The lack of terminology in Zulu can be overcome if it is developed to meet international scientific and technical demands. This lack of terminology can be traced back to the absence of proper language policy implementation with regard to the African languages. Even though Zulu possesses the basic elements that are necessary for its development, such as orthographical standards, dictionaries, grammars and published literature, a number of problems exist within the technical elaboration and standardisation processes: * Inconsistencies in the application of standard rules, in relation to both orthography and terminology. * The lack of standardisation of the (technical) word-formation patterns in Zulu. (Generally the role of culture in elaboration has largely been overlooked). * The avoidance of exploiting written technical text corpora as a resource for terminology. (Text encoding by means of corpus query tools in term extraction has just begun in Zulu and needs to be properly exemplified). * The avoidance of introducing oral technical corpora as a resource for improving the acceptability of technical terminology by, for instance, designing a type of reusable corpus annotation. This study contributes towards solving these problems by offering a practical approach within the context of the real written, standard and oral Zulu language, mainly within the medical terminological domain. This approach offers a reusable methodological foundation with proper language exemplification that can guide terminologists in terminological research, or to some extent even train them, to achieve effective technical elaboration and eventual standardisation. This thesis aims at attaining consistent standardisation on the orthographical level in order to ease the elaboration task of the terminologist. It also aims at standardising the methods of word- (term-) formation linking them to cultural factors, such as taboo. However, this thesis also emphasises the significance of using written and oral technical corpora as terminology resource. This, for instance, is made possible through the application of corpus linguistics, in semi-automatic term extraction from a written technical corpus to aid lemmatisation (listing entries) and in corpus annotation to improve the acceptability of terminology, based on the comparison of standard terms with oral terms. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt et Phil. (Linguistics)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:21:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Leite Pereira.pdf: 1087738 bytes, checksum: 510e1b512e1fe3b15b02211035e90619 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-26 / The synchrony concept can be defined like the degree that different biologics systems show similar temporal evolution. Synchronies fluctuations in species are attributed to influence of ambient factors or individuals dispersion (distance of ambient). Thus, the objective this study was measured the ichthyofauna similarity among six environment of Parana River floodplain in responses to these different mechanisms. The biotic (ichthyofauna abundance) and abiotic (limnology gradients) dates was provided by NUPELIA. The statistical analyses supported in multivariate analyses applied in abundance matrices of fish species, limnology variables and connectivity distance among habitats. In such case the ichthyofauna dynamic varied asynchronous over time and space on the periods of 1987 to 19988 and 2006 to 2008. The period of greatest assemblage significant synchronies corresponded to intermediary period. The main reason of this synchrony was explain by the fluviometric quota, since the dynamic of this variable affected similarly the species abundance among locations. Altogether this study confirmed the theoretical support of Niche as a mechanism of assemblage synchrony in stable ecosystems. The neutral process wasn t a good model to explain the assemblage similarity between locations. / O conceito de sincronia pode ser definido como o grau em que diferentes sistemas biológicos mostram evoluções temporais similares. Flutuações sincrônicas nas espécies são atribuídas à influência de fatores ambientais ou dispersão de indivíduos (distância entre ambientes). Nesse contexto o objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar a similaridade da ictiofauna entre seis ambientes da planície de inundação do rio Paraná, em respostas a estes diferentes mecanismos. Os dados bióticos (abundância da ictiofauna) e abióticos (variáveis limnológicas) foram gentilmente cedidos pelo NUPELIA. Através de análises multivariadas aplicadas à matrizes de abundância de espécies de peixes, variáveis limnológicas e distância de conectividade entre ambientes, verificou-se que em dois períodos (1987 a 1988 e 2006 a 2008) a dinâmica da ictiofauna variou de forma assincrônica entre ambientes. O período de maiores sincronias significativas na assembléia correspondeu ao período intermediário avaliado. O principal motivo desta sincronicidade foi explicado pela cota fluviométrica, já que a dinâmica dessa variável entre os ambientes afetou de forma similar a abundância das espécies. De modo geral este estudo confirmou as bases teóricas do nicho de Hutchinson, em detrimento aos processos neutros, como mecanismo de sincronia da assembléia em ecossistemas estáveis.

