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我國司法官退養制度之研究-正義論觀點黃悅茵 Unknown Date (has links)
依憲法第81條規定,法官為終身職,非受刑事或懲戒處分或禁治產之宣告,不得免職。非依法律,不得停職、轉任或減俸。復依司法人員人事條例第41條規定,實任司法官合於公務人員退休法退休規定,而自願退休時,除退休金外,並另加退養金;其辦法由司法院會同考試院、行政院以命令定之。又依司法官退養金給與辦法規定略以,未滿60歲者,給與5%。60歲以上未滿65歲者,給與10%。但身體衰弱,致不能勝任職務,經公立醫院證明者,給與60%。65歲以上未滿70歲者,給與140%。70歲以上者,給與5%。
目前於「司法人員人事條例」及「司法官退養金給與辦法」規定,司法官滿70歲應停止辦案,若在65歲至70歲間自願退休,可加領140%退養金;逾70歲未退休,等到退休時,只能加領5%退養金,亦即實任法官合於公務人員退休法規定,自願退休時,除依規定發給退休金外,另依司法官退養金給與辦法規定,按一次退休金總額或月退休金數額,發給一次退養金或月退養金,最高加發上開金額140%。現行司法官退養金給與比例係按司法官退休時之年齡作區分,並未考量司法官任職年資,恐有違平等原則。突顯我國司法官退養制度上出現三個問題,第一為我國司法官退養制度之公平合理性;第二為依年齡區分,做得愈久,加發退養金卻領得愈少;第三為停止辦案之司法官,仍領有司法官之給與,有違公平正義原則。並以羅爾斯的正義論觀點來看司法官退養制度是否符合公平正義原則。
藉由上述研究動機及問題,本論文以文獻分析法和德菲法為研究方法,通過專家一致性意見,探討「我國司法官退養制度」之合理性議題進行問卷。經由三輪德菲法問卷結果的反覆修正,最終司法官身職定義、優遇制度、退養制度、公平正義等四個面向,探討我國司法官退養制度之合理性。最後,本論文在我國司法官退養制度之實務不合理方面,提出建議修法,以期能提供政府規劃人事制度之參考與借鑒。
關鍵詞:退養金制度、司法官、正義論 / According to article 81 of ROC Constitutional Law, Judge shall hold office for life, no judge shall be removed from office unless he has been guilty of a criminal offense or subjected to disciplinary action, or declared to be under interdiction. No judge shall, except in accordance with law, be suspended from office, transferred, or liable to salary cuts. Further according to article 41 of The Statute For Judiciary Personnel, while substantive judge is conform to Civil Service Retirement Act and retire voluntarily, in addition to pension, also added retirement pension; such regulation may be issued by an order of Judicial Yuan jointly with Examination Yuan and Executive Yuan. Again, according to Regulations For Judge Retirement Pension, 5% for those who under 60-year-old. 10% for those who above 60-year-old and under 65-year-old. However, those who have a failure in health, therefore, are not qualified for this position, 60% for those who have obtained the public hospital certificate.140% for those who above 65-year-old and under 70-year-old. 5% for those who above 70%.
According to The Statue For Judiciary Personnel and Regulations of Pension for Judges, judges should cease to handle cases after he or she arrives 70 years old. Judges who apply for retirement between 60 and 70 years old are eligible to have 140% pension scheme. 5% pension scheme is issued to those who choose to retire after 70. Meanwhile, based on the rules of Civil Service Retirement Act, officers volunteer to retire will be issued an amount of pension either once and for all or on a monthly basis. Apart from this, it is ruled by Regulations of Pension of Judges, pension scheme should be issued once and for all or on a monthly basis, plus 140% pension scheme, whenever possible. However, currently pension schemes for judges are different from retirement ages, instead of seniority since it might fail to meet constitutional requirements such as the principle of equality.also highlighted three questions appeared in our judge retirement system, first is the equity and reason of judge retirement system; the second is distinguishing from age, the longer of the employment is, the less of retirement pension get; the third is judge suspending case, still have judge payment, against the principle of equity and justice. And at the point of Theory of Justice of John Rawls, whether Judge Retirement system is conform to justice and reason principle.
