The aim of this study is to gain a greater understanding of how marks were distributed among pupils within the early Swedish compulsory school system in regards to gender, age and grade. The primary intention is to compare marks in Speech- and reading, one of the two marks in Swedish, between two teachers, Lindis Berglund and Julia Söderberg, employed at Trysunda elementary school in Nätra parish in-between 1921-1939. Additionally, the study also intends to map the early development of the school and its teachers since who actually marked the pupils are equally important in understanding the distribution of marks at the time. The study therefore employs both a qualitative and aquantitative approach as both are needed to contextualise the issue of the marks, the teachers utilising them and the marking system itself. The results showed a strong tendency of female students being marked higher than male students and that marks were strongly connected to grades. Pupils in the lower grades seldom reached higher marks, but as students moved up a year, they slowly progressed to the upper scales of the markingsystem. In comparison, the two teachers followed a similar marking tendency, but this was more noticeable in Söderberg’s marking as she used an extended marking system. The study concludes that the development of minor parish schools and employment was a local concern and not governed by state interests, clearly exemplified by employing local teachersand falling behind in implementing state regulations. As the development of the school was affected by Trysunda’s remote geographical location, so was the marking as the teachers practiced their occupation in a very specific context.

<p>In May 1675, the local court in the northern Swedish parish of <em>Nordingrå</em>, which had approximately 1,000 inhabitants, held a preliminary investigation on 113 persons accused of witch-craft and superstition. For the majority of the 113, the main accusation was to have travelled to <em>Blåkulla</em>, a place where witches according to Swedish folklore participated in satanic festivities and rites led by the Devil himself. The preliminary investigation was held at the request of The Royal Witch-craft Commission. Nordingrå belonged to the province of <em>Ångermanland</em>, one of the Swedish provinces with the highest number of witch trials in the 1670s. The trials in Nordingrå have, more or less never been examined before, mainly due to the fact that no sentences or penalties were ever imposed.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to examine social relations and social conflicts in Nordingrå with the records from the witch trial 1675 as the primary source. The theoretical background for the paper is Emmanuel Le Roy Laduries study of the Occitan village of Montaillou along with Hannah Arendts theory on the banality of evil.</p><p>One of the paper´s main conclusion is that the relations of power can be traced in the trials, but that they, on the other hand, become less significant the further the trials go. One reasonable interpretation of this fact is that the trials in Nordingrå reflects the tendence of juridical centralization in the 17th century.</p><p>The social conflicts in the parish are more obvious in the accusations of superstitions than in the accusations of travels to<em> Blåkulla</em>. For example the conclusion can be drawn that at least a number of inhabitants in Nordingrå had a religion on their own, which did not always match the orthodoxy of the Protestant church. At the same time the accusations of superstition do not play a particularly important role in the trials. The main impression of the trials is, on the contrary, that they do not follow a given pattern regarding who can be put on trial, except for the fact that most of the trialed were women. Against the accused, a number of at least 173 witnesses appeared, most of them children and young people under the age of 24. The witnesses in general did not only tell the court which crimes the accused witches had committed, but also which crimes they had committed themselves.</p>

In May 1675, the local court in the northern Swedish parish of Nordingrå, which had approximately 1,000 inhabitants, held a preliminary investigation on 113 persons accused of witch-craft and superstition. For the majority of the 113, the main accusation was to have travelled to Blåkulla, a place where witches according to Swedish folklore participated in satanic festivities and rites led by the Devil himself. The preliminary investigation was held at the request of The Royal Witch-craft Commission. Nordingrå belonged to the province of Ångermanland, one of the Swedish provinces with the highest number of witch trials in the 1670s. The trials in Nordingrå have, more or less never been examined before, mainly due to the fact that no sentences or penalties were ever imposed. The purpose of this paper is to examine social relations and social conflicts in Nordingrå with the records from the witch trial 1675 as the primary source. The theoretical background for the paper is Emmanuel Le Roy Laduries study of the Occitan village of Montaillou along with Hannah Arendts theory on the banality of evil. One of the paper´s main conclusion is that the relations of power can be traced in the trials, but that they, on the other hand, become less significant the further the trials go. One reasonable interpretation of this fact is that the trials in Nordingrå reflects the tendence of juridical centralization in the 17th century. The social conflicts in the parish are more obvious in the accusations of superstitions than in the accusations of travels to Blåkulla. For example the conclusion can be drawn that at least a number of inhabitants in Nordingrå had a religion on their own, which did not always match the orthodoxy of the Protestant church. At the same time the accusations of superstition do not play a particularly important role in the trials. The main impression of the trials is, on the contrary, that they do not follow a given pattern regarding who can be put on trial, except for the fact that most of the trialed were women. Against the accused, a number of at least 173 witnesses appeared, most of them children and young people under the age of 24. The witnesses in general did not only tell the court which crimes the accused witches had committed, but also which crimes they had committed themselves.

