assistivas, como leitores de tela, não são capazes de identificar e interagir corretamente com os componentes de interface. Assim, a WAI - Web Accessibility Initiative propôs a especificação ARIA - Accessible Rich Internet Applications que determina um conjunto de propriedades que atribuem semântica aos elementos de um componente de interface (Widget), permitindo que as Tecnologias Assistivas identifiquem previamente o comportamento dos componentes de interface e informem o usuário sobre as alterações que possam ser realizadas na estrutura da página web. Nesse contexto, esta tese teve como objetivo elaborar estratégias de avaliação automática dos requisitos de acessibilidade da especificação ARIA. Foram elaboradas três diferentes abordagens para analisar os requisitos da especificação ARIA, utilizando a metodologia de pesquisa-ação com a condução de três ciclos das atividades de planejar, agir, descrever e avaliar. As abordagens foram desenvolvidas com base em Testes de Aceitação e verificações de características tecnológicas das aplicações web, considerando especificamente o modelo de interação de usuários deficientes visuais que utilizam leitores de tela. Cada uma das abordagens foi validada separadamente e os resultados apresentam tendências de que as estratégias são capazes de avaliar corretamente o comportamento esperado de uma aplicação rica de Internet acessível, segundo as recomendações ARIA para usuÁ¡rios deficientes visuais. As abordagens também apresentaram como contribuições: a inclusão do modelo de interação do usuário no processo de avaliação e levantamentos sobre os níveis de conformidade de aplicações web e bibliotecas JavaScript com a especificação ARIA. Os resultados obtidos a partir das abordagens propostas nesta tese contribuem para o processo de Engenharia Web de aplicações ricas de Internet acessíveis / With the increased popularity of the Web 2.0 and RIA - Rich Internet Applications, web applications rely more and more in JavaScript to implement richer and more complex interaction mechanisms in the Web platform. Since these mechanisms, frequently, generate dynamic updates to the DOM - Document Object Model structure of a webpage and require visual perception of users to notify them about these changes in the interface, users that interact with the Web through usage of Assistive Technologies such as a screen reader are not capable of correctly identifying and interacting with the interface components built with these technologies - the widgets. In this context, the WAI - Web Accessibility Initiative created the ARIA - Accessible Rich Internet Applications specification which describes the use of properties that add semantics to elements that compose a widget, allowing Assistive Technology to priorly identify the behavior of a widget and inform the user about changes that might be made to the DOM structure of the webpage. This thesis goal was to elaborate automatic evaluation strategies for accessibility requirements of the ARIA specification. Three evaluation strategies were elaborated following the research-action methodology with the conduction of three cycles of the activities of planning, acting, describing and evaluating. The strategies were implemented based in Acceptance Tests and verifications on specific details of the technology that compose web applications, considering specifically blind users interaction patterns through the use of screen readers. Each strategy was separately validated and the results show tendencies that the strategies were capable of correctly evaluating the behavior of web applications, considering their conformance with ARIA recommendations for blind users. The development and validation of the evaluation strategies also presented contributions by: including user interaction models in the automatic evaluation approaches and presenting a survey on web applications and JavaScript toolkits conformance rates with the ARIA specification. Thus contributing to the Web Engineering process of ARIA

The Internet is an integral part of higher education today. Students, faculty, and staff must have access to the institutional web for essential activities. For persons with disabilities, the web is a double-edged sword. While an accessibly designed website can mitigate or remove barriers, an inaccessible one can make access impossible. If websites that provide necessary information are not accessible, those with disabilities will be unable to independently complete their daily tasks or compete in the modern world. Project GOALS (Gaining Online Accessible Learning through Self-Study) has developed a document outlining a set of four institutional indicators of Web accessibility. Postsecondary institutions can use this document in their efforts to ensure that online content is accessible to all users. This dissertation evaluated the social validity of the document to determine if it was appropriate, understandable, usable, and satisfactory to provide a framework for implementing and promoting institution-wide web accessibility across a variety of demographic markers including job type (administrator, faculty, and technology specialist) and institution type (2- and 4-year). Ninety-seven participants reviewed the document and completed an online survey. All four indicators with their subsequent benchmarks were found to be "good" or "very good" based on the evaluation criteria. Administrators rated the document somewhat lower than faculty or technology specialists. Participants from 2-year schools consistently rated the document higher than their 4-year counterparts. In general, the longer participants had been in their positions, the less favorably they rated the document. The median ratings for all questions of appropriateness, understandability, usefulness, and satisfaction were a 6 or 7 on a 7-point scale across the board. This result would indicate that while different aspects of the indicator document may appeal to different groups, participant ratings across job and institution type show that these criteria achieve acceptable levels that validate the use of the indicators as a tool to assist institutions in their web accessibility efforts. This dissertation utilized the multiple-paper format recommended by the committee.

