<p>Idén till detta arbete uppstod som en följd av att vi på den fartygsförlagda praktiken upptäckt att kunskapen om katodiskt korrosionsskydd är mycket bristfällig hos många ombordanställda. Vi har även gjort en mindre undersökning bland yrkesverksamma maskinister för att se hur kunskapsnivån inom detta område ligger ombord. Undersökningen visar att vår hypotes om kunskapsnivån stämde till stor del. Ytterliggare ett skäl till att vi studerat det här området är att vi själva har velat fördjupa oss i ämnet, då våra egna erfarenheter endast varit att skriva av siffror från en display. Vår huvudfrågeställning har varit, Hur fungerar katodiskt korrosionsskydd ombord på fartyg? För att få svar på denna frågeställning har vi bedrivit litteraturstudier inom ämnet. De teoretiska kunskaperna har vi samlat från internet och böcker. De praktiska kunskaperna har vi fått från tidigare praktikperioder samt under praktik på MS Silja Galaxy under perioden december 2008 till januari 2009.</p> / <p>The idea for this exam paper arose under our onboard training periods. Under these periods we understood that the knowledge in cathodic corrosion protection was poor among the engine personal. We have also made a minor survey among marine engineers to see how the knowledge in this area is onboard. The survey shows that our hypothesis on the level of knowledge corresponded to a large extent. Further reason why we studied this area is that we wanted to deepen us in this subject, when our own experience only was to write numbers from a display. Our main question has been how cathodic corrosion protection work at ships. In order to answer this question, we conducted literature studies in the subject. The theoretical knowledge we have gathered from internet and books. The practical knowledge we have gained from previous training periods and during onboard training on MS Silja Galaxy in December 2008 to January 2009.</p>

Sickness absence not only causes significant costs for organizations but also leads to other negative consequences for individuals and societies. Previous research has shown that working with organizational values within Quality Management affects job satisfaction and results in increased profitability and customer satisfaction. There would, in addition, seem to be great gains if managers, by working with Quality Management, can manage to establish sustainable health among co-workers.   The purpose of the research described in this thesis was to examine how Quality Management could be practised in order to support sustainable health among co-workers and what it is within Quality Management that influences sustainable co-worker health. Accordingly, the purpose was also to contribute to the understanding of the relation between sustainable health and Quality Management. To fulfil this purpose, three research questions were asked. The results are described in three parts related to the three research questions and are the product of six case studies carried out in seven different organizations.   Interviews with managers and workshops with co-workers were carried out to investigate how Quality Management can be practised within organizations in order to promote sustainable co-worker health. These investigations took place in four organizations that had received awards. Three had been awarded for their excellence in leadership, work environment and co-workership, along with improved profitability; one for its successful implementation of quality programmes. The results are descriptions of methodologies, behaviours, values and organization structure used by the organizations to support sustainable health. These are exemplified with practical examples. The methodologies, behaviours, values, and organizational structure are considered possible for other organizations to adopt and all of them are already supported in the quality, management and leadership literature. Support from the health literature is also found for most of the behaviours, methodologies, values, and organizational structure.   