Workshop Mensch-Computer-Vernetzung vom 14.-17. April 2003 in Löbsal (bei Meißen)

Digitalization in society is going fast and was accelerated further by the Covid-19 pandemic. By this, many people's everyday tasks were transferred to digital environments. This meant in Sweden that most new internet users in 2020 were people over the age of 75 and people with different types of disabilities. Due to this increase in digitalization and all these new internet users, accessibility online is a subject that has gained higher significance. Since September 2020, all Swedish municipalities' websites must be accessible by law. Municipalities have a great responsibility to make information and necessary services available to the public. The purpose of this study was to investigate how well municipalities succeed with their work with web accessibility as a consequence of the legislation in Sweden and identify where the municipalities meet concrete obstacles in order to comply with the law. The purpose was also to investigate how the work with web accessibility on municipal websites can be simplified, improved, or otherwise enabled for those who work with such issues in the municipalities. To fulfill the purpose, two research question was formed for the study: 1.     In the process of making municipalities’ websites accessible, which are the concrete obstacles that make the work difficult for those who work with such issues in the municipalities?   2.     How can the work with the accessibility of municipal websites be simplified, improved, or otherwise enabled for those who work with such issues in the municipalities? To answer the research questions, two methods were chosen, a web survey and in-depth interviews, which corresponds to a combination of a quantitative and a qualitative method. The web survey was sent out to all municipalities in Sweden with the focus to answer RQ1 and the in-depth interviews were conducted with two accessibility experts with the focus to answer RQ2. Several obstacles were identified relating to lack of resources, lack of competence, lack of understanding of the law and the interpretation of it, attitudes, and old technology. Solutions on how the work can be simplified for those who work with web accessibility were identified relating to attitudes, resources, competence, legislation, and consumer demands. The main conclusions were that even though a municipality comply fully with the law, it does not mean that the website is accessible for all users, hence the law is not comprehensive enough. It also shows that there are several aspects that makes it hard for the municipalities to comply with the law and that most of these aspects also are the areas that needs improvement for the work to be simplified for the municipalities.

Tillgänglighet är ett begrepp som uppmärksammas allt mer idag på grund av insikt om värdet av att skapa en webbplats som är åtkomlig, läsbar samt fungerar för alla människor. Målet med studien var att skapa förutsättningar för att utföra framtida undersökningar och förbättringar inom tillgänglighet på webben. Kandidatexamensarbetet utfördes under våren 2015 som ett projekt i samarbete med företaget Funka där en prototyp skapades för att utvärdera färgkombinationers påverkan på lättlästheten. En genomgående litteraturstudie utfördes som berörde tidigare forskning där målet var att konstruktivt undersöka relevant material. För studien användes en kvalitativ metod för att beskriva utvecklingen av ett testverktyg bestående av en pappersbaserad prototyp, interaktiv prototyp och slutligen en delleverans av implementerat verktyg, där användbarhetstester av prototypen användes som underlag för utformningen. Det utvecklade testverktyget skulle uppfylla givna tillgänglighetskriterier och vara tillgängligt för alla oavsett funktionsförmåga eller användning av IT-hjälpmedel. Med hjälp av testverktyget var målet att företaget Funka skulle kunna utföra en kvantitativ studie genom att skicka ut testverktyget till sina kunder för insamling av data och analys. Resultatet av denna studie var en delleverans av ett testverktyg baserat på en interaktiv prototyp samt analys av kvalitativ data från användbarhetstester. Utifrån de tre dimensionerna ekologiskt, ekonomiskt och social hållbarhet förväntades denna studie bidra inom samtliga dimensioner. Dessutom ansågs den etiska målsättningen för arbetet val uppfylld då tidigare studier konstruktivt presenterades. Dessutom hade design utformats för att tillgodose så många som möjligt genom fokus på tillgänglighet genom hela processen. Därigenom har även studien bidragit till social delaktighet för personer med funktionsnedsättning då testverktyget främjar arbetet med att göra webben mer tillgänglig. / Accessibility is a concept which is receiving increasing attention today when one realize how valuable it is to create a website that is accessible and legible, and will work for all people. The aim of the study was to