With the rise of e-learning and recent legislations of the European Union enforcing conformance to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 for web applications of public sector bodies, the issue of identifying and solving web accessibility issues in e-learning applications is more relevant than ever. This thesis is based on a case study of a publisher of course literature whose intention is to improve the accessibility of their e-learning applications. The thesis contains a theoretical foundation on disabilities, e-learning and web accessibility including assistive technologies, the web accessibility guidelines WCAG 2.0 and the web accessibility evaluation method WCAG-EM. This theory is used for developing solutions to accessibility issues found in the e-learning applications and comparing accessibility with e-learning theory. The results are presented as concrete examples to be useful for developers of e-learning applications. It was found that there exist a few instances where accessibility and e-learning contradict each other, but the solutions to accessibility problems are most often not affected by the learning premise of the applications.

Orientador: Silvana Aparecida Borsetti Gregório Vidotti / Banca: Maria Cândida soares Del-Masso / Banca: Marcos Luiz Mucheroni / Banca: Plácida Leopoldina Ventura Amorim da Costa Santos / Banca: Valter Vieira de Camargo / Resumo: A natureza atual da World Wide Web (Web) que destaca a participação colaborativa dos usuários em diversos ambientes informacionais digitais conduz ao desenvolvimento de diretrizes que enfocam a Arquitetura da Informação Digital Inclusiva para diferentes públicos nas mais diversas ambiências informacionais. O conceito de acessibilidade digital visa à inclusão de usuários com deficiência em ambientes informacionais digitais, com foco na melhoria da interação dos sujeitos com o ambiente de modo a proporcionar a melhoria de qualidade de vida. A pesquisa propõe diretrizes para um ambiente informacional digital inclusivo, visando apontar os elementos de acessibilidade que permitem a promoção da inclusão informacional digital, de forma a destacar os referenciais da Arquitetura da Informação Digital, de recomendações internacionais e das estruturas de representação das informações, em especial dos atributos de acessibilidade, com o olhar da Ciência da Informação e das novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação. Têm-se como hipóteses: os atributos de acessibilidade utilizados para representação de conteúdos em ambientes informacionais digitais não contemplam satisfatoriamente as descrições dos recursos digitais que atendam as necessidades especiais dos usuários; a Arquitetura da Informação carece de novos elementos de acessibilidade digital com foco nas necessidades especiais dos usuários; as recomendações de acessibilidade internacionais, isoladamente, não fornecem subsídios para o acesso universal. Tem-se como tese a necessidade de desenvolvimento de metodologias com diretrizes que contemplem os elementos de acessibilidade digital focados na tarefa do usuário. Como problema de pesquisa tem-se que a de que as atuais metodologias e recomendações utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de ambientes informacionais digitais não contemplam integralmente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract:The current nature of World Wide Web (Web), which highlights the collaborative participation of users in some digital information environments, lead to development of guidelines with a focus on Inclusive Digital Information Architecture for a different audiences in multiples informational ambiences. The concept of digital accessibility aims to include users with special needs in digital information environments, focusing on improving the interaction between subjects and the environment in order to provide improved quality of life. This research proposes guidelines for a inclusive digital information environment, aiming to identify the elements of accessibility that allow the promotion of inclusion digital information, in order to highlight the references of the Architecture of Digital Information, the international recommendations and the structures representation of information (specially accessibility attributes), with the look of Information Science and New Technologies of Information and Communication. The research have the follow hypotheses: the accessibilities attributes used to represent the content in digital information environments do not satisfactorily contemplate descriptions of digital resources that supplies the special needs of users; the Information Architecture needs new elements of digital accessibility with a focus on special needs of users, international accessibility guidelines, in a singular way, does not provide subsidies to a universal access. The thesis is as to the need to develop methodologies with guidelines that contemplate the elements of digital accessibility focused on the task of the user. The research problem is that actual methodologies and recommendations used for the development of digital information environments do not cover all the elements of accessibility with a focus on user needs. The proposition is to present, through a methodological approach... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-04-24T20:49:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTCPB.pdf: 8640359 bytes, checksum: edcaf5b434340804cf95536668cf2e8c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-26T17:52:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTCPB.pdf: 8640359 bytes, checksum: edcaf5b434340804cf95536668cf2e8c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-26T17:53:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTCPB.pdf: 8640359 bytes, checksum: edcaf5b434340804cf95536668cf2e8c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T18:19:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTCPB.pdf: 8640359 bytes, checksum: edcaf5b434340804cf95536668cf2e8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / Não recebi financiamento / In the past 20 years, computer solutions has been used as a support tool for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), as well for their parents, therapists and educators. Those solutions may be helpful to work social skill, memorizing, communication, vocabulary acquisition, literacy, and other aspects. However, there is lack of artifacts to guide software designers to plan and implement computer solutions suitable to the needs of children with ASD. The literature provide some considerations regarding this factor, but many of them are understandable only for education or computer professionals exclusively. Besides, many contributions may have a restrict access due to paywalls. Those factors motivated the development of GAIA (Guidelines for Accessible Interfaces for people with Autism), a set of 28 guidelines intend to help software developers and digital educators to better understand how to develop website that are suitable to the needs of children with Autism. To develop GAIA, this research was conducted in three stages: a) exploratory bibliographic survey, which generated the first version of the guidelines of GAIA; b) Application of an online survey to map the knowledge of web developers regarding cognitive, neuronal or learning disabilities, in order to understand their gap of knowledge; c) interviews with parents of children with ASD to understand empathically the social, therapeutic and pedagogic value of the technology for children with ASD. Triangulating the data from the three stages, it was possible to get the following conclusions: (i) developers have difficult in understanding the existing materials about web accessibility and also have a lack of knowledge about cognitive disabilities; (ii) the interviews made possible to understand in depth the context of use of the technology by children with ASD; (iii) there were recurring interaction aspects in the interviews that were not found in the literature. With those results, it was possible to refine the guidelines of GAIA e make them available through a website hosted in an open-source repository, so they can be easily accessible by people. / Nos últimos 20 anos, soluções computacionais têm sido utilizadas para auxiliar crianças com Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo (TEA), bem como seus pais, terapeutas e professores. Estas soluções podem ajudar a trabalhar as habilidades sociais, de memorização, comunicação, aquisição de vocabulário e letramento, entre outros aspectos. Porém, há uma lacuna de artefatos que possam nortear os projetistas de software a planejar e implementar soluções computacionais ajustadas às necessidades de crianças com TEA. A literatura apresenta algumas considerações, mas muitas são compreensíveis somente a psicopedagogos ou profissionais de computação, além de várias contribuições possuírem acesso restrito aos seus conteúdos. Estes fatores motivaram o desenvolvimento do GAIA (Guia de Acessibilidade de Interfaces web focado em aspectos do Autismo), um conjunto de 28 recomendações para ajudar desenvolvedores de software e educadores digitais a entender melhor como desenvolver websites mais adequados às necessidades de crianças com autismo. Para desenvolver o GAIA, esta pesquisa foi realizada em três estágios: a) pesquisa bibliográfica exploratória, que originou a primeira versão das recomendações do GAIA; b) Aplicação de um questionário online para mapear o conhecimento dos desenvolvedores web sobre deficiências cognitivas, neuronais ou de aprendizagem, a fim de compreender a lacuna de conhecimento que eles possuem; c) Entrevista com familiares de crianças com TEA para compreender de forma empática o valor social, terapêutico e pedagógico da tecnologia para crianças com TEA. Ao triangular os dados dos três estágios, pode-se chegar às seguintes conclusões: (i) os desenvolvedores têm dificuldade de compreender os materiais já existentes sobre acessibilidade web e também compreendem pouco sobre deficiências cognitivas; (ii) as entrevistas permitiram compreender em profundidade o contexto de uso da tecnologia pela criança com TEA; (iii) houve aspectos de interação recorrentes nas entrevistas que não foram encontrados na literatura. Estes resultados permitiram refinar as recomendações do GAIA e disponibilizá-las em um website hospedado em repositório de código aberto, para que possa estar de fácil acesso ao público.