Surveys and focus groups interviews were carried out in five different organizations in order to find out what is of most importance when practising Quality Management in order to influence sustainable co-worker health. The results pointed to ‘Leadership Commitment’ as the most central of the values for achieving sustainable health among the co-workers. Furthermore, the values ‘Continuous Improvements’, ‘Participation of Everybody’ and ‘Customer Orientation’ were found to be related to sustainable health among the co-workers. The values ‘Leadership Commitment’ and the value ‘Participation of Everybody’ were then further elaborated to find aspects of importance for sustainable co-worker health. From the value ‘Leadership Commitment’ four aspects were extracted. These were labelled ‘Empathy’, ‘Presence and Communication’, ‘Integrity’, and ‘Continuity’. The results showed relations between the value ‘Leadership Commitment’ within Quality Management and sustainable health among the co-workers. Thus it is essential for leaders to work in accordance with that value to achieve results in the work towards sustainable co-worker health. The results indicate that this requires management and leadership that are characterized by the aspects above. The leaders have to:   • Really understand the co-workers and their work situation. • Be present and available for co-workers and communicate with them. • Act as a role model, be fair and keep their promises. • Stay in their positions long enough to build up trust and confidence.   The value ‘Participation of Everybody’ has also been shown to be related to sustainable health among the co-workers. This indicates that it is important to work in accordance with that value in the struggle to achieve sustainable health among the co-workers. The results imply that this value is characterized by the aspects ‘Development’, ‘Influence’ and ‘Being informed’. This could be done by:   • Giving the co-workers opportunities to develop their skills and develop personally. • Letting the co-workers influence their work situation and taking suggestions and proposals from them seriously. • Having good communication within the whole organization.   To manage this; the managers have to delegate more and empower the co-workers.   These results were then further elaborated within another organization in order to develop a measurement approach that can clarify the extent to which the values, ‘Leadership Commitment’ and ‘Participation of Everybody’ permeate an organization. The developed measurement approach can be used to clarify the extent to which the organization is practising the health-promoting values within Quality Management and in what areas improvement is needed to increase co-worker health. The approach can also help the organization to detect those shortcomings within the management which are important for co-worker well-being. The developed measurement approach can be used to establish and enhance co-worker health by improving their well-being, satisfaction and motivation.

Leadership, quality, effectiveness and health are important factors in the achievement of organisational success. Three questions are addressed to study these elements: 1. How do leadership values relate to leadership behaviours, quality methodologies and health in organisations? 2. How do leadership behaviours relate to effectiveness and health in organisations? 3. How can leadership tools be designed and used to promote health in organisations? The research is based on five studies from three research projects. This research is reported in five papers. Study I concerned eight organisations in the middle of Sweden; the focus was on leadership values and behaviours. Study II concerned three successful organisations that received the award, ‘Sweden’s number one workplace’. Focus in this study was mainly on leadership behaviours. Study III combined results from Studies I and II with a focus on successful leadership behaviours. Study IV concerned the eight organisations in Study I. A leadership tool in the form of a Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) model was developed and evaluated. Study V was of two organisations in Sweden; the focus in that work was on the use of a leadership tool control chart designed to give managers statistically valid early warning signals about health in their organisations. Theory X and Y together with the three-dimensional leadership behaviour theory were used to assess leadership values and behaviours. The theory surrounding PDSA and control charts were used to develop leadership tools. The dimension of health is defined from a salutogenic humanistic perspective; which emphasizes individual well-being. The dimension of quality is defined as the ability to satisfy or exceed needs and expectations. Effectiveness is defined as the extent to which externally and internally defined objectives are fulfilled. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. Interviews, seminars with employees, collection of human resource and effectiveness figures, and questionnaires completed by managers and subordinates were used to collect data. Managers with more Theory Y-oriented leadership values were rated by subordinates as high concerning quality methodologies and leadership behaviour dimensions. The subordinates of these managers tended to be healthier. Two of the studies identified common groups of leadership behaviours in effective and healthy organisations: strategy and vision, communication and information, authority and responsibility, learning culture, worker conversations, plainness and simplicity, humanity and trust, walking around and reflective personal leadership. These leadership behaviours fit into a leadership profile where all three of the dimensions of structure, relation and change are present. Of the three, the relation dimension is strongest and concluded to be a universal dimension. The developed PDSA model seems to be a leadership tool that influences both leadership values and behaviour, particularly in the area of relation-oriented leadership behaviours. An early warning system built on CUSUM- and Shewhartcharts concerning the health indicators of self-assessed general health and new sickcases per employee was also found to be a powerful and usable leadership tool. For future research, the explorative research findings can be quantitatively tested using representative and preferably cross-national data, with a longitudinal design. / Ledarskap, kvalitet, effektivitet och hälsa är viktiga faktorer för en organisations framgång. Tre forskningsfrågor är ställda: 1. Hur relaterar ledarskapsvärderingar till ledarskapsbeteenden, arbetssätt för kvalitet samt hälsa i organisationer? 2. Hur relaterar ledarskapsbeteenden till effektivitet och hälsa i organisationer? 3. Hur kan hälsofrämjande ledarskapsverktyg utformas och användas i organisationer? Forskningen är baserad på fem studier med empirisk bas i tre forskningsprojekt. Resultaten är avrapporterade i fem artiklar. Studie I inkluderar åtta organisationer i mellansverige; fokus är på värderingar och beteenden inom ledarskapet. Studie II inkluderar tre framgångsrika organisationer som har erhållit utmärkelsen “Sveriges bästa arbetsplats” och fokus är framförallt på ledarskapsbeteenden. Studie III är en kombination av resultat från Studie I och II och fokuserar på framgångsrikt ledarskap. Studie IV inkluderar organisationerna från Studie I, och ett ledarskapsverktyg i form av en PDSA modell är utvecklad och utvärderad. Studie V inkluderar två organisationer och fokuserar på ledarskapsverktyget styrdiagram med målet att ge chefer statistiskt säkerställda tidiga varningar rörande medarbetarnas hälsa. Teori X och Y är, tillsammans med den tredimensionella ledarskapsbeteendeteorin, teoribas för analys av värderingar och beteenden inom ledarskapet. Teorier rörande PDSA och styrdiagram är använda för att utveckla ledarskapsverktyg. Hälsa är definierad med ett salutogent humanistiskt perspektiv som betonar det individuella välbefinnandet. Kvalitet som en produkts förmåga att tillfredsställa eller helst överträffa kundernas behov och förväntningar. Effektivitet som både intern och extern måluppfyllelse. Både kvalitativa och kvantitativa forskningsmetoder är använda i studierna. Intervjuer, gruppseminarier med medarbetare, insamling av personaladministrativa data och effektivitetsindikatorer samt frågeformulär till chefer och medarbetare är använda som datainsamlingsverktyg. Chefer med mer Teori Y-orienterade värderingar bedöms av medarbetare ha höga värden rörande arbetssätt för kvalitet, ledarskapsbeteenden samt tendenser till bättre hälsa bland medarbetarna. Gemensamma grupper av ledarskapsbeteenden från två studier hos framgångsrika organisationer är identifierade; Den strategiska och visionära ledarskapsrollen, Kommunikation och information, Ansvar och befogenheter, Lärande kultur, Medarbetardiskussioner, Enkelhet, Humanitet och förtroende, Vara synlig i organisationen och Personligt reflektivt ledarskap. Dessa beteenden motsvarar en ledarskapsprofil inkluderande de tre dimensionerna struktur, relation och förändring. Tydligast i resultaten är relationsdimensionen och slutsatsen är att den är universell. Den utvecklade PDSA modellen verkar vara ett tillämpbart ledarskapsverktyg som influerar både ledarskapsvärderingar och ledarskapsbeteenden, framförallt ökad relationsorientering. Ett tidigt varningssystem innehållande hälsoindikatorerna självskattat allmänt hälsotillstånd och nya sjukfall per anställd med styrdiagrammen CUSUM och Shewhart är ett kraftfullt och användbart ledarskapsverktyg. I fortsatt forskning kan de explorativa resultaten testas kvantitativt med representativa, helst internationella, data utifrån en longitudinell design.

