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中國太陽光能行業轉變–由演化經濟面解決分析 / China’s growing energy needs have turned renewable energy into a crucial factor necessary for its social stability and national security. This paper has been written with the understanding that the role renewable energy plays in the Chinese industry and market will be nothing less than critical in coming decades. Solar PV electricity is one of the most promising renewable energy technologies and is a fast growing industry. However in China there exists a huge gap between its market potential and current achievements in the field. This thesis paper depicts the evolutionary path China is currently undergoing from a heavy reliance on fossil produced energy to a balanced energy mix by examining its solar PV industry and market. Its major argument is that as transitional processes require long term vision and planning, the potential of china’s energy transition to solar energy needs to be assessed under a set of criteria that can trace a long term development path. By using the six core elements introduced by the evolutionary economics theory, this paper presents a unique in depth analysis of China’s transitional efforts toward solar PV grid parity. The paper has reached three major conclusions. The first and most important is that the Chinese central government seems to be making genuine efforts in promoting solar PV as one of the nation’s future energy sources. These efforts have been marked by assessing governmental legislation concerning Bounded Rationality issues and various incentive programs. The Renewable Energy Law and the Medium and Long-Term Development Plan have served as instrumental driving forces to the immature market. Local governments have shown significant commitment by providing substantial support to the PV industry as well to Co-evolutionary technologies such as inverters and batteries. Legislation has had limited success in handling Lock In issues such as connection to the national grid and real price reflection of conventional energy. The second conclusion is that although the market is still at an early stage of its development, it relies too heavily on Selection promotions, namely direct subsidies. Recent developments in the PV market growth in China can mostly be regarded to the Golden Sun program and the BIPV program. These efforts have been an important promoter in raising global awareness to the potential of its solar sector. However this form of subsidy does not present a long term sustainable growth solution. The lack of a national Fid in Tariff scheme (despite few specific provincial schemes) and existing problems concerning projects tendering process cause an imbalance in terms of market and industry Diversity. This unbalance appears in the form of lack of Diversity in project developers, being mostly local state owned or highly affiliated with the government enterprises. The third conclusion is that China’s government can and should give more focus on domestic Innovation. Currently the country’s national R&D investment is significantly lower than market leaders in Europe. China’s education system does not support more than several world class solar PV electricity research centers and its industry development relies on expensive imported technology and international collaboration. Most companies in the industry hold a short term development vision which affects technological Diversity, mostly in the upstream segments of polysilicon and ingot production. Lack of attention towards a diverse range of future PV and Co-evolutionary technologies limits industry development to specific sectors that have low technological barriers. The paper concludes that while China is well positioned for further expansion of its market it still lacks in specific aspects of its transitional path. This analysis is unique as it presents not only an up to date market and industry status but also refers to their future growth potential. This paper presents a wide range of aspects that directly affect solar PV’s future development. Its true value lies within the usage of the evolutionary economics approach as a theoretical framework, which allows us to gain better understanding of how the different aspects related to the solar PV world affect each other and the fitness of this historic transition.

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to the creation of five new states in Central Asia. These states: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan, have become both the object of international rivalries in Central Asia and the sources of new political forces as they act to enlarge their independence in world politics. This paper attempts to show new and old forces in terms of natural gas in Central Asia. This thesis shows conditions and obstacles of Central Asian States (CAS) to develop their own energy sector. The research focuses on those states in Central Asia which possess significant stocks of hydrocarbons and have the potential to export oil and gas: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Furthermore, this dissertation tries to explain its present situation and perspectives by means of a geopolitical approach. / The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to the creation of five new states in Central Asia. These states: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan, have become both the object of international rivalries in Central Asia and the sources of new political forces as they act to enlarge their independence in world politics. This paper attempts to show new and old forces in terms of natural gas in Central Asia. This thesis shows conditions and obstacles of Central Asian States (CAS) to develop their own energy sector. The research focuses on those states in Central Asia which possess significant stocks of hydrocarbons and have the potential to export oil and gas: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Furthermore, this dissertation tries to explain its present situation and perspectives by means of a geopolitical approach.