Com a popularização da Web 2.0 e RIA - Rich Internet Applications, as aplicações web cada vez mais utilizam-se da linguagem JavaScript, para implementar recursos de interação sofisticados e complexos na plataforma da Web, visando atrair os usuários com experiências que agradem e atendam suas expectativas. Uma vez que esses recursos de RIA, muitas vezes, fornecem feedback visual de mudanças realizadas na interface, usuários que interagem com a Web por meio de Tecnologias Assistivas, como leitores de tela, não são capazes de identificar e interagir corretamente com os componentes de interface. Assim, a WAI - Web Accessibility Initiative propôs a especificação ARIA - Accessible Rich Internet Applications que determina um conjunto de propriedades que atribuem semântica aos elementos de um componente de interface (Widget), permitindo que as Tecnologias Assistivas identifiquem previamente o comportamento dos componentes de interface e informem o usuário sobre as alterações que possam ser realizadas na estrutura da página web. Nesse contexto, esta tese teve como objetivo elaborar estratégias de avaliação automática dos requisitos de acessibilidade da especificação ARIA. Foram elaboradas três diferentes abordagens para analisar os requisitos da especificação ARIA, utilizando a metodologia de pesquisa-ação com a condução de três ciclos das atividades de planejar, agir, descrever e avaliar. As abordagens foram desenvolvidas com base em Testes de Aceitação e verificações de características tecnológicas das aplicações web, considerando especificamente o modelo de interação de usuários deficientes visuais que utilizam leitores de tela. Cada uma das abordagens foi validada separadamente e os resultados apresentam tendências de que as estratégias são capazes de avaliar corretamente o comportamento esperado de uma aplicação rica de Internet acessível, segundo as recomendações ARIA para usuÁ¡rios deficientes visuais. As abordagens também apresentaram como contribuições: a inclusão do modelo de interação do usuário no processo de avaliação e levantamentos sobre os níveis de conformidade de aplicações web e bibliotecas JavaScript com a especificação ARIA. Os resultados obtidos a partir das abordagens propostas nesta tese contribuem para o processo de Engenharia Web de aplicações ricas de Internet acessíveis / With the increased popularity of the Web 2.0 and RIA - Rich Internet Applications, web applications rely more and more in JavaScript to implement richer and more complex interaction mechanisms in the Web platform. Since these mechanisms, frequently, generate dynamic updates to the DOM - Document Object Model structure of a webpage and require visual perception of users to notify them about these changes in the interface, users that interact with the Web through usage of Assistive Technologies such as a screen reader are not capable of correctly identifying and interacting with the interface components built with these technologies - the widgets. In this context, the WAI - Web Accessibility Initiative created the ARIA - Accessible Rich Internet Applications specification which describes the use of properties that add semantics to elements that compose a widget, allowing Assistive Technology to priorly identify the behavior of a widget and inform the user about changes that might be made to the DOM structure of the webpage. This thesis goal was to elaborate automatic evaluation strategies for accessibility requirements of the ARIA specification. Three evaluation strategies were elaborated following the research-action methodology with the conduction of three cycles of the activities of planning, acting, describing and evaluating. The strategies were implemented based in Acceptance Tests and verifications on specific details of the technology that compose web applications, considering specifically blind users interaction patterns through the use of screen readers. Each strategy was separately validated and the results show tendencies that the strategies were capable of correctly evaluating the behavior of web applications, considering their conformance with ARIA recommendations for blind users. The development and validation of the evaluation strategies also presented contributions by: including user interaction models in the automatic evaluation approaches and presenting a survey on web applications and JavaScript toolkits conformance rates with the ARIA specification. Thus contributing to the Web Engineering process of ARIA