By way of the abovementioned research motive and question, the research method of this thesis is based on documentary analysis method and Delphi Technique, through unity opinion of expert, probe into the reasonable topic of “judge retirement system of our country” and to proceed questionnaire. After repeatedly amendment of three run Delphi method questionnaire result, finally, four directions of definition of judge holding office for life、system of treating with preference、retirement system、reason and justice, etc., to probe into the reason of judge retirement system of our country. Finally, this thesis raises law amendment suggestion at the aspect of unreasonable practice of judge retirement system of our country, and expect may provide reference and example to government regarding planning personnel system.
Key words: Retirement Pension System、Judge、Theory of Justice
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實質董事之認定與責任王靜慧 Unknown Date (has links)
我國現行法對於公司董事責任係以形式認定為之,然而在目前公司實務上有許多不具有董事頭銜卻具有經營實權之人,其責任為何,是我國長久以來懸而未決的問題。在我國增訂實質董事規範的呼聲由來已久,如何認定實質董事及界定其責任範圍卻因影響層面廣大,難以達成共識而遲遲無法修訂草案通過,因此如何制定實質董事之規範實有研究必要。
經濟部版草案規定實質董事之構成要件為「實際執行董事職務」或「經常指揮董事執行業務」之人。立法委員所提出草案版本之構成要件,其一為「實質上執行董事職務」之人,其二為「直接或間接控制公司之人事、財務或業務經營」之人。
實質董事之立法目的乃是使實際享有董事經營實權之人負起相關之經營責任。立法委員版草案所提出的「直接或間接控制公司之人事、財務或業務經營」之人,對公司雖然必定享有某種控制地位,但實質董事之立法,係規範不具董事身份之人,卻享有董事之職權者,使其負起相關的經營責任。立法委員版草案對於非「實質上執行董事職務」之人,則以「直接或間接控制公司之人事、財務或業務經營」來判斷,即必須達到對公司已經享有控制地位,始將之納入規範的範圍。如此一來,對於未以自身實質執行董事職務,卻利用其他影響力於幕後指揮董事參與公司經營者,因未達對公司享有控制地位的要件,而可能無法完全納入規範範圍。
我國經濟部版草案規範,實質董事負有公司法23條之善良管理人注意義務及忠實義務,是否應包括其他具體規範即有疑問。例如忠實義務主要所要解決的乃是公司負責人與公司間產生的利益衝突問題,違反忠實義務的效果,不必然使公司受有損害,因此規範實質董事負有23條之責任,若僅限於損害賠償責任,實際上不一定能使實質董事負有忠實義務之責任。就此本文認為,實質董事負有23條之責任,應包括其他具體規範。
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淺析簽署海峽兩岸共同打擊犯罪及司法互助協議之影響 / The study of consequences of signing “the agreement on cross-strait cooperation in combating crimes and mutual legal assistance between Taiwan and China”董裕光, Tung, Yu Kuang Unknown Date (has links)
This study focuses on the impact of signing " the Agreement on cross-Strait cooperation in combating crimes and mutual legal assistance" between Taiwan and mainland China. It intends to explore motivation and necessity of signing this agreement, the legal issues and operational process of this agreement, the history of cross-Strait cooperation of fighting against crimes and mutual legal assistance, and current status and problems.
There are three major parts in this thesis. First, this study defines cross-Strait mutual legal assistance and of cross-Strait crime, confirms its meaning and scope, and then introduces judicial mutual assistance and cooperation in the international society of both sides. It analyzes the situation and trend of cross-Strait crimes, history of cross-Strait cooperation in combating crimes, the existing legal provisions on mutual legal assistance, and difficulties before the signing of the agreement. Secondly, this study introduces the content and effects of this agreement, includes the provisions, the actual operation, the laws related to it, the impact, and follow-up legislation as well as negative criticism. Finally, this study compares the situation before and after the signing of the agreement, understands the real benefits and finding the existing problems, and make evaluations on this agreement.