Fäbodar är en bosättning på den utmark som under sommarsäsongen nyttjas till bete för kreatur. I Sverige förekommer olika former av fäbodtyper som nyttjas olika, exempelvis används vissa endast till bete medan andra har både bete, slåtter och/eller åker. I Ångermanland förekommer två fäbodtyper. En slåtterlös fäbod i landskapets östra och centrala del och en fäbodtyp med slåtter som särskilt förekommer i landskapets västra delar. Orsaken till olika fäbodtyper beskrivs bero på olika jordbruksformer med antingen en inriktning mot åkerbruk eller mot boskapsskötsel. Studiens grundar sig i att utifrån historiska redogörelser och 1865 års jordbruksstatistik studera tio utvalda socknar för att se om det går att tyda olika inriktningar i jordbruket beroende på vilken fäbodtyp som dominerade i socknen. Utifrån statistiken har arealer av åker till stråsäd och skogbeklädd mark samt nötkreaturenheter sammanställts. Utifrån de historiska redogörelserna har studien sammanställt beskrivningar som berör de utvalda socknarna och beskriver boskapsskötsel och jordbruk. Resultaten visar en påtaglig skillnad i tillgången till skogsmark där betesmarkerna är. De socknar med den slåtterlösa fäboden hade lägre arealer skogsmark 1865 och i de historiska redogörelserna beskrivs en betesbrist. Socknarna med slåtter på fäbodarna hade tillgång till större arealer skogsmark 1865 och beskrivs ha vidsträckta betesmarker som gynnar boskapsskötseln. I de historiska skildringarna kan mönster tydas av områdena med slåtterlösa fäbodar hade större tillgång till åkermark än bygderna med slåtter på fäboden. Socknarna med den slåtterlösa fäboden visar en större inbördes variation i såväl kreatursbesättning som åker till stråsäd vilket visar att jordbruket skilde sig mellan socknarna.

Abstract Forskning har visat att traditionella lokala medier fortsatt är viktiga informationskanaler för svenskarna. Samtidigt använder 41 procent av befolkningen sig av Facebook minst tre dagar i veckan som ett sätt att hålla sig uppdaterade på sitt lokala samhälle. Syftet med den här studien är att närmare undersöka hur informationsförmedlingen skiljer sig åt beroende på vilket medium som konsumeras, för att bidra till en djupare förståelse för dagens förändrade mediekonsumtion, där sociala medier spelar en allt viktigare roll. Dessutom ämnar studien söka svar på vilket syfte Facebookgruppen Sollefteå &amp; Örnsköldsvik Framtida Akutsjukhus kan fylla för de människor som är aktiva i den. Studien har avgränsats till rapporteringen kring nedläggningen av BB i Sollefteå den 31 januari 2017. Engagemanget kring nedläggningen har varit stort både i de traditionella medierna på lokal och nationell nivå och i de sociala medierna. I studien har artiklar från Sollefteås två lokaltidningar Tidningen Ångermanland och Nordsverige analyserats tillsammans med inlägg från Facebookgruppen Sollefteå &amp; Örnsköldsvik Framtida Akutsjukhus. Uppsatsen bygger i huvudsak på en kvantitativ analys av innehållet i de olika medierna. Resultatet har sedan kompletterats med en kvalitativ analys i syfte att exemplifiera resultatet i den kvantitativa studien samt intervjuer med ansvariga aktörer på de olika plattformarna för att närmare förstå de strategier och attityder som legat till grund för resultatet. Studien visar att både tidningarna och Facebookgruppen är tydligt vinklade i sin publicering. I båda fallen är det åsikter och personer som är emot nedläggningen som får synas och höras i en klar majoritet av fallen. Avsaknaden av granskning och fördjupad analys i tidningarna i kombination med deras avsikt att ta ställning i konflikten har gjort att de närmat sig det mer beskrivande och känslomässiga innehållet i Facebookgruppen. Sett till just den här konflikten är det inga stora skillnader mellan Facebook och tidningarna, snarare ser man en rundgång mellan dem, då inläggen på Facebook ofta innehåller länkar till artiklar i tidningarna och tidningarna lyfter medlemmar i gruppen i sitt innehåll. De stora skillnaderna har istället synts när man tittat på aktiviteten runt inläggen i gruppen. Genom välanvända kommentarsfält har en interaktion och en sammanhållning mellan Facebookgruppens medlemmar skapats, som4tidningarna inte lyckats tillgodose. Däremot saknas systematisk reglering och kontroll av inläggen vilket gör att det inte kan bemötas på samma sätt som ett professionellt medium där källkritik och pressetiska regler filtrerar innehållet. Denna studie har bekräftat tidigare forskning som visat att Facebook gagnar polariseringen av åsikter och avskärmar användaren från oliktänkande. I Facebookgruppen vi har undersökt handlar innehållet nästan uteslutande om att bekräfta och stärka det gemensamma engagemanget snarare än att debattera det. / Hyperlokal publicering- lokala medier i ny former

