Pas de résumé / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis reviews trends and developments concerning national information policy both internationally and nationally and inform the understanding of the situation in South Africa. Three research questions are investigated in this study, namely: (a) what are the main trends relevant to national information policy development worldwide, based on relevant literature, (b) what are the main trends and developments in other countries, and (c) what are the implications of the current global and national developments regarding national information policy for South Africa, based on the findings of the study? The methodology for this study involved a qualitative textual analysis, addressing these three research questions, and the selection of theoretical frameworks to define the scope of the research. The study discussed the main aspects of concern regarding the following information-related issues: access to information; access to government information; literacy levels; computer literacy levels; levels of education and skills; information society development; the North-South Divide (including the digital divide); information content and industrial competitiveness; other issues such as e-commerce; telecommunication issues; copyright issues; industrial property rights; freedom of speech; censorship; information ownership; library services and archives; the value of information and the flow of information in the public domain in South Africa. The multiplicity of issues reviewed demonstrated the complexity regarding access to information and related issues in the country. The study concludes with a situational analysis of developments relevant to national information policy for South Africa. The findings indicate that the South African government needs to take into account the unevenness of past developments and the challenges created by the emergent global information policy regime. The Government needs to develop a national information policy to address and balance two realities, namely: (a) the technocratic and capitalist values of globalisation pushing global information policy development from outside the country, and (b) national economic, social and cultural developmental needs inside the country. Both these realities are relevant and need to be addressed in a national information policy, as the Government needs to take into account the unevenness of past developments and the challenges created by the emergent global information policy regime. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

Le droit public des biens est en pleine mutation. Les mouvements affectent principalement la définition de lapropriété publique et celle du domaine public. Au cœur de ces notions se trouve l’affectation des biens à l’utilitépublique. En effet, cette dernière est directement liée au domaine public puisqu’elle constitue un critère dereconnaissance de l’appartenance d’un bien au domaine public. Le premier remède à la crise fut l’adoption de laréforme législative de 2006 aboutissant au Code général de la propriété des personnes publiques.L’affectation est relativement mise en avant au sein de ce Code. La réforme demeure, cependant, superficielle. Eneffet, une logique différente de celle de la propriété aurait dû prévaloir pour résoudre les enjeux majeurs de cettecrise. C’est en démontrant que la notion d’affectation, autonome par rapport à celle de la propriété publique, doitrester un élément fondamental de reconnaissance du domaine public, ce dernier devant être réduit à l’essentiel. Mais,elle doit surtout conduire, une fois libérée du critère organique, à une meilleure valorisation des propriétés publiques.Aujourd’hui, des biens affectés à l’utilité publique appartiennent à des personnes privées. Ils ne font certes pluspartie du domaine public mais demeurent pourtant soumis à l’application d’un régime juridique protecteur,assimilable aux règles de la domanialité publique.In fine, la protection de l’affectation s’envisage en dehors de la propriété publique, tout en conciliant la satisfactionde l’intérêt général avec les impératifs économiques. / The public law of the properties is in full transformation. The movements affect mainly the definition of the publicproperty and that of the public domain. In the heart of these notions is the affectation of the properties in the publicutility. Indeed, this last one is directly bound to the public domain. The first remedy in the crisis was the adoption ofthe legislative reform of 2006 ending in the general Code of the property of the public persons.The affectation is relatively emphasis within this Code. The reform remains, however, superficial. Indeed, a logicdifferent from that of the property should have prevailed to resolve the major stakes in this crisis. Whiledemonstrating the notion of affectation, autonomous with regard to that of the public property, has to remain afundamental element of recognition of the public domain, this last one that must be reduced to the main part. But, itespecially has to lead, once freed from the organic criterion, in a better valuation of the public properties.Today, properties allocated to the public utility belong to private persons. They are not certainly a part any more ofthe public domain but remain nevertheless subdued with care of a protective legal regime, comparable to the rules ofthe public domaniality.At the end, the protection of the affectation envisages except the public property, while reconciling the satisfactionof the general interest with the economic imperatives.

