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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

高潛力人力資本發展之研究 / A study on the development of high potential human capital

林欣婕, Lin, Hsin Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
「高潛力人力資本」即所謂的「高潛力人才(High potential或Talent)」係指那些具備企業目前與未來所需要的核心職能,並具有卓著績效貢獻者而言。在人才類型而言,他們即屬核心人才(Core Employees),如企業中的關鍵性管理與研發人才。 然而高潛力人才的培育也是有等級性的區分,公司同時要考慮到內部初階、中階及高階的高潛力人力資本的需求。高潛力人才是公司未來高階經理人的種子,相對於企業間對於各等級的經理人彼此挖角的人才競爭方式,越來越多企業意識到自行培育能認同公司理念的高潛力人才之重要性。是故很多企業開始打造自己的高潛力人才─也就是未來經理人的培訓之路,而因此促成了「儲備幹部制度」(Management Associate Program,簡稱MA制度)的誕生。 而近年來台灣企業紛紛起而效之,除了本土金融公司之外,科技公司與零售服務商也一一加入儲備幹部的招募、培訓制度的設計,與未來發展的考量,希望發展出適合所屬產業與自身公司體制之儲備幹部制度。 然而關於台灣本土企業之儲備幹部制度研究量尚有限,是故本研究希望從「高潛力人力資本」在「企業智慧資本」中的定義出發,結合學術理論與業界訪談,探究不同企業在運行儲備幹部制度的動機、邏輯與制度設計,進而透過綜合的分析與探討,歸納出儲備幹部在人力資本的定位與角色,以及儲備幹部發展的內涵與特質,再進而推論出台灣本土企業在運行儲備幹部制度時應有之綜合考量與成功因素。 / The definition of high potential human capital, also regarded as high potentials, refers to the employees who have the core competency and could contribute extinguish performance to the company. They are the core employees in the company, playing an important role in management and development functions. The cultivation of high potentials differentiates into the basic class, intermediate class, and high class, based on the demand of company. Because high potentials are candidates of future chief executive, more and more companies realize the importance to cultivate their own high potentials who identify with company’s philosophy, rather than to hunt the talents from other companies. Based on above reasons, the management associate program (MA program) was applied and well developed in many companies. Recently, not only finance holding companies but also technology and retail service companies, based on their industry features and future development, are working on their own MA program. However, the studies related to MA programs of Taiwanese companies are not abundant. Therefore, this study focused on the definition of high potential human capital and intellectual capital, combining with industry interviews, to discuss the motivation, design, and the operation of MA programs in different companies. This study summarized the position and importance of MA in human capital, discussed the intrinsic characteristics of MA program, and thus concluded the dominant factors to achieve successful MA program that could be applied in Taiwan.
12