Abstract As human activities are increasingly affecting natural communities, many communities are impacted by multiple stressors and their interactions. Understanding how natural and anthropogenic stressors act individually and in concert is essential for managing and conserving natural ecosystems efficiently. In this thesis I studied how geology-related natural acidity, land drainage and their interaction affect biological communities and leaf decomposition in boreal headwater streams. I further assessed the concordance of communities along natural and anthropogenic stressor gradients. As model organisms, I used benthic diatoms, bryophytes, invertebrates and leaf-decomposing fungi. I showed that geology-related natural acidity constitutes a strong environmental filter for stream communities, reducing species richness and changing community composition. Community concordance was also generally strongest along the natural acidity gradient. However, natural acidity mostly did not homogenize communities nor did it affect leaf decomposition by fungi. Effects of peatland drainage differed between the two stream types, being mainly sedimentation in the circumneutral streams and increasing metal concentrations in the acid streams. Overall, changes in community composition were better able than pure species richness to track single stressor impacts. Furthermore, fungal assemblages were more homogeneous and decomposition rates slower in drained acidic sites than in any other stream type. Thus the drainage-induced shift in water chemistry in the acidic streams seems to constitute an even stronger environmental filter than sedimentation. Conservation planning needs to give special attention to these vulnerable, naturally stressful ecosystems. / Tiivistelmä Ihmistoiminnan vaikuttaessa yhä enemmän luonnon elinympäristöihin eliöyhteisöihin kohdistuu usein samanaikaisesti monenlaisia paineita. Ekosysteemien tehokas hoitaminen ja suojelu edellyttävät tarkkaa tietoa siitä, miten luonnollinen stressi ja ihmistoiminta yhdessä ja erikseen vaikuttavat ekosysteemeihin. Väitöskirjassani tutkin, kuinka geologiasta johtuva luonnollinen happamuus ja metsäojitus vaikuttavat boreaalisten purojen eliöyhteisöihin ja lehtikarikkeen hajotukseen. Tarkastelin myös eliöryhmien yhdenmukaisuutta ihmistoimintagradientilla ja luonnollisella stressigradientilla. Malliorganismeinani olivat piilevät, vesisammalet, pohjaeläimet ja hajottajasienet. Väitöskirjassani osoitan, että geologiasta johtuva puroveden happamuus toimii merkittävänä ympäristösuodattimena purojen eliöyhteisöille vähentäen lajirunsautta ja muokaten lajistoa. Myös eliöryhmien lajistovaihtelu oli yhdenmukaisinta luonnollisella happamuusgradientilla. Toisaalta luonnollinen happamuus ei vaikuttanut merkittävästi lehtikarikkeen hajotukseen tai purojen väliseen sieniyhteisöjen monimuotoisuuteen. Metsäojituksen fysikaalis-kemiallinen vaikutus erosi purotyypeittäin: pH-neutraaleissa puroissa ojitus pääosin lisäsi pohjan hiekoittumista, kun taas happamissa puroissa veden metallipitoisuudet kasvoivat entisestään. Yleisesti ottaen sekä luonnollisen happamuuden että metsäojituksen vaikutukset näkyivät parhaiten muutoksina eliöyhteisöjen lajikoostumuksessa. Lisäksi ojitetuissa happamissa puroissa hajottajasieniyhteisöjen lajistot olivat keskenään samankaltaisempia ja lehtikarikkeen hajotus hitaampaa kuin muissa purotyypeissä. Metsäojituksen aikaansaama muutos luonnollisesti happamien purojen vesikemiassa näyttää siis olevan jopa merkittävämpi ympäristösuodatin kuin pohjan hiekoittuminen. Luonnollisesti stressattujen elinympäristöjen herkkyys maankäytön muutoksille tulisikin huomioida ympäristön hoidon suunnittelussa nykyistä paremmin.