create the conditions for conducting future investigations and improvements in accessibility on the Web. The bachelor's thesis was completed in Spring 2015 as a project in cooperation with the company Funka where a prototype was created to evaluate the color combinations' impact on the legibility. A thorough literature study was performed involving previous research where the goal was to constructively examine the relevant material. For the study we used a qualitative method to describe the development of a testing tool consisting of a paper-based prototype, online prototype and nally a partial dellivery of an implemented tool. The test tool needed to meet the given accessibility requirements and be accessible to everyone regardless of disability or the use of IT tools. Based on the results from the online prototype and the analysis of the qualitative data from the completed usability testing, we created a partial delivery of the test tool as a basic work for the later development. The goal for the company Funka was to perform a quantitative study by sending out the test tool to its customers for data collection and analysis. The outcome of this study was a partial delivery of a test tool based on the interactive prototype and analysis of the qualitative data from usability testing. This study was expected to contribute in all three dimensions of sustainable development (ecological, economic and social). Based on the ethical objective of the work this was considered to be well-met where targets of the previous studies were constructively presented. In addition, the design focused on the accessibility requirements throughout the entire process. This study has also contributed in social participation for people with disabilities where the test tool encourages and endorses the making of a more accessible web.

Webbtillgänglighet är en viktig aspekt för att säkerställa en bra kundupplevelse. För att uppnå webbtillgänglighet bör webbplatser vara tillgängliga för alla användare oavsett eventuella nedsättningar. Idag regleras webbtillgänglighet enbart på webbplatser av bland annat svenska myndigheter och privata aktörer som drivs av offentlig finansiering. Denna reglering utförs av EU-direktivet om webbtillgänglighet. Forskning tyder på att Sveriges totala population av seniorer stiger och att ålderdom medför olika grader av nedsättningar. Forskning tyder även på att e-handelsvanor hos äldre stiger i Sverige, framför allt inom kategorin hälsa. Exkludering som berör en senior målgrupp undviks genom webbtillgänglighet. Det kan anses problematiskt att e-handeln i Sverige inte behöver följa EU-direktivet om webbtillgänglighet. Till vilken grad uppfylls webbtillgänglighet inom den svenska e-handeln i kategorin hälsa som offentlig verksamhet förväntas efterfölja? Studien består av en kartläggning över 16 svenska e-handelswebbsidor. Sidorna mättes mot en checklista över webbtillgänglighet baserad på Web Content Accessability Guidelines (WCAG). Resultatet från kartläggningen identifierar styrkor och brister vad gäller tillgänglighet. Ingen webbsida är fullt ut webbtillgänglig. Samtliga webbsidor påvisar brister på grundläggande kriterier inom tillgänglighet som bland annat påverkar individer med synnedsättning. Däremot visar de styrkor som berör responsiv design och navigeringsmöjligheter. / Web accessibility is an important aspect to consider when attempting to ensure a viable customer experience. To obtain web accessibility, websites should be available for everyone, regardless of any impairments. The regulation for web accessibility only applies for Swedish public authorities or for companies that are driven by public financing. These regulations are managed by the EU Web Accessibility Directive. Studies indicate that the total population for senior citizens is rising and that old age naturally brings different degrees of impairments. Research also indicates that e-commerce habits for older people are rising in Sweden, especially in the health category. Exclusion affecting a senior target group is avoided through web accessibility. It can be considered problematic that the Swedish e-commerce are not obligated to follow the EU Web Accessibility Directives. To what degree is web accessibility which public authorities are expected to follow fulfilled in the Swedish e-commerce health category? In this study, a survey of web accessibility on 16 Swedish e-commerce web pages was carried out. The web pages where measured against a web accessibility checklist based on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). The results from the survey identifies strengths and weaknesses in terms of accessibility. None of the web pages was fully accessible. All web pages indicate deficiencies in the basic criteria of web accessibility which, among other things, affect individuals with visual impairment. However, they all show strengths related to responsive design and greater opportunities for navigation.