交通部平衡計分卡應用之研究

李興楨, CHEN,LEE HSIN Unknown Date (has links)
平衡計分卡的概念,已成為全球數千個企業中重要的商業利器。目前「財星」(Fortune)一千大企業中已經有過半數的企業加以導入;平衡計分卡乃「財星雜誌」及「哈佛商業評論」(Harvard Business Review)前五百大企業所公認最具效力的管理工具。最近也被哈佛商業評論列為二十世紀中,七十五個最有影響力的概念之一。平衡計分卡與智慧資本、學習型組織並列,皆係2000年代管理的萬靈丹,係一全方位的績效管理制度、策略執行制度,及策略管理制度。 隨著大眾傳播的到臨,如今的民眾較諸以往都擁有更多的資訊與知識,要求對於政府加以課責(Accountability);此外,人民也需要知道所繳之稅捐如何被使用,並產生最大的社會利益。為回應民眾對政府課責的殷切需求,目前各國政府再造的機制設計中,其課責的模式,往往是以績效及成果作為課責的根基,課責焦點著重在績效的層面,課責視為是績效提昇的方法,並且以成果為導向,因此,建立高績效的組織便是課責的目標;而發展並執行以績效衡量為基礎的課責制度,一直是各國在從事政府再造時所追求的主要目標。績效評量制度之建立已成為政府部門在進行改革時的首要之務。 本研究採個案研究方式,藉諸平衡計分卡探討交通部之績效衡量制度;並以問卷調查方法,瞭解員工對於平衡計分卡各構面指標之看法,以供個案交通部暨其他公務機關於採納平衡計分卡為績效管理制度,建構績效衡量指標之參考。期望我國全體政府部門儘早引進績效管理利器的平衡計分卡,俾建立一健全之績效管理制度,以改善政府組織績效,適足回應民眾對政府施政課責的殷切需求,終能提昇整體國家競爭力,使我國能在世界競爭之林中取得一席之地。 本研究經對問卷因素分析,問卷32項指標共萃取6項因素,分別為顧客構面下「服務品質與服務對象的認同」一項因素;財務構面下「預算成長及執行率」及「預算成本效益」二項因素;內部流程面下「內部管考與公共關係」一項因素;學習與成長面下「員工滿意度與教育訓練」及「能力及員工與組織的關係」二項因素。 在單因子變異數分析結果,發現員工之性別在平衡計分卡顧客、財務、內部流程及學習與成長等四個構面上,存有差異,係在各個構面各8個指標之中,只有1個指標之看法存有差異,即只有在各構面之服務回應性、平均人事費用、管理監督之合理性、員工離職率之指標上,看法存有差異;員工之年齡、服務年資則在平衡計分卡四個構面上,並不存有差異;員工之教育程度在顧客、財務及學習與成長等三個構面上,存有差異,依次為服務回應性、預算支用率、依限撥款速度、專案計畫之額度爭取及平均人事費用等指標上,存有差異;在學習與成長面,只有在員工離職率上,存有差異;而員工之教育程度在內部流程構面上,並不存有差異。員工之服務單位在顧客及財務構面上,存有差異;在顧客構面,只有在服務對象參與程度一個指標上,存有差異;在財務構面,只有在預算成本適當控制一個指標上,存有差異;至在內部流程及學習與成長二個構面上,並不存有差異。。 關鍵字:平衡計分卡(Balanced Scorecard)、智慧資本(Intellectual Capital )、人力資本(Human Capital)
13

市場對員工分紅的解讀

林宜良 Unknown Date (has links)
本文從損益表觀點探討:我國上市(櫃)電子業公司若依民國九十五年五月份商業會計法修正後之規範,將員工分紅入帳後,對投資大眾在盈餘品質認知之影響為何?近年來,我國許多公司競相以「員工分紅」制度之獎酬所帶來的激勵效果以留攬優秀員工,希望增加公司經營績效,但員工分紅亦會造成原股東盈餘分配與財富的減少,產生股權稀釋之效果。本研究採用 Ghosh and Moon(2005)報酬模型,將其會計盈餘部分拆解為 (1) 不含薪資費用盈餘、(2) 薪資費用、(3) 員工分紅依面額入帳、(4) 員工分紅依市價面額入帳差異部分,依此修正後作為實證分析模型,驗證員工分紅制度與盈餘報酬間之關係。實證結果發現,投資人認知的員工分紅並非為公司的費用,但與報酬間呈現顯著的正相關,推論其為ㄧ項無形資產-人力資本,支持過去文獻探討上的激勵效果。
14

教育訓練與獎酬方式對人力資本蓄積之影響 / The impacts of training and reward methods on human capital