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我國現行司法官口試制度之研究 / The research of judge oral examination system盧逸斌 Unknown Date (has links)
考選的目的在獲取優秀的人才,蔚為國用。新時代公務人力資源發展的新策略在於重建人力管理法制、加強訓練發展、內化行政倫理與行政中立以及對考選體制將能有所突破創新,以優質考選方式替國家社會選拔更多人才。其中有關彈性人力考選方法一定要能符合「效度」(validity)與「信度」(reliability)的要求。
有鑑於現行司法官口試制度的執行技術仍須改進,期透過本研究能夠瞭解我國現行司法官口試制度之全貌及其主要的問題,並透過相關人事與考選制度理論,與深度訪談的資料分析結果,希望能夠拋磚引玉,於制度面與實務面提出口試制度改進之可行性建議。
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法科大学院教育におけるインデックス付き講義収録システムの利用と評価富崎, おり江, TOMIZAKI, Orie, 千葉, 恵美子, CHIBA, Emiko 19 September 2009 (has links)
No description available.
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兩岸與東南亞國家打擊跨國犯罪與國際合作-以臺菲電信詐欺案為例 / Transnational Crime-fighting and International Cooperation among Cross-strait and Southeast Asian Nations--Case Studies on the Telecom Fraud between Taiwan and the Philippines.李珊 Unknown Date (has links)
自民國76年政府開放民眾赴大陸探親以來,兩岸關係邁入新的里程碑,之後雖受李登輝、陳水扁兩任總統不同的大陸政策影響,雙方縱然在軍事、外交層面歷經緊張情勢時期,但在共同打擊跨境犯罪合作議題上,卻不曾停下腳步,民國79年簽訂之「金門協議書」,作為兩岸遣返違反有關規定進入對方地區人民、刑事犯及嫌疑犯之用,開啟共同打擊犯罪協議及刑事司法互助之門,接著第三次江陳會正式簽定「海峽兩岸共同打擊犯罪及司法互助協議」,據此建立雙方在打擊跨境犯罪合作機制,不致因法律問題致執法過程中產生灰色模糊地帶,而予犯罪者僥倖心理從事不法活動。但往往「道高一尺,魔高一丈」,兩岸犯罪者因雙邊打擊跨境犯罪合作機制日趨成熟,犯案的空間受到壓縮,開始轉往第三地發展,此時法制基礎不建全、地廣人稀、政府行政效能不彰、貪瀆情形嚴重及與華人素有歷史淵源之東南亞諸國即成為首選之地。
1997年亞洲金融風暴,中國固守人民幣匯率的政策,某部分穩定了亞洲的金融秩序,對於東南亞地區的經濟安定有一定程度的正面幫助,這被視為中國與東南亞關係發展的轉捩點,東協在該年年底邀請中國、日本、韓國召開首次「東協加三」會議,正式開啟了其在東南亞區域居於領袖地位的時代。大陸與東南亞各國的交流層面是既深且廣,合作的議題除了傳統軍事外交,在非傳統安全領域,也提供東協國家各項協助。反觀臺灣在東協支持「一中政策」的影響下,始終無法突破與該地區各項交流合作關係。如今兩岸關係趨穩,雙方均認知到除了經濟議題外,在打擊跨國犯罪方面,同樣悠關人民切身利益及社會安定,亦屬可以建立共識相互合作的優先工作,因此本文研究目的,即希望了解兩岸在東南亞地區跨國犯罪現況、雙方偵辦情形、面臨的困難,以及建立兩岸與第三國司法互助合作機制可行方案。 / Since the government began to permit the public to visit relatives in Mainland China in 1987, the cross-strait relations have entered into a new milestone. Although both sides still confront and compete against each other in military and diplomatic aspects, they never stopped cooperating with each other on the issue of jointly fighting cross-border crime. The execution of the Kinmen Agreement in 1990 and the Agreement on Joint Cross-Strait Crime-Fighting and Mutual Judicial Assistance executed during the third round of Chiang-Chen Talks has established the cooperative mechanism between both sides in fights against cross-border crimes. Cross-strait criminals began to move their bases to Southeast Asia because the cooperative mechanism in bilateral cross-border crime fighting has grown mature and the place for crime has been limited. The relations between Mainland China and Southeast Asian countries are deep and extensive in many facets. On the contrary, under the influence of the support of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations for the “One China Policy”, Taiwan is unable to make any breakthrough in interactions and cooperative relations with that area. As the cross-strait relations have become stable, both sides acknowledge that, in addition to the economic issues, the fight against transnational crime is equally of great concern to the interests of people and social stability, and could be the priority to establish the consensus between both sides and cooperate with each other. Therefore, the objective of this research is to understand the current situations of the cross-strait transnational crime in Southeast Asian area, the investigations conducted by both sides and the difficulties faced by them, and to establish practical solutions for cooperative mechanism in mutual judicial assistance among Mainland China, Taiwan and a third country.