While the study of complete sources is very valuable, and has contributed greatly to what is understood of music history, the perspective they contribute is limited because they cannot reveal information about how music and music sources were most often used. The study of functional sources, more probably created for use, allows for more insight into how music was performed and understood, and how such sources were created, used and valued. This study examines twelve fragmentary early sixteenth-century English sources from the Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (DIAMM) database, constituting a sample of functional music sources in this period. The study of this sampling reveals information about how functional manuscripts were created, used and valued in England during this time period. Some of the fragments contain works with concordances. These concordances are compared using variant comparison, where differences in the versions of the work are considered and weighed. The comparative study of concordances provides insight into the transmission of the versions, scribal and performance culture, as well as into music culture in general. Overall, the study of this sampling of early sixteenth-century functional English sources provides a clearer understanding of the use of accidentals, scribes and scribal culture, performers, performance practice and music culture in England at this time, contributing to the understanding of music history.

Régis par une rhétorique opposant « science » et « politique », les programmes de stations spatiales civiles sont présentés comme projets diplomatiques censés adoucir des tensions géopolitiques, justifiés par les possibilités d’expérimentation en condition de micropesanteur qu’ils octroient à la communauté scientifique et industrielle internationale. Précédée par des collaborations officieuses entre laboratoires européens et soviétiques, l’Europe de l’Ouest entre dans l’exploration spatiale habitée en 1982. Depuis, l’entraînement et le transport des astronautes de l’Agence spatiale européenne (ESA) se partagent entre les États-Unis (NASA) et la Russie (Roscosmos), dont les programmes nationaux pourvoient leur gouvernement en autonomie de lancement et de transport spatial. Au fil des décennies, alors que les agences spatiales détenant un programme habité (à l’exception de la Chine) se rejoignent dans un projet commun à partir de la fin des années 1990 (l’International Space Station), et alors que la Russie devient détentrice d’un monopole d’accès à l’espace à partir de 2011, les mécanismes symboliques et politiques structurant le programme spatial habité européen évoluent en conséquence. L’entraînement des astronautes en Russie, relatif à ce monopole des lancements habités, entraine la reproduction de traditions et rituels qui, hérités du spatial soviétique, en viennent à constituer l’armature symbolique et axiologique d’un corps d’astronautes en charge de représenter « l’unité dans la diversité » propre à l’Europe. Nourrissant des relations plus ou moins institutionnalisées avec d’anciennes républiques socialistes du fait de son autonomie (de plus en plus relative) vis-à-vis de l’Union Européenne, l’ESA devient progressivement une plateforme via laquelle le procès de restructuration des États d’Europe de l’Est entamé à la fin des années 1980 peut être analysé à l’aune des réseaux industriels, des interdépendances techniques et des échanges scientifiques qui y transitent. Afin de saisir ces relations d’interdépendances, une approche par la théorie des champs semble pertinente à deux points de vue. Tout d’abord, s’intéresser à la genèse et à l’organisation du programme spatial habité européen suppose de considérer ce dernier comme le résultat d’une trajectoire institutionnelle empruntant à différents champs : autorité cognitive de la science moderne, rôle de la production industrielle dans la construction étatique, et rapport à la territorialisation dans l’exercice d’un pouvoir politique national contribuent à la morphologie actuelle des affaires spatiales en Europe. Ensuite, une analyse bourdieusienne permet de circonscrire les vols habités comme un espace social structuré, où se convertissent, se maintiennent et se confrontent des capitaux portés par des acteurs de champs de production autonomes. L’économie des relations entre science, industrie et État, esquissée au gré de ce pari théorique, permet d’envisager certaines des conditions sociales par lesquelles les manières de « faire État » en Europe occidentale et le développement de la bureaucratie ont pu être nourris par des développements scientifiques et techniques profondément ancrés dans le temps comme dans l’espace. Mettant particulièrement en lumière la formation des habitus des astronautes de l’ESA, l’esquisse d’une théorie d’un « champ de médiation » est appréhendée, de manière à saisir les conditions de ces relations structurelles entre champs scientifique, industriel et bureaucratique dans le cas d’un secteur spatial en mutation. / Ruled by a rhetoric which opposes “science” and “politics”, civil space stations programmes are often introduced as diplomatic projects supposed to soften geopolitical tensions, then justified by the possibilities of experimentation under microgravity that those stations grant to the international scientific and industrial community. Preceded by informal collaborations between European and Soviet laboratories, Western Europe starts its entry into human spaceflights in 1982. Since then, the training and transport of astronauts from the European Space Agency (ESA) have been shared between United States (NASA) and Russia (Roscosmos), whose national programmes provide autonomous launch and space transport capacities. Over the decades, while space agencies holding a human space programme (except China) join in a common project from late 1990 (the International Space Station), and as Russia becomes the holder of a monopoly regarding access to space from 2011, symbolic and political mechanisms structuring the European human space programme evolve accordingly. The training of astronauts in Russia, relating to this monopoly of crews’ transportation, entails the reproduction of traditions and rituals which, inherited from the Soviet space era, contributes to the symbolic and axiological building of an astronaut corps in charge of representing Europe’s “unity in diversity”. Nourishing more or less institutionalized relations with former Socialist republics because of its (increasingly relative) autonomy towards the European Union, ESA gradually becomes a platform through which the structuration of Eastern European States, started in the late 1980s, can be analyzed through industrial networks, technical interdependencies and scientific exchanges that pass through. In order to grasp these interdependencies, the fruitfulness of an approach by the field theory can be resumed in two arguments. First, taking an interest in the genesis and organization of the European inhabited space programme implies that the latter should be regarded as the result of an institutional trajectory borrowing from different fields: cognitive authority of the occidental modern science, role of industrial production in State construction, and territorialization in the exercise of a national political power contribute to the current morphology of space affairs in Europe. Secondly, a Bourdieusien analysis allows circumscribing human space flights as a structured social space, where are converted, maintained and confronted capitals which are carried by actors of autonomous fields of production. This, without a priori postulating the loss of autonomy of one of these fields. The economy of relations between science, industry and the State, sketched at the whim of this theoretical wager, then allows to envisage some of the social conditions by which scientific and technical developments, deeply rooted in time and space, could contribute to shaping the ways of “making State” and to the development of bureaucracy in western Europe. With particular emphasis on the training of ESA astronauts, the outline of a “mediation field” theory is apprehended, so as to understand conditions of these structural relations between scientific, industrial and bureaucratic fields in the case of a changing space sector. Based on multisite and multilevel ethnography (United Nations, ESA technical centres, control centres), interviews with scientists, space agency officials, operators and crew members of the agencies contributing to the ISS (N = 182), as well as archival work (EU, ESA and Soviet Academy of Sciences), this study shows how “Space Europe” (as the EU and ESA refer to it) “takes shape” and reproduces the symbolic conditions of its internal cohesion (i.e. values and identity binding its member-States) through the daily organization (procedural, mental and carnal) of its crewed space program.

En 2009 fut édité l’Evangeliar, la première traduction en luxembourgeois des évangiles lus pendant la liturgie de l’Église latine. Dans l’introduction, la présente thèse décrit le contexte historique, ecclésial et national, et la situation des langues dans laquelle les fidèles catholiques ont pratiqué leur religion de 1815 à nos jours. Ensuite, cette étude s’enquiert de l’influence de l’institution Église sur les traductions bibliques liturgiques actuelles, y compris l’Evangeliar. Cette influence peut s’exercer par le Magistère, par la tradition scripturaire ou par l’usage liturgique.Dans le deuxième chapitre, la traduction de Mc 1, 1-45 est revue verset par verset pour discuter la méthode et les critères retenus dans son élaboration. Ceci afin de déceler les pièges linguistiques, exégétiques, théologiques, voire culturels et de sonder les limites d’une traduction des évangiles en luxembourgeois. Dans la conclusion, où convergent les différentes pistes suivies dans la thèse, sont intégrés certains éléments en vue d’une recherche ultérieure sur la traduction de μετανοέω et de μετάνοια en général et dans l’Evangeliar plus particulièrement. / In 2009, the Evangeliar was published in Luxembourgish for the first time, containing the most-read Gospels of the Roman-Catholic liturgical tradition.In the introductory part, this thesis describes the historical, ecclesiastical, national, as well as linguistic background within which the faithful practised their religion from 1815 to the present day. Following on from there, it elucidates the influence of the Roman-Catholic church, as an institution, on contemporary biblical and liturgical translations, including the Evangeliar. This influence can originate from within the practice of Magisterium, scriptural tradition, or liturgical usage.In the second chapter, the translation of Mark 1, 1-45 is revised verse for verse in order to discuss the method as well as the criteria used in its development, with the aim of revealing traps of various kinds: linguistic, exegetical, theological, maybe even cultural, and furthermore to sound out the limitations of a translation into Luxembourgish of the Gospels. The conclusion, in which the various inquiry elements converge, also contains several elements conducive to further research on the translation of μετανοέω and of μετάνοια in general and in the Evangeliar in particular.