IEEE 802.16標準中，有所謂Multi-hop Relay (MR)的概念，其中存在很多問題需要解決，所以在IEEE 802.16j標準中提出中繼傳輸站(Relay Station，RS)來延伸原來的涵蓋範圍及解決遮蔽效應造成訊號衰弱的問題。但在MR中由於多了中繼傳輸站來傳遞資料，網路拓樸變得相對複雜，資料從發送端到接收端的路徑變長了，在資料大量傳輸的狀況下，會因干擾及壅塞的問題變得嚴重而導致整個網路效能低落。本研究提出一套具干擾感知的排程方法，可有效提升網路效能。本方法分為三個部分，首先在允入控制階段盡可能選取高調變的連線，其次利用空間距離的分群概念提出TZG (Time Zone Grouping)方法，以逆時針的方式區分不同RS傳輸的時區，最後以調整分區內non-real time服務的頻寬需求，減少RS在access zone頻寬的浪費。我們利用NS2進行模擬實驗分析，驗證所提出的方法在利用分區傳送避免碰撞下，UGS的delay time相較於未分群的方法可有效改善約33%，ertPS可改善約29%，rtPS可改善約20%，而系統throughout相較於其他僅選擇最大access link的頻寬需求作為access zone大小的方法最多可提升約15.5%的效能。 / As we know, there is Multi-hop Relay concept in standard of IEEE 802.16. But there are still many problems unsolved in WiMAX, so IEEE 802.16j propose a new station type, relay station, to extend signal coverage and improve the signal intensity which affected by shadow fading. Since there are many relay stations in the coverage of base station, data transmission and path routing become more complexity. At the same time, the transmissions become close, more interference and network congestion will decrease the efficiency of data transmission in the network. This research proposes a frame scheduling with interference aware, which consist of three parts. First, we make the better modulation of links get higher priority; Second, we use concept of distance to proposed Time Zone grouping (TZG), which set RS into different group in counterclockwise way to reduce interference; Third, adjusting bandwidth allocation in access zone to decrease bandwidth waste in access zone. We implement our algorithm in NS2 simulator, the result shows that our method can improve delay of UGS about 33%, ertPS about 20%, rtPS about 20% than RTDS(Real time Distributed Scheduling ), and the system throughput can grow about 15.5% than the mechanism that just choose maximum requirement in access link of all BS/RS as access zone.

中國網路市場近兩年的火紅讓許多人注意到中國的快速成長，噹噹網作為此次的研究對象，用來深入探討整個中國網路市場的生態與環境。 此篇論文探討中國網路公司噹噹網，如何在商業模式與亞馬遜相同，並且只擁有中國市場之下，仍然可以得到投資人很好的投資評價。中國的特殊環境造就了本土公司可以打敗全球跨國公司的現象。 最後此論文提到一些對投資中國網路股的建議，希望從噹噹網近一年的表現給予投資人一些投資啟示 / This article discusses Dangdang, the Chinese Amazon.com to demonstrate the characters of Chinese internet industry. I found out that Chinese internet industry is prospering due to the overall economy growth and improved internet penetration. Albeit Dangdang has a very similar business model with Amazon, the complicated Chinese market leads Dangdang to beat Joyo/Amazon.cn in online book sales in China. In the general merchandise Dangdang wants to aim for is a huge challenge and may lead the future instability to Dangdang. The stock price correction of Dangdang and other Chinese internet companies give investors some warnings that the sustainable and profitable business model should be more important than anything. It should be very careful to invest in Chinese internet stock even the growth rate is appealing.

(二) 閉架調閱常見問題： 1. 調閱處理時限：自申請後二個工作日內供讀者取件，二個工作日包含回覆email時間。例如讀者於週一上午10點申請，至遲須於週三上午10點就可至櫃檯領取調閱書籍。由於時間短促，需確保調閱流程順暢無誤。 2. 借閱方式：調閱資料擬以越權方式辦理外借，並請讀者於當日閉館前三十分鐘歸還。校外讀者以臨時閱覽證辦理借閱，校內讀者以借書證辦理，但若校內讀者已借閱他館館藏、借閱冊數達上限時，可能造成讀者無法調閱資料。 3. 現場填單：未於線上申請調閱者，可於現場填寫申請單。 4. 急件判斷標準：以客為尊，讀者說了算，儘量滿足讀者要求。 5. 週六申請調閱問題：改行閉架之後，週六僅開放櫃檯取書，調閱申請案件將順延至週一處理。 6. 入口動線：施工期間讀者仍由一樓前棟大門進出，但門禁系統及入口櫃檯將拆除。需請廠商於施工時勿影響人員出入。