徐嘉妤 Unknown Date (has links)
人力資本為智慧資本之根基,教育訓練與獎酬則是蓄積人力資本之重要要素。本研究針對一家知識密集產業公司,以個案研究法瞭解公司教育訓練以及獎酬制度之運行,並輔以內部問卷探討教育訓練與獎酬方式對人力資本之影響。研究結果發現: 1.教育訓練方式能正向影響人力資本,其中「工作輪調與代理」對人力資本的「管理能力」、「團隊合作與向心力」以及「專業與創新能力」有正向影響。「專案與師徒制」則能蓄積管理能力。 2.獎酬能促進教育訓練方式人力資本之蓄積,結果顯示「特殊表現獎酬」搭配「工作輪調與代理」能促進「管理能力」、「團隊合作與向心力」及「專業與創新能力」。「特殊表現獎酬」與「進修」搭配則能促進對「管理能力」,與「讀書會與圖書資源」搭配時則對「團隊合作與向心力」及「專業與創新能力」有正向影響。然而僅「調薪與績效獎酬」搭配「外訓」時對「團隊合作與向心力」較為不利。而「非財務性獎酬」搭配「工作輪調與代理」能蓄積「管理能力」以及「團隊合作與向心力」,搭配「內訓」時則能蓄積「團隊合作與向心力」;本研究結果有助於企業設計有效的教育訓練與獎酬方式達到更完整且效率的蓄積人力資本。 / Human capital is the fundamental element of intellectual capital. Training and rewards are essential factors for the accumulation of human capital. This study focuses on a knowledge-intensive company, using case study research to show how its training and reward systems work. This study is also supported by the questionnaire to explore the impacts of training and reward methods on human capital. The results are as follows: 1.Training has positive impacts on human capital. “Job rotation and substitute” positively affects “Management skills”, “Teamwork and cohesiveness”, and “Profession and innovation” of human capital. “Project and mentor” positively affects “Management skills”. 2.Rewards and training methods can improve huaman capital. “Spot awards” and “Job rotation and substitute” can improve“Management skills”, “Teamwork and cohesiveness”, and “Profession and innovation”. With “Spot awards”, “Advanced study” can improve “Management skills”. With “Spot awards”, “Reading group and library” can improve “Teamwork and cohesiveness” and “Profession and innovation”. With “Merit increase and pay for performance”, “External training” however have a negative impact on the “Teamwork and cohesiveness”. “Nonfinancial rewards” and “Job rotation and substitute” can improve“Management skills” and “Teamwork and cohesiveness”. With “Nonfinancial rewards”, “Internal training” can improve “Teamwork and cohesiveness”. Based on the results, human capital can be managed and accumulated more completely and efficiently by designing the effective training and rewards methods.
15

清治時期台灣職官俸祿與其功名、類別與養廉銀關係之研究 / The Study of Officers' Wage, Rank, Category and Silver Honesty System in Taiwan During Qing Dynasty

周秝宸, Chou, Li Chen Unknown Date (has links)
過往清史研究關於清代官制多探討其制度成因、演變,鮮少觸及到俸祿、功名與官制彼此間的關聯性或影響程度,而從勞動經濟學的角度來看,官員的功名、官秩應反應出其人力資本投資與職場經驗的累積程度。有鑑於此,本研究利用清代各期間編纂地方方志中的樣本資料來探討及評估清代臺灣地方官吏人力資本投資、職場經驗及其他特徵變數對於薪資(俸祿)報酬的影響為何。 本論文第一個主題探討人力資本對康熙、雍正、乾隆時期薪俸的影響,實證結果顯示,進行人力資本投資(考取功名)可提升俸祿4.5%;官秩升遷可提升俸祿29.9%。若以職官屬性分類,本研究發現文官在人力資本投資與工作經驗的報酬率均優於武官,我們認為主要原因可能因文、武職官升遷模式有所差異。文官晉陞過程與其工作經驗有關,而武官晉陞過程可能與是否有戰功的關係較高,因此受到人力資本與工作經驗的影響較小。 本研究第二部份以傳統迴歸及Heckman兩階段估計法估計Mincerian所得函數,探討清治時期212年間臺灣鳳山縣職官文職與武職構成與其功名、官秩對工資(俸祿)影響。研究結果顯示:(1)以傳統迴歸分析實證結果估計會存有樣本選擇偏誤的問題;(2)俸祿考慮養廉下官員任期是否秩滿、是否因丁憂退出勞動市場、是否具八旗背景對文官薪資有顯著影響;官秩大小對武官薪俸則有正向影響。(3)俸祿不考慮養廉下,官秩對文、武職官薪俸帶有提升效果。 最後,本文探討養廉銀政策的施行對文職職官薪俸的影響。以DID估計發現:政策的實施使職官薪俸提升了0.5倍至數十倍不等;且職官個人功名與官秩顯著影響可獲取的薪俸額度。 / Previous researches in the history of Qing dynasty mainly study the cause of bureaucracy or the evolution in the bureaucratic system, however, there are fewer studies which explain the relationship of wage, official rank and the fame of scholarly honor. In the side of labor economic, the scholarly honor, official rank reply the accumulation of human capital and the experience in the job market. According it, this dissertation tries to evaluate the return of human capital investment, job experience and other characteristic variables on the wage on samples during the periods of Qing dynasty. The first topic tries to analyze the impacts of human capital on wage during the period Kangxi, Yongzeng and Qianlong era. The empirical results indicate that the human capital investment (scholarly honor) rises 4.5% in the wage rate; the return rate of official rank arise 29.9% wage rate. We also find that the civilian officials have better return rate in both factors than military ones. The main reason may due to the promotion process between civilian and military officials are not the same. The promotion in the civilian official base on the experience, the promotion process in military officials may relate to the performance in the war. Therefore the human capital and experience have smaller influence in the military officials’ wage. Using the traditional regression and Heckman two step methodology, the second part of this study estimates the Mincerian earnings function which try to explain the structure of the civilian officer and military bureaucracy sectors, and the return of official rank, the fame of scholarly honor on wage in Fenshan during the occupation period in Qing era. The empirical results indicate: (1) there has a sample selection bias if we estimate with traditional regression. (2) the term of official finished, in mourning for parent's death or the background in Eight banners system has significant effect when we consider the silver honesty system in wage. (3) official rank increases the wage rate of return in civilian and military official if the component of wage does not consider the silver honesty system. Finally, the dissertation investigates the influence of silver honesty system (SHS) in the wage of civilian officer. The empirical estimation finds that the implantation of policy increases the wage between 0.5 to dozens of times through difference and differences methodology (DID). The estimation also indicates that the FAME and RANK affect the available amount of salaries significantly.
16