Today's digital products, services and experiences need to be designed with accessibility in mind in order to provide equal opportunities in use and enjoyment for the growing group of users with permanent, temporary and situational impairments. However, the topic still seems to be an afterthought in practice. With the research question 'What are the enablers and inhibitors for integrating accessibility into digital design processes from a systemic perspective?', this thesis aims to identify factors that drive or hinder accessibility efforts among design practitioners in Germany and how these factors may interrelate. Accessibility integration is therefore defined as a system. The research is based on a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with four UX Designers, two UI Designers and one Chief Creative Officer with varying experiences regarding accessibility in past projects. By conducting a content analysis, the responses are grouped into categories and further visualized in the form of system archetypes to understand systemic behavior. The findings indicate that integration of accessibility into digital design processes is influenced by many enabling and inhibiting factors, of technical, individual, societal, institutional, regulatory, economic and financial as well as cliental and organizational nature, turning the topic into a complex, wicked problem. While economic reasons were a dominant force driving the system's behavior, it appears that the underlying mental models of all actors involved are significantly contributing to the state of accessibility in design practice.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-09-13T11:40:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa Buenaño Ribeiro.pdf: 1392611 bytes, checksum: fe67544614537ae82a93c3fa5c345462 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-13T11:40:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa Buenaño Ribeiro.pdf: 1392611 bytes, checksum: fe67544614537ae82a93c3fa5c345462 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research proposes to present a vision of planning, dissemination and implementation of inclusive educational activities that have didactic support for accessibility applications. Facing this challenge in the pedagogical action, the methodological strategies of Design Thinking linked to accessibility applications with relevance and educational and communicative criteria are identified in the set of tools to develop a service in favor of Inclusive Education. However, it was chosen for the conceptual and design of this service, by an exploratory-qualitative methodology regarding the real interactivity in education and the learning potential of accessibility applications identified in the ethnographic studies through a group of teachers who have experiences with disabled students in state schools in the Eastern Zone of São Paulo. The expected results point to more projects with social responsibility, interdisciplinarity project and educational policy, mediating the greater inclusion of disabled people in Schools / Esta dissertação se propõe a apresentar uma visão da curadoria de conteúdos, do planejamento, da divulgação e da implementação de atividades educacionais inclusivas que tenham como suporte didático os aplicativos de acessibilidade. Diante desse desafio na ação pedagógica, identificam-se nas estratégias metodológicas do Design Thinking atreladas aos aplicativos de acessibilidade com relevâncias e critérios educativos e comunicativos, o conjunto de ferramentas para desenvolver um serviço em prol da educação inclusiva. Optou-se, no entanto, para a concepção conceitual e projetual deste serviço, por uma metodologia exploratório-qualitativa a respeito da interatividade real na educação e do potencial de aprendizagem de aplicativos de acessibilidade identificados nos estudos etnográficos por meio de uma turma de professores que atuam e que tem experiências com alunos deficientes nas escolas estaduais da Zona Leste de São Paulo. Já os resultados esperados apontam para mais projetos com responsabilidade social, voltados para a interdisciplinaridade e para a política educacional, mediando a maior à inclusão de pessoas com necessidades educacionais especiais nas instituições de ensino

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:11:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviane Ferreira Silva.pdf: 2434276 bytes, checksum: 00187164a8a10952c74afcd74c0eeb27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-25 / The services and systems offered by Internet are part of cyberculture s quotidian, but they present several access barriers for the group of people with visual disability. The present research problem involves the accessibility processes of blind users at WWW. The research starts with the presentation of legal regulations that aim at assuring the rights to the access of information and communication for all the citizens and proposes the analysis of elements present on several websites interfaces such as services providers, shopping and governability. What are the communicational