To be a market leader, low cost and responsiveness are the key success factors. Logistics activities create high cost reducing competitiveness of the company, especially for the remote production base. Thus, logistics activities which are delivery planning, freight forwarder and delivery mode selection must be optimized. The focusing area of this paper is inbound logistics due to its big proportion in the total cost and involvement with several stakeholders. The optimization theory and Microsoft Excel’s Solver is used to create the standard optimization tools since it is an efficient and user friendly program. The models are developed based on the supply chain management theory in order to achieve the lowest cost, responsiveness and shared objectives. 2 delivery planning optimization models, container loading for fixed slitting and loading pattern and container loading for pallet loaded material, are formulated. Also, delivery mode selection is constructed by using optimization concept to determine the best alternative. Furthermore, freight forwarder selection process is created by extending the use of the delivery mode selection model. The results express that safety stock, loading pattern, transport mode, and minimum order quantity (MOQ) significantly affect the total logistics cost. Including hidden costs, long transit time and delay penalties, leads freight forwarder selection process to become more realistic and reliable. Shorter processing time, ensured optimal solution, transparency increase and better communication are gained by using these optimization models. However, the proper boundaries must be defined carefully to gain the feasible solution.

Isaberg Rapid AB is a company that manufactures for instance staplers and glue guns. Headquarters and main factory is located in Hestra but there are also subsidiary companies in Denmark, Netherlands, France, Spain, China and England. There are also two filial factories in France and China. Today has the company no logistic guidelines committed and that leads to problems since the salesmen promise different things to the customers. This contributes too many different logistic solutions for Isaberg Rapid AB. The company has also noted problems with returns of goods. The purpose with this task is to standardize and compile logistic guidelines, usable to all Isaberg Rapid AB's small to midsize customers. The aim is to increase the flow of information and reach a more standardized way to work than previously within the company and between the company and their customers. The task also includes development of a functioning system of returns usable to all customers. Choice of methods has changed from literature studies to focus on interviews and document collections at the company. A large part of the implementation is comprised of interviews. This because the task were directed to Isaberg Rapid AB and it were therefore difficult to find any appropriate theory. Some visits, both in Hestra and Saint Amé, have been made. In development of the logistic guidelines have two other logistic guidelines from the company's customers been studied. In the result part is the compiling of the logistic guidelines presented. The logistic guidelines are based on the collected documents from the company but also include parts from interviews and the studied logistic guidelines. This document should work as a tool for customers and concerned people at Isaberg Rapid AB. It contains important information before, during and after ordering. There are two versions of this document, one for the customer and one to use internally with extra comments. In the end of the report there are some discussions about the difficulties that have been discovered. Finally, the questions given in the problem description will be answered in the conclusions.

Detta examensarbete har genomförts på Schenker Logistics AB där målsättningen har varit att analysera den nuvarande returprocessen och därefter presentera eventuella förbättringsförslag. Den information som ligger till grund för resultatet av detta arbete har införskaffats via observationer och intervjuer med de personer som arbetar i returprocessen. Analysen som utfördes resulterade i att ett flertal brister kunde identifieras i returprocessen. Alla dessa brister bidrog till att komplikationer uppstod vid returhanteringen av gods på Schenker Logistics AB. Några exempel på brister som identifierades är att gods som var i godkänt fysiskt skick, returnerades till Schenker Logistics AB utan angiven orsak till returleveransen. Dessutom dokumenterades inte skadeorsaker