This thesis is meant to study 17th century courts and their actions at three locations. These locations include Salem in Massachusetts, Livonia during the Swedish rule and Ångermanland in Sweden. The focus cases will include witchcraft, more specifically maleficium which is the form of witchcraft that contemporaries’ often believed could hurt people physically. The thesis will also include a comparison of the three chosen locations which will take part in the discussion. There I will compare the view witchcraft, laws and how the religion played a part. In order to do this study I have gathered books that includes the legal documents from Salem, court cases from Livonia and literature that handles the history of the locations. My findings have shown that the three areas are in general very similar, despite being far apart. People view witches similarly and the courts act thereafter. The laws tend to favor the death penalty although it’s not always used.

Abstract   Nydahl, Erik; I fyrkens tid. Politisk kultur i två ångermanländska landskommuner 1860-1930 [Voting by income: The political culture of two Swedish municipalities, 1860–1930] Department of Humanities, Mid Sweden University, SE-871 88 Härnösand, Sweden ISBN: 978-91-86694-05-0, ISSN 1652-893X, Doctoral thesis nr: 100 (2010). Swedish text with a summary in English   This dissertation analyses the development of political culture in two Swedish municipalities between the 1860s and the 1930s – a period during which Swedish society underwent major changes. The purpose is to examine the direct and indirect consequences of an evolving industrial society's economic, social and political structures on political culture at local levels. The following factors are the base of the study. At the start of the 1860s, a long-standing Swedish tradition of local self-government was reinforced through a major reform, the Local Government Ordinance of 1862 (1862 års kommunalförfattningar). From this point, each parish formed its own municipality. The new municipalities were given the right to levy taxes and made responsible for welfare and schools, thereby becoming a prominent arena for the exercise of power at local levels. The municipal reform of 1862 was carried out at a time when Swedish society was transitioning as the industrialisation process accelerated during the latter part of the 1800s. Gradually, the old structure of an agricultural society was cast aside in favour of a new, modern industrial society. Naturally, also the municipalities changed – directly and indirectly. For some municipalities, adjustments were significant; for others, less so. Part of this process was the reformation of voting rights from plutocratic to public and equal. Another part was the reorganisation of municipal government from direct government via municipal meetings to representative government via municipal councils. Two main issues are formulated and answered in the dissertation. The one addresses who or which had the power over local politics and how the situation changed over time. The second addresses in what way municipal representation changed form with the modernisation of the municipalities. The empirical survey comprises a comparative case study between two municipalities in the northern part of Sweden. The one municipality, Ytterlännäs, was early the site for large-scale sawmill industry. The second municipality, Stigsjö, retained its agricultural structure throughout the entire period in question. The comparison makes it possible to analyse the impending industrial society from two different poles. In the 1800s, local politics was considered to be a completely different sort than politics at a national level. The difference was that local politics, referred to as “the municipal”, was seen as non-political and unaffiliated with those conflicts addressed at national levels, referred to as “the political”. The dissertation demonstrates two different models of how modern municipal politics evolved from the municipal meetings of the 1800s. While the starting point was the same in both municipalities, the paths diverged in the early 1870s. In the agricultural municipality of Stigsjö, it was “business as usual”. In the industrial municipality of Ytterlännäs, however, confrontation arose between enterprises and farmers and eventually, a labour movement emerged demanding the right of participation. The dissertation shows that the distinction between “municipal” and “political” was obliterated in the beginning of the 1900s, paving the way for a new concept – municipal politics. This process occurred in a very palpable way in Ytterlännäs but eventually, Stigsjö was forced to conform. The new municipal politics was, so to speak, the final station in both municipalities. In conjunction with party politicisation of local politics, the criteria and seats for the municipal representatives changed. When party affiliation became an important criterion, professional affiliation became less relevant. Party bloc seats replaced the independent seats, and representatives were eventually paid remuneration.     Keywords: Political culture, politics, voting right, municipal politics, industrial society, industrialisation, elected representatives, representation, temperance movement, labour movement, popular movements, political parties, modernisation