Com o aumento do uso das atividades de modelagem em processos de desenvolvimento de software, a participação de pessoas com deficiência visual em tais processos requer esforços dedicados para que os modelos sejam passíveis de entendimento, caso contrário essa participação fica comprometida. Os modelos são em sua maioria visuais e, portanto, seu processo de construção requer o posicionamento de elementos no espaço do documento por meio de um dispositivo de apontar, como o mouse, e sua leitura requer o uso da visão, uma vez que os diagramas são compostos não apenas por textos, mas também por elementos visuais como retângulos e arcos conectando-os. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste projeto foi desenvolver uma técnica textual para representação e interação com diagramas que possibilite que pessoas com deficiência visual sejam capazes de colaborar em projetos de software, tanto utilizando uma abordagem de desenvolvimento orientado a modelos, quanto em uma abordagem de desenvolvimento tradicional. Para atingir o objetivo proposto foi desenvolvido um protótipo de uma ferramenta Web, a AWMo (lê-se letra a letra: A-W-M-O), a partir da qual a edição de modelos pode ser realizada por meio de duas visões equivalentes: uma visão gráfica, na qual o engenheiro de software poderá inserir novos elementos no diagrama, posicioná-los e definir suas propriedades de modo visual; e uma visão textual, na qual o engenheiro de software pode inserir novos elementos, propriedades e relacioná-los utilizando uma gramática textual. Um estudo de caso foi conduzido para avaliar sua eficácia e os resultados mostraram que a linguagem textual desenvolvida não representa uma barreira para a utilização da abordagem proposta pela AWMo. Os resultados sugerem que a AWMo é uma opção viável para facilitar o acesso de deficientes visuais a modelos de software, ajudando a promover a colaboração e comunicação efetiva e de maneira independente entre usuários com e sem visão para atividades de modelagem de software / With the growth of modeling activities in software development processes, the participation of visually impaired users requires dedicated efforts so that the models are capable to be understood, otherwise this participation is compromised. The models are mostly visuals and, therefore, their construction process requires the positioning of elements in the document space with a pointing device, like the mouse, and their reading requires the use of vision, since the diagrams are composed not only by text, but also by visual elements such as rectangles and arcs connecting them. In this context, the goal of this project was to develop a textual technique to represent and interact with diagrams to allow visually disabled people to collaborate in software development projects, either using an model driven development approach or a tradicional development approach. To achieve the proposed goal, a prototype Web tool called AWMo was developed. The prototype allows the edition of models to be done in two distinct views: a graphical view, where the software engineer is able to insert new elements and define their position in a visual and traditional way; and a textual view, where the software engineer is able to insert new elements, their properties and relationships using a textual grammar. A case study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the approach and the results show that the textual language developed did not posed itself as a barrier to the use of the AWMo. The results suggest that AWMo is a viable option to allow the access of the visually impaired to software models, promoting collaboration and effective communication between sighted and blind users in software modeling activities, but most importantly, in an independent way

Since the start of 2019 a new law has been introduced in Sweden, it serves to regulate web accessibility conformity for all publicly funded organisations. At the same time, many services and businesses move their physical fronts to the web. With more digitalization comes a greater need for web accessibility and there might be a risk that users with cognitive disabilities are neglected or forgotten when new and advanced tools and technologies are developed. Accessibility often receives low or no priority in the private sector due to the lack of time and resources. Cognitive disabilities do not always show and there is a risk that the difficulties are not taken into account when services or webpages are developed. These disabilities can affect areas such as the ability to learn new things, memory and the ability to plan one's actions. The purpose of this study is to investigate if there is any knowledge and experience among Swedish developers concerning accessibility, cognitive disabilities and the needs those individuals might have. To perform this study the needs had to be identified and connected to the standard that acts as a base for the new Swedish law. For this purpose, theory was gathered through a literature study as a foundation for a qualitative study consisting of a series of interviews with developers from six different organisations in the Swedish private sector. The interview subjects were selected from different organisations so that their views and opinions would not be affected by one and other for the purpose of increasing the studies generalizability. The interviews were held at locations selected by the interviewees by two different interviewers. The result from the literature study showed that there was no direct support for cognitive disabilities in the standard, but there are guidelines that could be applied to some of the needs identified in the study. Furthermore, the results of the interviews showed that the general knowledge and experience concerning accessibility and specifically cognitive accessibility is very low among Swedish developers. This study is aimed towards people working with development but is also suitable for students and teachers who wish to know more about accessibility and cognitive accessibility.