Cette thèse porte sur un objet sociologique en construction : les médias sociaux. Si le caractère tautologique de cette expression surprend de prime abord, l’absence de définition abordant cet objet sous un angle médiatique laisse entrevoir la récence et la complexité du concept. Par une approche empirique fondée sur l’étude des usages, des pratiques et des représentations des utilisateurs de ces nouveaux médias, nous poursuivons ici l’objectif de produire une analyse contextualisée de l’apparition d’un nouveau genre médiatique. La dimension interactionniste qui sous-tend la nature de ces médias guidera notre réflexion en accordant, de ce fait une place centrale, à la participation des utilisateurs actifs sur ces médias. De ces individus connectés et en réseau à leurs agrégations en audiences actives, nous nous intéresserons aux nouvelles formes d’expression de l’engagement. Nous tenterons alors d’apporter un regard sociologique à cet objet social, culturel et médiatique que sont les médias sociaux et sur la constitution des mouvements sociaux qu’ils supportent. / This thesis is focused on the analysis of a topic that is still a “work in progress” in Sociology: social media. Although this tautological expression may be amazing at first sight, it appears that no academic definition of social media has been proposed to date. This gap in academic research illustrates that this topic is both recent and complex. Therefore, our research aims to conduct a contextual analysis of the emergence of a new media. This research is based on an empirical approach through the study of uses, practices and representations of social media users. As social media are characterized by the interactionist dimension, our research will target active users. From these connected and networked people to active audiences, our analysis will focus on new ways related to involvement. Our research will contribute to the sociological understanding of a social, cultural and media topic that represents social media as well as the set up of social movements supported by social media.

L’eau en tant que ressource naturelle en mouvement permanent est difficilement saisissable par le droit. La pénurie de cette ressource demeure un problème majeur dans certaines régions du sud de l’Europe et plus particulièrement en Espagne, en France et en Italie. Devant ce défi, une protection juridique renforcée s'impose par nécessité .Le droit est-il en mesure d’assurer à cette ressource une telle protection à travers un statut spécifique qui tienne compte de son caractère vital et rare? Ce travail s’inscrit principalement dans une perspective de droit comparé entre les systèmes juridiques français, italien et espagnol, étudiés à la lumière du droit de l’Union européenne ayant favorisé une standardisation de la protection de l’eau, même si elle demeure insuffisante. La domanialisation et la patrimonialisation de l’eau, ainsi que la reconnaissance progressive d’un droit à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement sont les solutions proposées par les droits publics étudiés. La question de l’effectivité et de l’efficacité de la protection publique de l’eau est au cœur de l’étude et invite à s’interroger sur les acteurs de la mise en œuvre de la protection de la ressource en eau ainsi que sur un partage des compétences souvent complexe. Dans cette perspective, le rôle du juge administratif et des juges des eaux publiques en matière d’application effective des normes protectrices de la ressource en eau est fondamental. Ainsi, la question de l’effectivité de la protection s’est imposée, car elle découle tant de son caractère préventif que du caractère répressif des sanctions appliquées en cas de dommages causés à la ressource en eau. / Water as a natural resource in constant motion is difficult to grasp by the law. The shortage of this resource remains a major problem in parts of southern Europe, particularly in Spain, France and Italy. Faced with this challenge, enhanced legal protection is necessary with force. Is the law able to guarantee this resource protection through a special status that respects its vital and rare character? The purpose of this piece of work is mainly to set a comparative law perspective between the French, Italian and Spanish legal systems, studied in the light of the law of the European Union which promoted a standardization of water protection, even if it remains insufficient. The public domain, the concept of heritage, and the gradual recognition of the right to drink water and sanitation are the solutions proposed by the legal systems studied. The question of the effectiveness and efficiency of public water protection is at the heart of the study. It raises questions about the actors in the implementation of the protection of water, as well as an often complex sharing of skills. In this perspective, the role of the administrative judge and judges of public waters in terms of effective enforcement of protective standards for water is fundamental. So the question of the effectiveness of protection raises central, because it follows both the preventive character and the repressive nature of the sanctions imposed in the case of damaging the water resources.