Boplatsvallar, often translated as semi-subterranean settlements, is an ancient monument with a diffuse definition. Defined as –embankments that partially or completely surround a often lowered/dug down surface- this category of ancient monuments is also made up of a former category which traditionally was interpreted as winter settlements from the late Stone age in Sweden. This view of the ancient monuments carried over, to a certain extent, to this new definition. Should this be the case, that this category of ancient monuments are remains of winter settlements,  used recurringly over an extended period of time, then they should exhibit similar signals in regards to the distribution of the anthropogenically altered soil chemical and soil physical properties at the sites.The area around Lillsjön, Anundsjö parish in Ångermanland, have four boplatsvallar located separately in the regional area. This means that they can be considered single contexts suitable to test the aforementioned hypothesis.The result of the intra-site study indicates that the sites have been used differently. Two of the sites exhibit a more local distribution of the heightened values of phosphates and magnetic susceptibility, distributed close around the ancient monument itself. The other two sites have a distribution of heightened values spread over a larger area around the ancient monuments, where one of the ancient monuments shows no particular difference from the background values at the site.This results thus suggests that there is a difference in how these boplatsvallar have been used prehistorically.

This paper seeks to provide a better understanding of the supposed connection between Parish Sami and the little researched stone remnants of grouse trapping, i.e. bird mazes, that show a spatial concentration to Västernorrland and Gävleborg counties - by using spatial analysis, historical-ethnographical analogies, folklore studies and two case studies. The results are contradicting; the spatial analysis shows no or little signs of a connection between remains of Sami type and place names indicating Sami presence. The analogies show a likeness between methods where sticks and branches were used instead of stones to create the fences which lead the birds to the snare-traps. However, these methods were used by both Swedish farmers and Sami. There are several folklore records that connect Sami and the bird mazes, and one tells of how the Sami taught the parish inhabitants the method. The case studies show an apparent spatial connection between bird mazes and a Parish Sami home and a nomadic Forest Sami complex. Nomadic Forest Sami in the region have been shown to be the ancestors of Parish Sami. Based on these results, the author proposes that the bird maze method was first used by Forest Sami and later used by their descendants Parish Sami, but somewhere along the way the method was taught to or picked up by Swedish farmers. In any case, this study might be used as a jumping off point for the further work and research into the physical remains of Sami in the region that are well needed, in particular the Parish Sami, but also bird mazes.

Our thesis project consists of three architectural interventions: The Mushroom, The Gnat and The Snake, fitting into a vision of a Swedish forest managed in a more sustainable way. A future in which the practice of clear-felling has been abandoned in favor of alternative methods falling under the umbrella term Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF). As the biological aspects of forestry is not our area of expertise, we have investigated what this reorganization at large would mean for the Swedish landscape, economy and society. Where it becomes a question for architecture. When the timber industry looses its hegemony over the forest, the forest becomes available to different uses. For life and recreation, and for the production of forest goods other than timber, such as wild game meat, berries, and mushrooms. These activities are able to take place within the same space as forestry, thereby overcoming the spatial separation of functions we see today. Our interventions work by docking onto different points of today’s logistics flow, in order to later replace them. They take into account more of the different values and users of the forest which we have identified. The project follows the flow of goods from the forest as they make their way towards the larger markets. The Mushroom is an outpost in the middle of the productive forest which supplies the surrounding area with the necessary infrastructure in order to extract goods from it, doubling as a recreational dwelling. One of these can be placed every 30 km. The Gnat is a tower structure containing multiple different functions ranging from marking the pick-up spot for the harvested timber, functioning as a hunting tower, shelter and storage. Many of them are placed along forest roads. The Snake is a local processing plant managing small-scale refinement of the goods of the forest close to their site of harvest, thus channeling some of the economical flow back to the communities living of the forest. Together they form a complete series of infrastructure demonstrating how we could organize the future Swedish forest.