I takt med införandet av webbtillgänglighetsdirektivet har fenomenet webb­tillgänglighet aktualiserats. Begreppet tillgänglighet används inom webbutveckling för att be­skriva i vilken mån en produkt, en service eller en miljö är användbar och navigerbar för per­soner med särskilda behov eller funktionsnedsättningar. Webbtillgänglighet innebär strävanden efter att göra det enklare för sådana personer att uppfatta, navigera, förstå och bidra till webben (Kulkarni 2019). Den här uppsatsen undersöker vad arbetsverksamma inom webbutveckling anser krävs för att införa tillgänglighet på webben. Syftet är att nå en ökad förståelse av vad arbetsverksamma anser krävs för att införa tillgänglighet på webben samt vilka hinder och vil­ken problematik de stöter på i processen. Forskningsfrågan är ”vad tycker webbutvecklare och interaktionsdesigners krävs för att skapa tillgäng­lighet på webben?”. Undersökningen är utformad som en kvalitativ, deskriptiv fallstudie. Datainsamlingen utförs genom semistruktu­rerade intervjuer med konsulter hos IT-bolaget XLENT. Datan har tematiserats med hjälp av kodning och analyserats utifrån det teoretiska ramverket som används, nämligen aktivitetsteori (AT). Problem är bland annat att webtillgänglighet ofta prioriteras lågt hos beställare, svårig­heter att förklara fördelar och vikt av webbtillgänglighet samt begränsade resurser. Slutsatsen är att det som anses krävas är ökad kunskap och medvetenhet om webbtillgänglighet hos be­ställare och arbetsverksamma, fler incitament för att införa tillgänglighet, pragmatisk lagstift­ning, prioritering av tillgänglighet från början av ett projekt, mer samarbete med testpersoner samt fler färdigt inbyggda lösningar i webbläsare. / The web accessibility directive has made web accessibility as a phenomenon a current issue. The concept of accessibility is used in web development to describe to what extent a product, a service or an environment is usable and navigable for people with certain needs or disabilities. Web accessibility involves the goal of making it easier for such persons to perceive, navigate, understand and contribute to the web (Kulkarni 2019). This study examines what practitioners in web development think is required to initiate accessibility on the web. The pur­pose is to reach a greater insight into what practitioners think is required to initiate web acces­sibility and what obstacles and problems they encounter during the process. The research ques­tion is: “what do web developers and interaction designers think is required to initiate web accessibil­ity?”. The study is a qualitative, descriptive case study. The data collection is made through semi-structured interviews with consultants at the IT-company XLENT. The data has been the­matized through coding and has been analyzed based on the theoretical framework, namely activity theory (AT). Problems observed are, among others, that web accessibility often is a low priority among clients, difficulties in explaining advantages and the importance of web acces­sibility and limited resources. The conclusion is that what is considered required is increased knowledge and awareness among clients and practitioners, more incentives to initiating web accessibility, pragmatic legislation, that web accessibility is prioritized from the very beginning of a project, more cooperation with people with disabilities during the process and more ready-made solutions in browsers.

Purpose –Comparing the accessibility of e-commerce for General Merchandise, between major retailers and novelties, in the conformance of web accessibility guidelines, and the implementation of rich internet applications specifications. So that to figure out whether the differences exist between them, if so, what are the differences, and analyzing upcoming e-commerce and established e-commerce.  Method – The descriptive and quantitative case studies were used to evaluated 45 websites respectively from major retailers and novelties in General Merchandise of e-commerce, where sample websites were selected from Alexa’s rank lists. Then the WAVE tool, Accessibility Quantitative Metric (WAQM), and Fona assessment were applied for analyzing cases for representing the accessibilities and answering the research questions of purpose.  Findings – ARIA specifications as a kind of technological solution really had positive functions on web accessibility when only focusing on accessibility guidelines, because the novelty websites with less ARIA attributes resulting in lower accessibility levels generally, even though there were also many other elements that can affect accessibility.  Implications – In the main branch of General Merchandise, the degree of web accessibility in major retailer websites was better than that in novelties, which means as far as e-commerce is concerned, the accessibility of mature websites that had been established for a long time was contemporarily stronger than that of new websites with creative products.  Limitations – From the perspective of the sample, there were limitations in sample sources, size, websites languages, while in the technical aspect, the evaluation of dynamic contents just aims at keyboard navigation, and the tool of Fona assessment also had restrictions.