受雇人員的體型與相貌對其工作職位之影響 / The Effects of Employees’BMI and Physical Attractiveness on Positions

鍾越漪, Chung, Yueh-Yi Unknown Date (has links)
目前,台灣整型、塑身的潮流已不分性別且日趨普遍化,觀察其原因除了吸引異性之外,美麗對就業、工作職位之升等似乎亦有直接關係。國外研究發現,外表與個人在職場上的表現息息相關,但台灣研究漂亮經濟的相關文獻少之又少,針對個人體型、相貌對其工作職位之影響的實證研究更是付之闕如,促使筆者意欲去驗證,台灣的勞動市場中,外表是否為影響個人事業的重要變數,以彌補現有文獻之不足。然而,由於研究資源不足,本文僅以太子汽車工業股份有限公司之員工為研究對象,以BMI值及相貌作為個人外表的衡量指標,進行外表與個人職位高低是否相關的初探性研究。 本文將男性非銷售人員、女性非銷售人員、及銷售單位人員區分為三種模型,並以最小平方法(OLS)對各解釋變數的影響方向加以估計。實證結果發現,男性非銷售人員之年齡、婚姻、教育、年資對其職位階級都有正向的助益;相貌方面也的確存在“貌醜懲罰”、“貌美獎勵”的傾向,即越英俊的男性非銷售人員,其職位便相對越高。至於國小以下子女數及BMI值過輕對工作職位則有負面影響。 在女性非銷售人員部分,已婚及教育程度越高者,其職位相對越高;國小以下子女數對女性職業地位則有不利之影響。至於年齡及年資都未如男性非銷售人員般與個人職位呈正相關,此估計結果可能代表,太子汽車工業股份有限公司存在「玻璃天花板」現象。最後,體型相貌變數皆與女性非銷售人員之職位高低無關。 在銷售單位方面,不區分性別一同估計的結果得出,婚姻、教育程度對銷售單位員工職位有正向效果;國小以下子女數及BMI值過輕則有負面影響。而BMI值過輕者可能是受消費者歧視所累,間接導致其難以獲致較高的職位。 / This study attempts to investigate the relationship between Body Mass Index, physical attractiveness and an employee’s position in Taiwan for the sake of being the supplement to the existing literatures related to this research field which primarily consider gender differences. The research object comes form the data bank of Prince Motor Corporation. The total number of sample used in this study is 754 and the empirical employed in this study is OLS Model. The findings suggest that age, marital status, education, experience, and physical attractiveness have a positive effect on men’s positions in non-sales department; number of children under age 12 and being underweight, a negative effect. For women in non-sales department, positions are significantly and positively affected by marital status and education, negatively affected by number of children under age 12. Finally, in sales department, the employees who are married and have higher education definitely are in higher position. Number of children under age 12 and being underweight have a negative effect on sales people’s position.
17