hos någon part i försörjningskedjan, vilket bidrog till att Schenker Logistics AB var ovetande om skadans uppkomst samt vem/vad som bidrog till att skadan uppstod. Ytterligare brister som kunde identifieras i returprocessen är att fraktsedlar med ett specifikt nummer ofta försvann, fraktsedlar som är synnerligen viktiga för att Schenker Logistics AB ska kunna hantera returgodset. Vidare identifierades brister i form av omotiverat antal hanteringsställen av returgodset både internt på Schenker Logistics AB men även externt. Detta utgör en risk till att returgodset kommer i kontakt med vanligt gods, men även att det kan uppstå fysiska skador på både returgodset och det vanliga godset. Utöver dessa brister finns det några fler som omnämns och förklaras mer i rapporten. De förbättringsförslag som presenteras i denna rapport innefattar förändringar som kan leda till att returprocessen på Schenker Logistics AB, men även i hela försörjningskedjan, blir mer kontrollerad och hållbar jämfört mot dagens situation. Förutom en halvering av antalet scenarier som uppstår på Schenker Logistics vid mottagandet av returgods, kan dessa förändringar även bidra till kostnadsbesparingar i form av hanteringskostnader och administrativa kostnader hos både Schenker Logistics AB och deras kund Shell. / This examination report has been carried out at Schenker Logistics AB where the objective has been to analyze the current return process and then to present possible improvements. In order to analyze the return process there was a necessity to obtain information of the present situation. The information has been acquired through observations and interviews with persons that work in the return process. The information that was obtained made it possible to analyze the return process. The analysis that was carried out resulted in identification of several shortcomings in the return process. Every of these shortcomings contributed to complications with handling of returns at Schenker Logistics AB. An example of a shortcoming that was identified is that undamaged goods were returned to Schenker Logistics AB without specified reason for the return delivery. Moreover, there was lack of documentation of damaged goods, which contributed that Schenker Logistics AB was unaware of what causes the damages. Additional shortcoming that could be identified in the return process is that waybills with a specific number often disappeared; waybills which are highly important to Schenker Logistics AB in order to handle the returned goods. Furthermore, several unjustified transportations of the return goods took place both internally at Schenker Logistics AB but also externally. This was a risk as the return goods could come in contact with ordinary goods; but also that it could contribute to physical damages on both the return goods and the ordinary goods. In addition to these shortcomings some more is mentioned and explained further in this report. The proposed improvements presented in this report include changes which can highly improve the return process at Schenker Logistics AB, but also in the entire supply-chain. The return process would most likely, after an implementation of the improvements, become more controlled and sustainable compared to today's situation. These improvement proposals can reduce the number of scenarios by half, scenarios that arise at Schenker Logistics AB when receiving the return goods. These changes can also contribute to saving in costs, in form of handling costs and administrative costs, at both Schenker Logistics AB and their customer Shell.

Sapa Heat Transfer AB (SHT AB) är en av tre delar inom koncernen Sapa Group, som ägs av det norska företaget Orkla ASA. SHT AB har produktion både i Sverige (Finspång) och i Kina (Shanghai). Företaget är en världsledande leverantör och utvecklare av aluminiumband som används i olika typer av värmeväxlare, främst inom bilindustrin. I flera steg av produktionen, som innefattar omsmältning, varm- och kallvalsning samt skärning, uppkommer ett skrotfall av aluminium. Detta skrot tas omhand och återanvänds som råvara i företagets omsmältverk. SHT AB har idag inget automatiserat IT-stöd för att prognostisera skrotavfallet, dessa beräkningar görs istället med hjälp av Excel. Då skrotfallet beräknas används ett schablonvärde för processens utbyte, som motsvarar genomsnittet för samtliga legeringskombinationer i produktion. Eftersom ett medelvärde används blir prognosen missvisande för vissa legeringar. Detta då utbytet varierar mycket, vilket gör att det både finns de legeringskombinationer som har betydligt högre utbyte än genomsnittet och de som har betydligt lägre. SHT AB har idag inte heller någon koppling mellan faktisk orderstock och kortsiktig prognostisering av skrotfall. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att ta fram förslag på hur Sapa Heat Transfer AB kan och bör utveckla sin prognostisering av skrotfall. Därigenom ska Sapa Heat Transfer AB få bättre precision i både långsiktig och kortsiktig skrotfallsprognos, och på så vis förbättra råvaruplaneringen. För att förbättra den långsiktiga skrotfallsprognosen måste nedbrytningen av prognosen för legeringskombinationer analyseras. En förbättring av nedbrytningen förväntas innebära en förbättrad långsiktig prognos. Förbättrad innebär i detta fall att skrotfallsprognosen bättre ska följa den långsiktiga prognosen för försäljning av legeringskombinationer. Precisionen hos skrotfallsprognosen blir givetvis beroende av precisionen hos denna prognos. En förändring av nedbrytningen medför dock att kapacitetsplaneringen för omsmältverkets ugnar påverkas. Åtgärdsförslaget som tas fram för den långsiktiga prognostiseringen är tänkt att förbättra denna genom att schablonvärdet som används ersätts med varje legeringskombinations specifika prognostiserade utbyte. Data som behövs för att genomföra en sådan prognos finns tillgänglig i SHT AB:s databaser, och med hjälp av prognostiseringsmetoden exponentiell utjämning kan utbytet prognostiseras. Genom att använda denna metod med ett lågt värde på utjämningskonstanten α, fås en prognos där extremvärden inte ger kraftiga utslag på prognosen. Den kortsiktiga skrotfallsprognosen, som idag bygger på en nedbrytning av den långsiktiga prognosen, kan förbättras genom att istället kopplas till den faktiska orderstocken. Om denna koppling görs baseras skrotfallsprognosen mer på känd information istället för på en annan prognos. En koppling till orderstocken kan dock bara användas för kortsiktig skrotfallsprognostisering då orderstocken inte sträcker sig flera månader framåt. Åtgärdsförslaget som tas fram för den kortsiktiga skrotfallsprognosen utgår från att en schablonmässig prognos först tas fram för de skrotgrupper som ska prognostiseras. I denna används en individuell prognostiserad skrotfallsfaktor som tas fram med exponentiell utjämning för respektive skrotgrupp. Skrotfallsfaktorn är baserad på historisk data för planerat material in till processen och invägt skrot till smältverket. Med hjälp av skrotfallsfaktorn, data för hur mycket material som är planerade in i processen kommande veckor och med hänsyn till att skrot faller under hela ledtiden, kan ett förväntat skrotfall för kommande vecka/veckor beräknas. För att få en bättre precision än hos den schablonmässiga prognosen, kan sedan prognosen för de skrotgrupper som är mest intressanta utvecklas och anpassas. De kan ges individuella värden på utjämningskonstanten α för prognostiseringen av skrotfallsfaktor och även sättet som hänsyn till ledtid tas kan anpassas. I förslaget har förenklingen gjorts att skrot väntas falla symmetriskt över ledtiden vilket inte stämmer helt med verkligheten. Därför bör prognosen också utvecklas så att hänsyn tas till att det exempelvis faller förhållandevis mycket skrot i slutet av ledtiden. / Sapa Heat Transfer AB (SHT AB) is one of three components in the corporate group Sapa Group, owned by the Norwegian company Orkla ASA. Sapa Heat Transfer AB has production in Sweden (Finspång) and China (Shanghai). The company is a world leading supplier and developer of aluminum strips used in various types of heat exchangers, primarily in the automotive industry. In several stages of the production, which includes remelting, hot and cold milling and cutting, a part of the processed material becomes scrap metal. This scrap metal is collected and reused as raw material in the remelting factory. SHT AB currently has no automated IT support to forecasting this scrap metal; these calculations are, in the current situation, made with the help of Excel. In the calculation of scrap metal the company uses a standard value, corresponding to the average yield for all alloy combinations in the production. As a mean value is being used for all alloy combinations, the forecast becomes misleading for some alloys. The yield varies widely depending on the alloy, which means there are alloy combinations that are above the average yield and some that are below. In the current situation SHT AB has no link between actual orders and the short-term forecast of scrap metal. The purpose of this thesis is to develop proposals on how Sapa Heat Transfer AB can and