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國際非傳統安全的合作-以歐盟司法暨內政事務為例 / International Cooperation in the field of non-traditional threat- the case of EU JHA吳慧美 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著超級大國爭奪勢力範圍時代的結束,安全研究對象不再純粹以國家的軍事和意識形態為主,這種對傳統國家安全威脅來源的不同理解,導致「非傳統安全」概念的產生。非傳統安全威脅的擴散性、跨國性特質,使其威脅往往比傳統安全來的難以控制,國際社會的安全合作也不得不從傳統安全轉向非傳統安全,非傳統安全合作似已取代傳統軍事結盟觀點,成為國際安全合作的主要面貌,故本文認為國際社會或區域組織的安全能否得到確保,必須看它的非傳統安全合作能否有效深化。
此外,安全不再是狹義地以國家為唯一適用單位,更應包含對人類安全的保護以及對於恐怖主義、毒品走私、強迫遷徙等問題的正視。本文認為,人類安全是非傳統安全能否跳脫傳統安全框架重要的元素之一,不應只以人權角度來理解,而應放在「國際安全」架構下檢視,一個安全合作機制是否涵蓋人類安全理念,將是傳統安全合作機制與非傳統安全合作機制重要差異之處。
本文此標準檢視歐盟這個擁27會員國的區域組織,並以其第三支柱「內政暨司法事務(JHA)」的運作架構為檢視對象,探討歐盟在安全合作上的特殊性及其價值。本文認為,歐盟在其安全戰略中雖表示強化軍事力量的決心,但卻也處處顯示出對人類安全的考量,在JHA之實際政策面更看到針對跨國犯罪、恐怖主義等非傳統安全威脅的全面對策,顯示歐盟不只是針對傳統安全合作的機制,更是國際社會上少數真正針對非傳統安全威脅進行合作的機制。 / After the end of the cold war, the issue of non-traditional threat has gained much attention than ever in the international politics. Moreover, it has taken the place of the traditional issue and has become the hottest topic in the field of international security cooperation.
By introducing the third pillar of European Union- The Justice and Homes affaire( JHA) and how it works when dealing with the boundless non-traditional threat, this paper have proved that EU is not only a international organization targeted for traditional threat comparing with other international organizations, but also the one aimed to handle the non-traditional issue such as terrorism, organized crime and drug trafficking by practicing its concept of human security which is centered in the European Security Strategy in 2003.