人力資源管理在變革中所承擔的角色與功能--以某跨國公司推動六標準差為例

朱承平, Chu, Cheng Ping Unknown Date (has links)
企業為求成長與永續經營變革乃必須的歷程,而徵諸許多變革歷程的資料,人力資源管理所扮演的角色與功能已經日益突顯,從以往執行者角色,逐漸蛻化成推動變革者,策略夥伴的角色。   而全球化、新科技、人力市場結構的急速變遷以及市場回應速度,更使得人力資源管理在變革中所承擔的功能越趨複雜,實有必要深入探討。 1) 將變革人資與六標準差一並做研究,恐會備多力分,宜更加緊約,俾 能更邏輯。 2) 部分資料引用係次級資料宜加以改進。 3) 資料求證上因受到限制,致未能完全達到測試期求結果。 4) 應在財務成效外繼續研討組織變革與策略在變革上做更進一步研究。 5) 較偏重訓練對變革的影響,宜擴及至其他人資功能在變革過程角色 的研究。 / For the rapid growth and sustainable management purposes, Change has become an inevitable process in many businesses, however, the role of Human Resource to participate in managing change now is more prominent than ever from time to time, from the implementer in the earlier stage, gradually becomes the change facilitator and even now the partner during the strategic decision stage. Globalization, new technology, the fast changing of human market infrastructure, and the need of quick response for market situation, enable the function and role of Human Resource to be more complicated, and this is main purpose for this study, to study the role and function of Human Resource on managing change. 1) It was rather difficult to integrate change ,sigma and Human Resource together to complete this thesis, and more logic process should be address. 2) Some data and literature are from sub level, should be improved. 3) It was a little regret due to the condition and limitation during the survey process, the accuracy of some result are below the expectation, should be improved then as we make the similar study. 4) Most result are based on financial performance, should be expanded to the organizational development and strategy. 5) Too much emphasized and focus on the impact of training,and some other HR functions like performance management,moral and motivation should be further studied.
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組織之人力資本對市場價值及財務績效影響之研究

黃聖茵 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著知識經濟時代來臨,知識在組織經營中扮演日益重要的角色,知識擁有者對於組織而言即為人力資本。組織應瞭解知識擁有者能為組織創造多少效益,從而進行人力資源管理,以求長期競爭優勢。因此人力資本在組織中益顯重要,故本研究擬探討人力資本對組織市場價值與財務績效之影響情況。 本研究以我國上市及上櫃公司為研究對象,包含資訊電子(光電、半導體、資訊通訊服務、資訊家電)、生物科技、食品、化學材料、紡織等產業進行探討。研究期間為2001年至2003年,以複迴歸方式從事實證模型分析。 本研究主要探討議題共分為兩部分: 一、人力資本對組織市場價值之影響:本研究以市場價值及M/B Ratio當為應變數,研發人數、員工向心力為自變數。 二、人力資本對組織財務績效之影響:以每人營業收入、每人營業毛利、每人稅前營業利益為應變數,自變數為:研發人數、員工向心力等。 本研究之實證結果發現:研發人數對組織市場價值與組織財務績效有正向影響,而員工向心力對組織M/B Ratio也有正向影響。另外,智慧資本的投資通常會為企業帶來數年的效益,人力資本也不例外,因此本研究另外針對遞延一期之組織市值及財務績效進行分析,實證結果研究也發現:研發人數對組織財務績效具有部分遞延效益。 根據實證結果,本研究建議組織應加強對人力資本之重視,俾提升其市場價值及財務績效。另外,對於後續研究者而言,由於人力資本之指標因各文獻採用不一,故未來學者應再針對不同指標進行探討,並加以彙整,或許對組織市場價值與財務績效影響因子可能會有更深入及明確之瞭解。 / With the coming of the age of knowledge economy, knowledge plays a very important role in organizations. Knowledge-owners are regarded as “Human Capital” in organizations. Managers should understand how many benefits the knowledge-owners will bring to the organizations, and use their Human Resource Management (HRM) policies effectively to retain the long-term competition advantages. Human capital becomes more and more important, so this study is intent to examine the effect of human capital upon the market value and financial performance of the organizations. The two main themes of this study are: 1. The effect of human capital on market value of the organizations. The dependent variable are: market value and M/B Ratio; and the independent variable are: number of R&D workers and employee loyalty. 2. The effect of human capital on financial performance of the organizations. The dependent variable are: revenue per employee, gross profit per employee, and operating income per employee; and the independent variable are: number of R&D workers and employee loyalty. The results show that “R&D workers” has both positive effect on market value and financial performance of the organizations; “employee loyalty” has positive effect on M/B Ratio, too. In addition, human capital has partial lagged effects. According to the results, this study suggests that the organizations should pay more attention to their human capital to promote their market value and financial performance. Moreover, for future researchers, they could examine different human capital indexes. It may allow us to have a thorough understanding about the influence of human capital on market value and financial performance of the organizations.
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人力資本與金融發展對經濟成長之影響