should develop its forecasting of scrap metal. This will help them getting a better accuracy in their forecasting and thereby improving the raw material planning. In order to improve the long-term forecast of scrap metal the decomposition of the forecast for the alloy combination had to be analyzed. An improvement of the decomposition will mean an improvement of the precision for the long-term prognosis of scrap metal. A change in the decomposition will also influence the capacity planning in the remelting factory. The action proposal for the long-term forecasting will result in a better accuracy of the forecast by replacing the mean value for the yield by a specific forecasted yield of each alloy combination. The data needed to carry through such a forecast is available in SHT AB´s databases, and by using the forecasting method exponential smoothing the yield can be forecasted. By using this method a forecast will be obtained that, with a low value of α, will not take such great impact from extreme values that sometimes occur. The current short-term scrap metal forecast, based on a decomposition of the alloy combination forecast, can be improved by a link to the actual backlog. If this link is established the scrap metal forecast will be based on known information instead of forecasted data. A link to the backlog can only be used for a short-term forecast due to the length of the awaiting orders. The action proposal to improve the short-term forecast assumes that a standardized forecast is developed for the scrap groups to be projected. The forecast should use an individually forecasted scrap factor produced with exponential smoothing for each scrap group. The scrap factor is based on historical data for the material planned to go into the process and the weighed scrap delivered to the remelting factory. With this scrap factor, data on how much material that is planned into the process the coming weeks and with consideration of scrap falling throughout the lead time the expected amount of scrap for the coming week / weeks can be calculated. To get a better precision compared to the standardized forecasts, the forecasts of the most interesting scrap groups should be developed and adapted. They can be given individual values of the smoothing constant α for the prediction of the scrap factor and the way the lead time is being considered can be adjusted. In the proposal the simplification that scrap is expected to fall symmetrically distributed over the lead time has been done. In reality this is not the case. Therefore, the forecast should also be developed to take into account that, for example, more scrap is falling in the end of the lead time.

Idén till detta arbete uppstod som en följd av att vi på den fartygsförlagda praktiken upptäckt att kunskapen om katodiskt korrosionsskydd är mycket bristfällig hos många ombordanställda. Vi har även gjort en mindre undersökning bland yrkesverksamma maskinister för att se hur kunskapsnivån inom detta område ligger ombord. Undersökningen visar att vår hypotes om kunskapsnivån stämde till stor del. Ytterliggare ett skäl till att vi studerat det här området är att vi själva har velat fördjupa oss i ämnet, då våra egna erfarenheter endast varit att skriva av siffror från en display. Vår huvudfrågeställning har varit, Hur fungerar katodiskt korrosionsskydd ombord på fartyg? För att få svar på denna frågeställning har vi bedrivit litteraturstudier inom ämnet. De teoretiska kunskaperna har vi samlat från internet och böcker. De praktiska kunskaperna har vi fått från tidigare praktikperioder samt under praktik på MS Silja Galaxy under perioden december 2008 till januari 2009. / The idea for this exam paper arose under our onboard training periods. Under these periods we understood that the knowledge in cathodic corrosion protection was poor among the engine personal. We have also made a minor survey among marine engineers to see how the knowledge in this area is onboard. The survey shows that our hypothesis on the level of knowledge corresponded to a large extent. Further reason why we studied this area is that we wanted to deepen us in this subject, when our own experience only was to write numbers from a display. Our main question has been how cathodic corrosion protection work at ships. In order to answer this question, we conducted literature studies in the subject. The theoretical knowledge we have gathered from internet and books. The practical knowledge we have gained from previous training periods and during onboard training on MS Silja Galaxy in December 2008 to January 2009.