elements that can improve navigability s functionality and the interactivity of blind people with cyberspaces? How can accessibility be employed on websites interfaces? Eminent issues such as these ones stimulate the research of interface projects that enable an efficient and satisfactory navigation that considers the fundamental elements for the accessibility of interfaces presented on the web, providing an effective interaction of users with visual disability. Methodologically the research is organized in three steps. For the development of the theoretical basis the bibliographic research was accomplished. The study cases were performed based on semiotic analysis. The empiric research has a qualitative nature and involved data collection, personal narratives and questionnaires. The authors and fundamental theories for the discussion about hypermedia languages and digital medias are Leão and Johnson: for the discussion of communication and cognitive processes we adopted Flusser and Sacks. The study cases analyze constructions of accessible interfaces, with the objective of exploring strenghts and weaknesses in their communicational characters. The fieldwork was composed by three moments. The first one involved a form submission to visually disabled users with the objective of mapping fundamental elements for the navigation with accessibility. The questions planning considered three different levels of interaction: accessibility, usability and the user s experience. In a second moment, it was applied a qualitative research with the recognition of the recommendations extracted from the document dowcag 1.0. The empirical procedure is based on the concept of microssocial scale that proposes an investigation of actors in their interfaces analyzed in the context of a concrete system (Alami). The third phase involved a process of interpretation of the collected data with the objective of developing a model of guidelines that regard the improvement of communication and enhancement of web accessibility. The research concluded that in spite there are documents of recommendation for the accessibility of interfaces, the accessible websites are few / Os serviços e sistemas oferecidos pela Internet fazem parte do cotidiano da cibercultura, mas apresentam diversas barreiras de acesso para o grupo de pessoas com deficiência visual. O problema da presente pesquisa envolve os processos de acessibilidade de usuários cegos na WWW. A pesquisa inicia com a apresentação de regulamentações jurídicas que buscam garantir os direitos ao acesso à informação e comunicação a todos os cidadãos e propõe análises de elementos presentes nas interfaces de sites diversos como prestadores de serviços, compras e governança. Quais são os elementos comunicacionais que podem melhorar a funcionalidade da navegação e a interatividade das pessoas cegas com os ciberespaços? Como a acessibilidade pode ser trabalhada nas interfaces dos sites? Questões eminentes como essas impulsionam a pesquisar projetos de interface que possibilitam uma navegação eficiente e satisfatória, que considere os elementos fundamentais para a acessibilidade das interfaces apresentadas na web, proporcionando uma interação efetiva de usuários com deficiência visual. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa se organiza em três etapas. Para o desenvolvimento da fundamentação teórica foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica. Os estudos de casos foram realizados a partir de análises semióticas. A pesquisa empírica foi de natureza qualitativa e envolveu coleta de dados, narrativas pessoais e questionários. Os autores e teorias fundamentais para a discussão sobre a linguagem da hipermídia e das mídias digitais são Leão e Johnson; para a discussão sobre os processos comunicacionais e cognitivos adotamos Flusser e Sacks. Os estudos de casos analisam construções de interfaces acessíveis, com o objetivo de examinar pontos fortes e fracos de seu caráter comunicacional. A pesquisa de campo foi composta por três momentos. O primeiro envolveu a aplicação de um formulário a usuários deficientes visuais, a fim de mapear os elementos fundamentais para a navegação com acessibilidade. O planejamento das questões considerou três níveis diferentes de interação: acessibilidade, usabilidade e experiência do usuário. No segundo momento, foi aplicada uma pesquisa qualitativa, com o reconhecimento das recomendações retiradas do documento dowcag 1.0. O procedimento empírico se fundamenta no conceito de escala microssocial que propõe uma investigação de atores em suas interações analisadas no contexto de um sistema concreto (Alami). A terceira fase envolveu um processo de interpretação dos dados colhidos com objetivo de desenvolver um modelo de diretrizes que vise a melhoria da comunicação e a ampliação da acessibilidade da web. A pesquisa concluiu que, mesmo existindo documentos de recomendações para acessibilidade das interfaces, são poucos os sites acessíveis