林延霖 Unknown Date (has links)
本文探討人力資本及金融發展對經濟成長的影響,設定使用translog生產函數,以世界73個國家作為研究對象,樣本期間為1980~2000年共計21年,建立平衡縱橫資料,採用最大概似法估計各項係數,分析要素投入與經濟成長間的關係,及經濟體系中成長狀況是否符合「收斂假說」。最後,利用估出之係數,計算各類相關生產力指標。 主要的實證結果為,(1)除了實質資本外,人力資本與代表金融發展之代理變數實質貨幣餘額,皆對經濟成長具顯著性的影響;(2)經濟體系呈現發散的情形,結果支持內生成長理論;(3)資本、貨幣與人力資本之產量彈性平均值皆為正值,其中以資本的產量彈性最高;(4)經濟體系有發生技術進步的現象,且逐漸接近其生產邊界;(5)總要素生產力平均每年成長3.86%。
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台灣地區勞力市場中的職業性別階層化--職業社會經濟指標(SEI)之性別差異 / Occupational Gender Hierarchy in Taiwan Labor Market--Gender Differences in Socio-Economic Indexs of Occupational Status

劉松燕 Unknown Date (has links)
勞力市場中不論在勞動者性別組成與勞動者教育程度上長期以來皆有顯著的改變,女性大量進入勞力市場,使得勞動力性比率的大幅下降;台灣長期的教育擴張,造成兩性勞動者教育程度均顯著提升,甚而到近年來,女性勞動者之教育程度逐漸高於男性。在此背景下,本研究試圖探討,女性勞動者的大量進入,以及女性勞動者教育程度的提升,對兩性職業地位的分佈是否也造成顯著的影響? 回顧眾多相關文獻與理論後發現,目前解釋勞力市場中兩性職業地位不平等之相關文獻與理論,約略可分別從結構面與微視面來將之分類,也因此,本研究分別從結構面與微視面來做討論,在結構面上,主要以職業為分析單位,分析兩性職業結構之差異。在微視面上,則分別從長期趨勢與世代變化兩方面來分別探討性別、教育程度別與年齡別勞動者之職業社會經濟指標差異。 在使用資料上,本研究使用主計處之「人力運用調查」及「人力資源調查」,民國67-94年每年五月之資料,同時也採用Ganzeboom et al.與Ganzeboom and Treiman(1992,1996)依據國際標準職業分類(International Standard Classification of Occupation, 簡稱ISCO)所建構之兩套職業社會經濟指標量表(International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status簡稱ISEI)使每一勞動者除有本身之職業外,同時也指定一職業社會經濟指標分數。 研究結果發現,兩性之職業分佈有相當大的差異,大體而言,男性之職業分佈狀況較為穩定,而女性之職業分佈狀況較能反映長期台灣產業結構變化,而男性有相當大部分勞動者集中於藍領技術性的職業中,女性則是有超過四分之三的勞動者集中於事務性工作此類低階白領的職業中。在微視層面上,則可發現在大部分的分析中女性之職業社會經濟指標分數均高於男性,乃因相較於男性大量集中於職業社會經濟指標分數較低的藍領技術性職業,女性則多集中於職業社會經濟指標分數較高的事務性工作中。除此之外,長期的教育擴張,使得勞力市場無法吸收過多高人力資本人才,「文憑貶值」現象在教育程度越高者身上程度越嚴重。此外,在薪資分析上,發現即便在女性百分比相當高的職業中,女性薪資仍遠低於男性。然兩性薪資差異逐漸減少中。

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