Esta tese discute a questão fundiária nos Parques e Estações Ecológicas do Estado de São Paulo, demonstrando que a indisciplina da documentação e do registro da propriedade imobiliária constitui o principal limite à implantação dessas unidades de conservação (UCs). Inicia-se com a apresentação dos resultados obtidos pelo governo na regularização fundiária dessas unidades durante o século XX. Na seqüência, é feita uma pesquisa sobre as origens da indisciplina existente na documentação e no registro da propriedade imobiliária no Brasil, considerando três períodos: o de concessão de sesmarias até 1822; o de formulação e implementação da Lei de Terras de 1850; e o republicano. A pesquisa identificou cadeias paralelas do registro da propriedade imobiliária e momentos da ocupação do território em que essa indisciplina representou limites às políticas sociais e ambientais, evidenciando o fato de que a mesma é funcional, há séculos, para a permanência da relação desequilibrada entre o desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental. Os estudos de casos apresentam os conflitos fundiários que provocaram a devastação das Reservas Florestais do Pontal do Paranapanema e, nas unidades da Serra do Mar e litoral paulista, o uso de documentos irregulares para realização de ações ilegais e reivindicação de indenizações milionárias do poder público. A análise dos resultados alcançados no Estado demonstrou que, quando os governos iniciaram a regularização das UCs, obtiveram avanços, de difícil consolidação devido à interrupção dos trabalhos por longos períodos, com a desarticulação e desestruturação dos órgãos envolvidos. O trabalho apresenta recomendações para uma política de regularização fundiária, visando à consolidação de uma rede de unidades de conservação públicas. / This thesis discusses the land titling issue regarding Sao Paulo State parks and ecological stations to show that lack of discipline in land documentation and registry is the main restriction to the establishment of these protected areas (PAs). The starting point is an outline of results obtained by the government in its efforts to regularize titling of these areas in the 20th century. Next, this paper shows the findings of research conducted on the origins of indiscipline in land documentation and registration in Brazil considering three periods: from the granting of land (sesmarias) until 1822; the period of formulation and implementation of the Land Law of 1850; and the Republican period. The research identified parallel land registration chains, and moments in the occupation of territory in which such indiscipline posed limits to social and environmental policies, showing that for centuries it has been functional for the permanence of unbalances in the economic, social and environmental development. Case studies show land conflicts that resulted in the devastation of forest reserves at Pontal do Paranapanema, and the use of irregular documents in areas on Serra do Mar and on the coast to file illegal suits and claim millionaire compensations from the government. The study of outcomes obtained in the State of Sao Paulo shows that when governments started a process of protected areas regularization, progress was very slow due to interruptions for long periods as a result of discontinuities in the agencies involved. The paper also presents recommendations for land titling policy aiming consolidation of a system of public protected areas.

Depuis une dizaine d’années, les personnes publiques prennent conscience du potentiel économique que représente leur "patrimoine immatériel". A l’analyse, celui-ci présente une grande diversité dans sa composition et comprend ainsi tout à la fois des éléments non appropriés et des éléments appropriés, qualifiables de "propriétés publiques immatérielles". Les personnes publiques doivent impérativement trouver un équilibre entre différents impératifs dans la valorisation qu’elles opèrent de leur "patrimoine immatériel". Elles doivent en effet pouvoir en tirer de nouvelles ressources financières en les exploitant tout en en assurant une protection adéquate. Les éléments non appropriés du "patrimoine immatériel" font souvent l’objet de régimes juridiques autonomes qui, dans l’ensemble, permettent aux personnes publiques d’en envisager une valorisation équilibrée. Quant aux propriétés publiques immatérielles, la démonstration se concentrera sur les difficultés rencontrées pour les faire bénéficier du régime de la domanialité – qu’elle soit publique ou privée –, puis sur les options envisageables pour mettre un place un régime juridique susceptible d’en assurer une valorisation optimale. / Over the past decade, public entities have become aware of the economic potential of their "intangible assets". Upon analysis, such assets are highly diversified and include both irrelevant and relevant items, which can be described as "intangible public properties". It is critical for public entities to achieve a balance between different constraints when promoting their "intangible assets". They must be able to generate new financial resources from such assets by exploiting them while ensuring its adequate protection. Irrelevant elements usually included in the "intangible assets" are often subject to autonomous legal regimes which, taken altogether, allow public entities to contemplate a balanced valuation. As for intangible public properties, the analysis will focus on the challenges faced while incorporating them into the domain regime - whether public or private - and then on the available options to implement a legal regime capable of ensuring an optimal valuation.