En viktig aspekt av webbutveckling är att skapa webbplatser som är tillgängliga för så mångaanvändare som möjligt. Från och med 2019 gäller en lag i Sverige som reglerar webbplatserstillgänglighet i enlighet med ett EU-direktiv. Denna uppsats beskriver en utvärdering av 32svenska webbplatsers tillgänglighet med EU-direktivet om webbtillgänglighet som måttstock.Utvärderingen visar vilka tillgänglighetsproblem som är vanligt förekommande. Majoritetenav de utvärderade webbplatserna uppfyller inte krav på text som kan förstoras till 200%, kravpå tydliga markörer av fokuserade element vid tangentbordsnavigation, krav på alternativabeskrivningar av innehåll som inte är text, samt krav på kod som validerar. / An important aspect of web development is making websites that are accessible for as manyusers as possible. In 2019, a new law is applied in Sweden which regulates the accessibilitydemands of websites according to an EU directive. This thesis presents an evaluation made onthe accessibility of 32 Swedish websites using the EU directive as a standard. The evaluationshows the most common accessibility problems. The majority of evaluated websites do notcomply with demands on text that can be magnified by 200%, demands on distinct markers offocused elements when navigating with the keyboard, demands on alternative descriptions ofcontent that is not text, and demands on code that validates.

A constante evolução da Web tem se mostrado como um fenômeno mundial que rapidamente precisa responder aos diversos segmentos da sociedade atual, com websites e aplicativos de compras, governo, bancos, entretenimento e outros. Nesse contexto, é necessário que o conteúdo Web possibilite acesso aos mais diferentes perfis de usuários, independentemente de suas deficiências ou necessidades especiais. Um outro fenômeno mundial é o envelhecimento da população. Os usuários senescentes (pessoas que estão em processo de envelhecimento, o qual acarreta declínio físico e mental gradual, ocorrendo geralmente nos indivíduos a partir de 60 anos de idade), apresentam algumas de suas capacidades reduzidas e, encontram, naturalmente, barreiras ao interagir com os serviços e conteúdos disponibilizados na Web. Essa população tem apresentado um índice de crescimento demográfico grande neste século em relação ao que se via nas gerações passadas. Apesar das exigências de legislação específica, recomendações e diretrizes que auxiliam o desenvolvimento de conteúdo acessível e usável, ainda há muitos problemas de acessibilidade e usabilidade que precisam ser resolvidos, diante do rápido avanço tecnológico observado nos recursos da Web atual. Em especial, observa-se pouca atenção às dificuldades que usuários senescentes possuem, pois a maioria de websites são projetados considerando como público-alvo, pessoas mais jovens e especializadas, muitas vezes, treinadas para interagir nos websites. Portanto, é relevante um apoio para avaliação das páginas Web, visando atender as necessidades dos usuários senescentes. A proposta deste projeto foi desenvolver um apoio para a avaliação de acessibilidade e usabilidade na Web, considerando-se o perfil dos senescentes, com vistas a proporcionar um feedback objetivo, aos desenvolvedores e especialistas. Esse apoio foi elaborado por meio de um Checklist que foi desenvolvido, com base em procedimentos científicos, e análises realizadas, sobre sua aplicação. / The constant evolution of the Web has proven to be a worldwide phenomenon that quickly needs to address the various segments of current society (websites and web applications, government, banks, entertainment and others). In this context, it is necessary that the Web content provides the possibility of access to the different user profiles, regardless of their disabilities or special needs. Another worldwide phenomenon is the aging population. The senescent users (people who are in the aging process, which leads to gradual physical and mental decline, usually occurring in individuals from the age of 60) have some of their capacities limited and they face barriers to interact with services and content available on the Web. This population has shown a high growth rate in this century in comparison to what was observed in past generations. Despite of the demands for specific legislation, recommendations and guidelines that assist the development of content accessible and usable, there are still many problems of accessibility and usability that need to be solved, given the rapid technological advances seen in the current Web resources. In particular, there is little attention to the difficulties that senescent users have, given that most websites are designed considering target audience that usually is composed of young people and specialists, often trained to interact on websites. Therefore, it is important to support evaluation of Web pages, to meet the requirements of senescent users. The purpose of this project is to develop a support for the evaluation of web accessibility and usability, focusing on the older people, in order to provide clear feedback to developers and experts. This support was prepared by a Checklist that was developed based on scientific procedures, and analyzes on its application.