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政党政治の中の司法部門:第二共和国のイタリア憲法裁判所を手掛かりに井関, 竜也 23 March 2021 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第22945号 / 法博第265号 / 新制||法||173(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 建林 正彦, 教授 待鳥 聡史, 教授 曽我 謙悟 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM
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台灣代書的歷史考察吳俊瑩 Unknown Date (has links)
本文以「代書」作為考察核心,剖析代書在台灣經歷性質相異政權統治下,代書內涵與意義呈現何種轉變,以及代書定著於台灣社會的歷史動因。
今日台灣社會法律事務的分工具有濃厚「日本因素」。日治時期的代書不再單純扮演「代筆」腳色,在「生活法律化」的脈絡下,代書成為國家與人民的對話窗口。代書與台灣人的接觸表現在法院訴訟、土地登記、政府行政規制等面向,由於國家對民間滲透力道日益強大,連帶為代書撐起一片執業空間。代書在日治時期的職業化與專門化,伴隨近代國家腳步而來,也因此在職業建構、自我與社會觀感上,深受國家力量左右。
代書的專業化表現在業務內容緊貼國家法律。1923年以後因日本內地「司法代書人法」(1935年改稱司法書士法)施行於台灣,導致代書分化為司法與行政代書人。司法代書人的管理、考選交由各地方法院長;行政代書人仍由地方州廳警察進行管理。相較以往警察當局僅要求代書人身分素行,法院更著重從業者的法律專業能力,水準約與法院書記相當。司法代書人不論在人數、地域分布及可親性上,都比辯護士具有優勢,對於近代西方法的傳播,特別是物權概念以及西式法院使用上,影響力不容小覷。由於法院將司法代書人視為輔助司法運作機制之一,調控從業人數,讓司法代書人維持在水準以上,吸引不少台灣人投入此一由國家「法律」所承認的職業,在日治中後期改變了原以日本人為主的職業族群結構。
戰後國民黨政府在其歷史經驗中,並無相類似於台灣本地的代書脈絡,因此對於代書的認識與需求,仍停留在舊中國的歷史記憶。戰前台灣的代書脈絡,當局先暫以「司法書記」與「土地代書人」保留。但前者在1969年以「疏減訟源」為由遭廢,自此消失在國家法中;後者由廢除轉向接受的歷程中,跌宕起伏,耗費極大社會成本。國家長期對代書採取消極態度,民間仍舊延續日治以來與代書的互動經驗,雖國家法與民間對代書的體認不相重合,但代書在民間所累積的厚實法律生活基礎,終讓原無代書之制中華民國法體制,融入台灣民間社會既有歷史經驗,承認代書的存在意義與價值。
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司法與立法兩權間的緊張關係— 以法律違憲裁判對國會立法權的限制為中心李嘉嘉 Unknown Date (has links)
憲法的框架性賦予立法者具體化憲法的任務,而憲法同時也賦予司法者解釋憲法、維護憲法的職責,因此司法權與立法權實際上都在從事重新詮釋憲法的工作,然而當兩者間意見不一致時應如何處理,便形成司法權與立法權之間產生緊張關係的源頭。我國釋憲實務在釋字第四〇五號解釋揭示司法院大法官就憲法所為之解釋,對於立法院行使立法權亦有拘束力,後續在釋字第六三三號解釋、第七屆立法委員選舉時引發的中央選舉委員會組織法草案爭議,以及近來考試院對立法院於民國九十六年七月十一日修正公布的記帳士法第二條第二項提出釋憲聲請案,都顯示立法權與司法權之間的緊張關係逐漸升高,而使立法權與司法違憲審查權之間的權限爭議問題受到關注。
本文首先分析司法權與立法權之間的緊張關係,並嘗試討論兩權間緊張關係的三種不同處理方式,第一種是區分立法權與司法權的功能領域,在立法裁量的空間之下法律違憲審查應予以退讓,而形成法律違憲審查的界限;第二種處理方式是當法律違憲裁判的結果是法律違憲無效時,立法權除了接受法律違憲的結果外,在某種情況下容許立法權可以排除違憲結果,而使司法權的決定不再是最終決定;第三種處理方式是法律違憲決定的結果雖可以拘束立法權,但是讓法律違憲決定對立法權的拘束力受到一定條件或期限的限制。
接著討論德國聯邦憲法法院一九九五年的「十字架案判決」(Kruzifix-Entscheidung)與後續巴伐利亞邦議會在該判決後的修法,以及本國法相關案例分析,整理我國相關大法官解釋的事實、爭點與大法官論點,並援引相關理論、學說見解,試予以評析,最後討論我國現行司法解釋的效力規範及問題,冀能為我國司法院大法官審理案件法修正草案提出修法建議。
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