Esta tese discute a questão fundiária nos Parques e Estações Ecológicas do Estado de São Paulo, demonstrando que a indisciplina da documentação e do registro da propriedade imobiliária constitui o principal limite à implantação dessas unidades de conservação (UCs). Inicia-se com a apresentação dos resultados obtidos pelo governo na regularização fundiária dessas unidades durante o século XX. Na seqüência, é feita uma pesquisa sobre as origens da indisciplina existente na documentação e no registro da propriedade imobiliária no Brasil, considerando três períodos: o de concessão de sesmarias até 1822; o de formulação e implementação da Lei de Terras de 1850; e o republicano. A pesquisa identificou cadeias paralelas do registro da propriedade imobiliária e momentos da ocupação do território em que essa indisciplina representou limites às políticas sociais e ambientais, evidenciando o fato de que a mesma é funcional, há séculos, para a permanência da relação desequilibrada entre o desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental. Os estudos de casos apresentam os conflitos fundiários que provocaram a devastação das Reservas Florestais do Pontal do Paranapanema e, nas unidades da Serra do Mar e litoral paulista, o uso de documentos irregulares para realização de ações ilegais e reivindicação de indenizações milionárias do poder público. A análise dos resultados alcançados no Estado demonstrou que, quando os governos iniciaram a regularização das UCs, obtiveram avanços, de difícil consolidação devido à interrupção dos trabalhos por longos períodos, com a desarticulação e desestruturação dos órgãos envolvidos. O trabalho apresenta recomendações para uma política de regularização fundiária, visando à consolidação de uma rede de unidades de conservação públicas. / This thesis discusses the land titling issue regarding Sao Paulo State parks and ecological stations to show that lack of discipline in land documentation and registry is the main restriction to the establishment of these protected areas (PAs). The starting point is an outline of results obtained by the government in its efforts to regularize titling of these areas in the 20th century. Next, this paper shows the findings of research conducted on the origins of indiscipline in land documentation and registration in Brazil considering three periods: from the granting of land (sesmarias) until 1822; the period of formulation and implementation of the Land Law of 1850; and the Republican period. The research identified parallel land registration chains, and moments in the occupation of territory in which such indiscipline posed limits to social and environmental policies, showing that for centuries it has been functional for the permanence of unbalances in the economic, social and environmental development. Case studies show land conflicts that resulted in the devastation of forest reserves at Pontal do Paranapanema, and the use of irregular documents in areas on Serra do Mar and on the coast to file illegal suits and claim millionaire compensations from the government. The study of outcomes obtained in the State of Sao Paulo shows that when governments started a process of protected areas regularization, progress was very slow due to interruptions for long periods as a result of discontinuities in the agencies involved. The paper also presents recommendations for land titling policy aiming consolidation of a system of public protected areas.

This thesis reviews trends and developments concerning national information policy both internationally and nationally and inform the understanding of the situation in South Africa. Three research questions are investigated in this study, namely: (a) what are the main trends relevant to national information policy development worldwide, based on relevant literature, (b) what are the main trends and developments in other countries, and (c) what are the implications of the current global and national developments regarding national information policy for South Africa, based on the findings of the study? The methodology for this study involved a qualitative textual analysis, addressing these three research questions, and the selection of theoretical frameworks to define the scope of the research. The study discussed the main aspects of concern regarding the following information-related issues: access to information; access to government information; literacy levels; computer literacy levels; levels of education and skills; information society development; the North-South Divide (including the digital divide); information content and industrial competitiveness; other issues such as e-commerce; telecommunication issues; copyright issues; industrial property rights; freedom of speech; censorship; information ownership; library services and archives; the value of information and the flow of information in the public domain in South Africa. The multiplicity of issues reviewed demonstrated the complexity regarding access to information and related issues in the country. The study concludes with a situational analysis of developments relevant to national information policy for South Africa. The findings indicate that the South African government needs to take into account the unevenness of past developments and the challenges created by the emergent global information policy regime. The Government needs to develop a national information policy to address and balance two realities, namely: (a) the technocratic and capitalist values of globalisation pushing global information policy development from outside the country, and (b) national economic, social and cultural developmental needs inside the country. Both these realities are relevant and need to be addressed in a national information policy, as the Government needs to take into account the unevenness of past developments and the challenges created by the emergent global information policy regime. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

In this thesis I have studied the conflicts that arose in Vara when the municipality ordered a sculpture by the artist Katharina Grosse in collaboration with The National Swedish Public Art Council and the Swedish Transport Administration in 2012. The aim of the study is to analyze the meaning-making of the sculpture as a process determined by social negotiations concerning variables such as identity, societal hierarchies and education. The material is foremost consisting of interviews with employees from The National Swedish Public Art Council and Vara municipality, a local objector whom organized a protesting Facebook group and a local newspaper journalist. The material is analyzed with discourse theory in order to examine how the discourses about public art are characterized in a local context today and how its meaning continually is being constructed and reconstructed through this. By studying the resistance and critique against The Blue Orange in Vara as local fragments of a more global context the analysis also targets how the practices and meaning-making of art in the public domain are conditioned by political ideologies and societal structures such as the neoliberal market, economic growth and competition. The protesters and protagonists of the art work places the sculpture in different narratives about the municipality where the municipality is either described as something progressing; moving from a state where something is lacking, or as something with a fixed identity and already defined. The latter narrative is used by those who criticize the art work because it does not reflect their perceived shared identity while the former motivates the advocates who want to create a more distinct municipal identity, a branding of sorts, to attract tourists and stimulate economic growth. These narratives demonstrates how debates revolving art works and the public domain can bring up articulations and everyday experiences of power structures, citizenship and societal norms.