This work is part of the development of research online Educational Technology Network, the Graduate Program in Educational Technology Network of the Federal University of Santa Maria, conducting an investigation based on a case study, qualitative, proposing the development of accessible interfaces on the AVEA Moodle. From the blind user's perspective, the objective is to develop accessible interfaces in accordance with the principles defined by the WCAG 2.0 accessibility standard. The theoretical framework behind information related to Visual Impairment, Assistive Technologies, Web accessibility, Web Application Design and Web Development Standards. During the observations and analyzes were listed all the elements for the format, resources and environment activities that may suffer some change to meet the principles proposed by WCAG 2.0. After the records from the observations and analyzes made by the blind student, subject of this research, he elaborated the final product of this dissertation, the AVEA Moodle interface design, containing the user's characteristics, definition of use cases, prototype mapping goals, defining the set of tasks associated with each action, screen images development for each share of interface and identification of user interface objects used in the implementation. After preparing the final design Web interface, it moved to the implementation phase of the survey recorded changes, following the development of standards for web accessibility. After the implementation process, finalized to research by performing the validation process following two scenarios with different technologies using the browsers Internet Explorer and Google Chrome, and the screen reader Jaws and NVDA, respectively. Research has shown through the made observations and analyzes that, in this scenario, much remains to be done, but many of these obstacles are solvable. The weaknesses relating to the accessibility of the AVEA Moodle interface identified in the survey, confirm the belief that various aspects of accessibility can only be detected by blind users, confirming the importance of manual validation. / Esta dissertação faz parte da linha de pesquisa de Desenvolvimento em Tecnologias Educacionais em Rede, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Educacionais em Rede da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, realizando uma investigação baseada em um estudo de caso, de caráter qualitativo, propondo o desenvolvimento de interfaces acessíveis no AVEA Moodle. A partir da perspectiva do usuário cego, objetiva-se desenvolver interfaces acessíveis de acordo com os princípios definidos pelo padrão de acessibilidade WCAG 2.0. O referencial teórico traz informações relacionadas à Deficiência Visual, Tecnologias Assistivas, Acessibilidade na Web, Projeto de Aplicações Web e Padrões de Desenvolvimento Web. Durante as observações e análises foram elencados todos os elementos referentes ao formato, recursos e atividades do ambiente que podem sofrer alguma alteração para atender aos princípios propostos pelo WCAG 2.0. Após os registros provenientes das observações e análises efetuadas pelo aluno cego, sujeito desta pesquisa, elaborou-se o produto final desta dissertação, o Projeto de Interface do AVEA Moodle, contendo as características do usuário, definição dos casos de uso, protótipo, mapeamento de objetivos, definição do conjunto de tarefas associadas a cada ação, desenvolvimento de imagens de tela para cada ação da interface e identificação dos objetos de interface do usuário utilizados na implementação. Após a elaboração do projeto final da interface Web, passou-se para a fase de implementação das mudanças registradas na pesquisa, seguindo os padrões de desenvolvimento web para a acessibilidade. Após o processo de implementação, finalizou-se a pesquisa realizando-se o processo de validação seguindo dois cenários com tecnologias diferentes, utilizando os navegadores Internet Explorer e Google Chrome, e os leitores de tela Jaws e NVDA, respectivamente. A pesquisa mostrou, através das observações e análises efetuadas que, nesse cenário, muito ainda há por se fazer, mas que vários desses obstáculos são passíveis de solução. As fragilidades referentes à acessibilidade da interface do AVEA Moodle, apontadas na pesquisa, confirmam a convicção de que vários aspectos de acessibilidade só podem ser detectados por usuários cegos, confirmando a importância da validação manual.