The objective with this thesis is to clarify the advantages - both economic and environmental - that companies in the Thai electronic manufacturing industry can draw from managing their supply chain and adding a green aspect to it. This through investigations of the concept known as Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM). The research will assist companies with scarce knowledge of green supply chain management in making decisions and priorities in that area. Semi-structured interviews were performed on sight in Bangkok, Thailand and surrounding region. These provided insight and knowledge of the situation and today-state regarding environmental awareness and GSCM implementation within the Thai Electrical and Electronics Industries. Interviews were performed with representatives and experts from different sectors – from universities, industry and supporting agencies and serve as the foundation for the research. A model has been developed out of previous research and findings that could suit the Thai industry. This model can be seen as guidelines in the work towards becoming green and aims at continuous improvement of the organizations environmental performance. In Thailand today companies do not see the benefits of themselves review their organizations environmental impact or developing in this area. Environmental awareness among the public is low and the lack of demand for green products result in few drivers for companies to become green. Also the lack of proper legislation and compliance audits are part of the problem. Missing environmental education and knowledge are extensive and improvements needed. The concept of GSCM is not wide spread but popularity is increasing steadily. Some environmental initiatives are though performed in the industry but not under the name of the concept. Customer demands, legislation and education should be the main focus areas for developing the industry. From the today state at a very basic low much is to be done. Fear of large investments, cost and the lack of knowledge are obstacles to the development. This research shows that these concerns are to be avoided. And by following the model in this thesis companies can find proper knowledge in the area of GSCM. Concluded is that with understanding of the concept and proper implementation from the right knowledge Thai companies can gain great advantages in the future - both economical and environmental.

Irresistibly, Lean has been well-known among manufacturers around the world for quite sometimes due to Toyota success story of Toyota Production System (TPS) or so-called Lean manufacturing. Now that many organizations are going toward the concept of Lean enterprise, this thesis tries to study about Lean Product Development System (LPDS) which is a part it. Owing to the fact that LPDS is a socio-technical system originated from Japanese cultural background, to understand and should how LPDS is adopted in Swedish organizations become our main purpose. The thesis consists of three research questions- i.e. 1) what are pros and cons of LPDS, 2) what is Swedish style LPDS and how does it compare to the original Japanese one, and 3) should Swedish companies transform LPDS into their organizations; if yes, how. This study adopts a cultural framework to analyze and compare the Swedish LPDS and the Japanese one. The thesis can be separated into three main theoretical parts- i.e. LPDS, cultures, and change management. Two managers from two companies, one LPDS consultant, and one PhD student were interviewed for empirical data. Regarding to the first research question, both primary (interview) and secondary data are used; in order to analyze advantages and weaknesses of LPDS. Then, based on a literature review and empirical findings, Swedish LPDS principles were concluded and compared to the Japanese ones according to the second research question. Lastly, Swedish cultures, creativity perspective, and change management theories were deployed to provide managerial guidelines on how Swedes interpret and adopt LPDS in their organizations.   Accordingly, there are several pros and cons of LPDS (e.g. systematic decision making enhancement, transparency of information sharing, dynamic organizational learning) and they occur along the process of LPDS transformation into organizations. For cons, conclusion as of now is that most of LPDS weaknesses come from the method level, in which no one really knows what the real "Lean" is and leads to misinterpretation of principles. Owing to the fact that LPDS is a socio-technical system, it requires firms to adapt their strategies and cultures before adopting LPDS principles. Hence, LPDS needs to be interpreted and put into use case by case, depending on organizational characteristics. There are 14 principles of Swedish LPDS as concluded in this study. They are both similar and different from the Japanese original ones. The basic principles of LPDS, which are standardization, supplier involvement, continuous improvement, and visualization, are employed explicitly in both Japanese and Swedish LPDS. Moreover, both apply set-based concurrent engineering, front-loading, leveled product development process, and cross-functional team in NPD projects in their LPDS practices. The main differences are that Swedish LPDS focuses more on enhancing creativity than those of Japanese. Moreover, leadership style differs due to different cultural background. Besides, some other minor differences are also pointed out in this report. This leads to an answer to the last research question. Swedes should adopt LPDS in incremental manners to develop their organizations into the direction lead by LPDS, while preserving the creativity which is beneficial to product development processes. Finally, some guidelines of LPDS interpretation and adoption are also suggested based on change management theories and Swedish cultures.