本研究藉由文件分析、文獻分析、比較分析、歸納分析及實地訪談等研究方法，分析教師評鑑的理論基礎、教師評鑑的性質與內涵、及探究英國教師評鑑制度之發展、內涵與特色，並對我國未來建立教師評鑑制度提出具體建議。 經由上述研究，獲致以下結論： 一、教師評鑑在教育專業化的趨勢中扮演著重要的角色。 二、教師評鑑具有多元化的目的。 三、教師評鑑模式應配合評鑑目的與對象及教育發展而作彈性調整。 四、英國教師評鑑制度是逐漸發展且有其特殊背景。 五、透過立法程序是教師評鑑工作制度化的重要關鍵。 六、觀念的宣導及地方性的實驗研究是教師評鑑制度重要的前導工作。 七、周延的程序及多元的目的是順利推動教師評鑑的重要因素。 八、充分的時間與資源是教師評鑑持續推動的關鍵要素。 九 、教師評鑑不是獨立的工作而是學校整體經營的一環。 十、教師評鑑必須結合相關教育政策才能發揮相輔相成效果。 十一、我國中小學教師成績考核亟需檢討修正。 十二、英國中小學教師評鑑制度足供我國參考。 十三、 建立我國教師評鑑制度時機已趨成熟。 根據研究發現及結論，本研究從以下三方面提出建議： 一、對改進我國現行中小學教師成績考核制度缺失之建議：重新界定教師成績考核之目的；重新規範教師評鑑之範圍；建立多元化的教師成績考核方式；重新建立合適的教師成績考核程序；健全考核委員會之組織；擴大教師成績考核結果之運用；健全教師成績考核申訴制度；明定各級主管教育行政機關應有的角色。 二、對建立我國教師評鑑制度之建議：研究者提出下列五個階段，供作建立我國教師評鑑制度之參考：研議階段；宣導溝通階段；建立共識階段；法制化階段；正式實施階段。 三、對未來研究之建議：持續對先進國家教師評鑑制度進行深入探究；鼓勵學校進行教師評鑑的實驗研究；從事教師評鑑與教師專業發展、學校發展及教育品質關係的實證研究；進行教師評鑑與獎金及薪資關係的實證研究；加強現行教師成績考核制度之研究。 / By means of documents analysis, literature analysis, comparison, induction, and field work of interview, this research is aimed at investigating both the theoretic basis, the nature, and the meaning of teacher appraisal, and the development, the structure and the characteristics of British system of teacher appraisal. Furthermore, some practical suggestions are put forward for our teacher appraisal here. Conclusion 1. Teacher appraisal plays an important role in the trend of the professional ization of educational enterprise. 2. Teacher appraisal possesses multifarious purposes. 3. The mode of teacher appraisal should be flexibly modified according to the purpose, the target of educational appraisal, and the educational development. 4. The system of British teacher appraisal had developed stet by step and has its particular background. 5. The process of legalization is the key factor in the institutionalization of Teacher appraisal. 6. Both the dissemination of ideas and the regional experiments and studies are the significant prerequisites of teacher appraisal. 7. Complete and detailed procedures and multifarious goals are the key elements in the success of teacher appraisal. 8. Sufficient time and resources are important for promotion of teacher appraisal. 9. Teacher appraisal is part of, rather than independent of, the whole system of school education. 10. Teacher appraisal and educational policy should be connected with each other for the most benefits. 11. It is necessary to examine and modify our system of both middle and primary school teacher appraisal. 12. British system of middle and primary school teacher appraisal can be referred to for the improvement of ours. Suggestions 1. The suggestions about how to advance our current system of middle and primary school teacher appraisal. (1) Redefine the purpose of teacher's achievement assessment. (2) Rebuild the range of teach appraisal. (3) Establish multifarious ways of teacher achievement assessment. (4) Reproduce the suitable procedure of teacher's achievement assessment. (5) Reorganize the assessment committee. (6) Extpand the application of the consequences of teacher achievement assessment. (7) Ameliorate the appealing system of teacher's achievement assessment. (8) Specify clearly the de jure roles of educational organizations at every levels. 2. The suggestions about how to establish our system of teacher appraisal. Five steps are raised as follows: (1) The stage of planning; (2) The stage of dissemination and communiction; (3) The stage of the formation of consensus; (4) The stage of legalization; (5) The stage of implementation. 3. The suggestions for the future (1) Keep on investigating in depth the teacher appraisal systems in developed countries. (2) Encourage the school authority to take action on the experiment and studies of teacher appraisal. (3) Take up the empirical studies of the relationships among teacher appraisal, teachers' professional development, and educational quality. (4) Carry out the empirical studies of the relationship among teacher appraisal, scholarship, and pay system. (5) Strengthen the studies of the current assessment system of teachers' performance.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

琉球，是位於環東支那海東方的小島。初期王權，由三個國家各自獨立割據，且相互爭權，因此琉球境內十分混亂，是為三山分立時代。 　　1372年，中國明太祖派遣使者至琉球，向琉球宣達向其朝貢的旨意。該年，因中山國察度認為若與世界大國明朝建交，則可創造有利於對抗山南王及山北王的局勢，故決定與中國明朝締結關係。因此造就了往後從十四世紀後半至十七世紀初，期約大約兩百年向明朝貢的關係。 　　物資貧乏的琉球並未僅與中國進行貿易，與東南亞的貿易也十分頻繁。並且，與日本的貿易是從應仁10年（1403），琉球船隻漂流至六埔時開始有了接觸。起初的貿易對象為幕府。但，永享十年(1438)時朝鮮藉由對馬宗氏控制貿易理由，停止了與薩摩的直接貿易。從此之後，薩摩幾乎停止了與朝鮮的貿易，故島津氏將對外貿易對象轉向了南方的琉球。琉球對於薩摩來說佔了十分重要的地位，也打算透過琉球來與明朝進行間接貿易。因此有了侵略琉球的計畫，並且在1609年正式出兵琉球。 　　明朝時期，中國方面知道琉球受薩摩侵略佔領，但並未派遣軍隊進行救援。朝代交換之後，清朝也並未察覺有異，繼續的與琉球建立朝貢關係。在本文中針對中國以及日本與琉球關係為中心，來了解中日琉之間複雜的關係。