While translation can be studied with a view to throwing light on a number of aspects in life, in this thesis translation has been researched with a view to outlining the development of written Zulu from its earliest stages, using twelve texts of the Book of Matthew. The Book of Matthew has been chosen in this undertaking because it was the first book of the Bible to be translated into Zulu and was thought to be the most apposite instrument with which the development of written Zulu could be measured. The polysystem theory and the descriptive approach to translation studies are the theoretical models that inform the arguments presented in this study. Polysystem theory sees translated literature as a system operating in the larger social, literary and historical systems of the target culture, while with the descriptive approach translations are regarded as facts of the target culture. Against this premise the focus of this study is mainly on the twelve translations of the Book of Matthew and no comparisons between source and target texts are undertaken here. Corpus-based research provided tools such as WordSmith Tools 3.0 for linguistic analysis. Biblical texts were obtained, scanned and presented in electronic format ready to be analysed. From the findings drawn, written Zulu developed all the way through Bible translation, with some translations revealing slight developments and others showing enormous ones. As the findings of this study reveal, Zulu developed gradually, as evidenced by the change to conjunctive writing which occurred over a considerable period, along with the appropriate representation of Zulu speech sounds and grammar conventions. It could also be established at what point during the development of the language, processes such as consonantalisation and palatalisation were introduced into the written language. It is also clear that words of Greek and Hebrew origin were brought into the Zulu language through Bible translation. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that it is feasible to use corpus-based research for analysis in the indigenous languages of South Africa. / Linguistics / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

Es desenvolupa una metodologia que combina algoritmes exploratoris i iteratius que pren com a base el concepte de concordança del coeficient de correlació W de Kendall. A partir de conjunts complexos d'ítems i les seves puntuacions (activitats d'avaluació, problemes, pràctiques, indicadors de rendiment, mesuraments i, en general, qualsevol variable quantitativa) s'aconsegueixen identificar conjunts concordants, és a dir, estructures explicatives de la dificultat del conjunt de ítems. La lectura d'aquests conjunts es pot fer de dues maneres gràcies a la informació que proporcionen els algoritmes creats: a) Transversal, de manera que els conjunts concordants formen el "esquelet de dificultat" del problema i són, per tant, referències per estudiar la resta de puntuacions en altres ítems. b) Longitudinal, mitjançant l'estudi del que anomenem Mapes de Concordança, els quals mostren l'evolució dels conjunts concordants en anar incorporant elements en cada iteració, i detectant per tant els ítems discordants respecte a conjunts estables donats. L'aplicació d'aquesta metodologia és molt àmplia, i és susceptible de ser posada en pràctica en qualsevol camp de les ciències on es realitzin mesures i es vulgui observar les variacions creuades entre individus. En aquesta investigació s'aplica a l'assignatura de Laboratori de mesures electròniques. Els resultats aporten llum a la manera de millorar les pràctiques existents i de construir-ne de noves en el futur. / Se desarrolla una metodología que combina algoritmos exploratorios e iterativos que toma como base el concepto de concordancia del coeficiente de correlación W de Kendall. A partir de conjuntos complejos de ítems y sus puntuaciones (actividades de evaluación, problemas, prácticas, indicadores de rendimiento, mediciones y, en general, cualquier variable cuantitativa) se consiguen identificar conjuntos concordantes, es decir, estructuras explicativas de la dificultad del conjunto de ítems. La lectura de estos conjuntos puede hacerse de dos maneras gracias a la información que proporcionan los algoritmos creados: a) Transversal, de manera que los conjuntos concordantes forman el “esqueleto de dificultad” del problema y son, por tanto, referencias para estudiar el resto de puntuaciones en otros ítems. b) Longitudinal, mediante el estudio de lo que denominamos Mapas de Concordancia, los cuales muestran la evolución de los conjuntos concordantes al ir incorporando ítems en cada iteración, y detectando por tanto los ítems discordantes respecto a conjuntos estables dados. La aplicación de dicha metodología es muy amplia, siendo susceptible de ser puesta en práctica en cualquier campo de las ciencias donde se realicen mediciones y se quiera observar las variaciones cruzadas entre individuos. En la presente investigación se aplica a la asignatura de Laboratorio de medidas electrónicas. Los resultados arrojan luz sobre la manera de mejorar las prácticas existentes y de construir otras nuevas en el futuro. / We have developed a new methodology that combines both exploratory and iterative algorithms which is based on the concept of concordance of the correlation coefficient W of Kendall. Starting from complex sets of items and their scores (assessment activities, problems, practices, performance indicators, measurements and, in general, any quantitative variable) it is possible to identify consistent sets, i.e., structures that explain the difficulty of the set of items. Reading these sets can be done in two different ways thanks to the information provided by the algorithms created: a) Transversal, so that the concordant sets form the "backbone difficulty" of the problem and, therefore, they become references to study the remaining scores on other items. b) Longitudinal, by studying what we call concordance maps, which show the evolution of the consistent sets when new items are incorporated after each iteration and thus detecting the discordant items with regard to given stable sets. The application of this methodology is very broad, being useful in any field of science where measurements are carried out and you may want to see cross-variations among individuals. In this research it has been applied to the subject Electronic Measurements Laboratory. The results point to different ways to improve the existing practices and create new ones in the future.

Nous développons une méthode de modélisation et de validation adaptée aux système parallèles structurés en couches hiérarchiques. Nous définissons deux notions : la concordance de modèle prouve que le modèle possède bien les propriétés dégagées par les spécifications; l'adéquation de service valide le protocole par rapport à son service. Nous appliquons notre méthode à la modélisation du protocole de télécommunication de niveau Transport (la couche 4 d'après la norme ISO sur l'interconnexion des systèmes ouverts). Nous étudions tout particulièrement la gestion de désynchronisations du Service de la couche Réseau, et le contrôle de flux avec réquisition de crédit du protocole de la couche Transport. Nous utilisons les réseaux de Petri à prédicats pour décrire le modèle du service rendu par le couche Réseau sous-jacente et nous en servir pour construire le modèle du protocole de ma couche Transport. nous prouvons que la notion d'abstraction peut s'étendre aux réseaux de Petri à prédicats. La preuve du déroulement correct du protocole est apportée en utilisant les invariants issus du modèle.

While translation can be studied with a view to throwing light on a number of aspects in life, in this thesis translation has been researched with a view to outlining the development of written Zulu from its earliest stages, using twelve texts of the Book of Matthew. The Book of Matthew has been chosen in this undertaking because it was the first book of the Bible to be translated into Zulu and was thought to be the most apposite instrument with which the development of written Zulu could be measured. The polysystem theory and the descriptive approach to translation studies are the theoretical models that inform the arguments presented in this study. Polysystem theory sees translated literature as a system operating in the larger social, literary and historical systems of the target culture, while with the descriptive approach translations are regarded as facts of the target culture. Against this premise the focus of this study is mainly on the twelve translations of the Book of Matthew and no comparisons between source and target texts are undertaken here. Corpus-based research provided tools such as WordSmith Tools 3.0 for linguistic analysis. Biblical texts were obtained, scanned and presented in electronic format ready to be analysed. From the findings drawn, written Zulu developed all the way through Bible translation, with some translations revealing slight developments and others showing enormous ones. As the findings of this study reveal, Zulu developed gradually, as evidenced by the change to conjunctive writing which occurred over a considerable period, along with the appropriate representation of Zulu speech sounds and grammar conventions. It could also be established at what point during the development of the language, processes such as consonantalisation and palatalisation were introduced into the written language. It is also clear that words of Greek and Hebrew origin were brought into the Zulu language through Bible translation. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that it is feasible to use corpus-based research for analysis in the indigenous languages of South Africa. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)