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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

以展望理論修正GCMG模型:集中交易市場的配適度分析

徐心傳 Unknown Date (has links)
由於經濟體系中的”複雜性”使得標準財務理論的研究受到了侷限,有鑑於傳統財務理論對於厚尾現象等”stylized facts”並無法提出有效的解釋,近年來由物理學學者所發展出的”物理經濟學派”開始嘗試使用agent-based model(ABM)的電腦模擬技術來替代以常態隨機漫步理論作為資產變動路徑的假設;許多的實證研究都顯示:高頻率的集中交易市場之資產價格波動具有”scaling behavior”的現象,同時報酬率尾端的機率分配較常態分配所描述的更為極端;因此Mantegna認為報酬率應服從TLF分配。而由Neil Johnson所提出的grand canonical minority game(GCMG)可以在簡單的模型架構下有效地模擬出金融市場的特質,因而可以解釋標準財務理論之不足。 本論文為了檢視GCMG模型使否可以有效解釋台灣股票市場的特質,採用Mantegna演算法估計Levy分配之參數α,並比較其與集中交市場的真實價格分配是否一致,以此來檢測模型是否可以用來解釋台灣股票交易市場之性質。為了真實捕捉經濟個體之決策行為模式,本研究修改了GCMG中對於策略評價採線性的方式,取而代之的是採取諾貝爾獎得主Kanehman所提出的展望理論架構來捕捉真實投資人對於正負報酬會具有不同風險傾向的心理特質。由於MG模型具有”phase transiton”之特質,本論文對GCMG模型進行測試後發現市場波動度與記憶之間呈現嚴格負相關,其原因來自於GCMG對於投資人信心水準之假設。市場配適度分析則顯示GCMG在m=10時最為接近實際市場之α值,但仍有顯著的差異,顯示出模擬股價路徑較接近常態分配。而以展望理論修改評價函數後,雖然可以有效地使模擬股價路徑更為穩定,但仍無法改善GCMG模型的模擬股價路徑較實際市場變動更接近常態分配的缺點。很顯然地,模型架構過於簡化是造成此現象的可能原因;特別是台灣股票市場的制度性因素:散戶市場 以及漲跌幅限制等,都是造成模型配適度不高之原因。
2

框架與逃漏稅--展望理論在教師課稅問題之研究

王惠屏 Unknown Date (has links)
目前台灣的所得稅法規定中小學以下的教師薪資所得免稅,政府為了達到量能課稅之公平原則,於是研擬提出教師取消免稅與加薪同步,即收多少稅就加多少薪資的策略,以讓教師在課稅前後的實質所得不變,藉以減少教師人員的反彈。本文的目的在於探討對中小學以下教師課稅又加薪的框架限制下,即政府在維持對教師課稅前後的教師淨所得不變,分析是否會讓中小學以下教師有逃漏稅的誘因,而使政府補貼教師薪資的美意喪失,而導致政府及全民的損失。因為政府要以加薪來彌補教師因課稅後所短少的所得,以順利進行取消免稅優惠措施之前,必須還要考量課稅又加薪後是否會因此而使財政收入不增反減。   本文研究發現,在預期效用理論下,若教師在舊制度的淨所得的效用滿足小於新制度逃漏稅的預期效用,則加薪又課稅的新制度實施下,教師就會因此而產生逃漏稅行為。此時,政府可藉由提高罰款倍率或查核率,以讓教師的逃漏稅減少。而在展望理論下,政府除了可藉由提高查核率外,還可使用提高扣繳金額的手段來減少教師逃漏稅的誘因;再者,政府若將處罰標的改為逃漏所得額,會比處罰標的為逃漏稅額更易減少教師逃漏稅的誘因;此外,扣除額的增加也會增加教師的依從。因此,本文認為政府在維持收支平衡下,想要以加薪來取消教師免稅的理想可能將無法達成,而且會造成比政策實施前更嚴重的稅收損失現象。更進一步地分析,除非,政府有能力在實施提高扣繳率、查核率或扣除額的補救措施的情況下,能確保不引起人民情緒上的反彈,如此才能有效降低教師的逃漏稅意願,否則,政府對於課稅又加薪的政策應再做評估。
3

混合利得與混合損失對處分效果的影響 / Mixed Gain and Mixed Loss affects the Disposition Effect

劉淑華 Unknown Date (has links)
We try to provide reasonable explanations for the equity premium puzzle by the mental account, prospect theory, disposition effect and hedonic editing. This study examine how do investor trade in relation to their holding portfolio gains and losses? The empirical evidence suggests that investor are more likely to segregated gains and integrated losses, in accordance with disposition effect and hedonic edition. In other words, investor are more likely to longer holding losing trade than winning trade, because selling at losing trades would cause great suffering. We find that investor tend to longer holding mixed gains than mixed big losses. In face of mixed big losses, they are relatively rational, inconsistent disposition effect. Our empirical find that highest wealth level‘s traders and experienced traders suffer loss, they are relatively rational.
4

退休金長期預期報酬率與盈餘管理及展望理論之研究 / The Relation between expected rate of return on pension plans and earnings management, prospect theory.

徐培蕙, Hsu, Pei Hui Unknown Date (has links)
本文討論退休金長期預期報酬率之設定。根據會計公報規定,公司之退休金長期預期報酬率必須符合其資產配置。但是在本文中我們發現資產配置並無法有效的反應公司的退休金長期預期報酬率,因此我們提出展望理論及盈餘管理兩種理論來解釋退休金長期預期報酬率之設定。我們發現經理人企圖透過改變退休金長期預期報酬率的假設來進行盈餘管理,同時退休金長期預期報酬率也會因為公司的風險態度而有所改變。 / Abstract: We try to find out the considerations for managers to set their assumptions of expected long term rate of return on pension plan assets (ROPA). First, we use the asset allocations of pension funds and historical returns to calculate the expected rate of return based on historical asset returns (EROPA). There is difference between ROPA are EROPA, suggests that asset allocations are not the only consideration when managers setting their ROPA assumption. Two theories are examined in this paper to explain such difference between ROPA and EROPA: earnings management and prospect theory. We use two models to test the earnings management, single accrual model and threshold model. We find that the intentions to smooth the reported income are the main incentives for managers to manipulation their ROPA. The incentive to do earnings management can partly explain the difference between ROPA and EROPA. However, in threshold model, we can not observe any evidence in our research. We also introduce prospect theory to examine the risk attitude. We find that managers’ risk attitude affect the setting of assumptions, too. We conclude prospect theory provides a good explanation of the difference between ROPA and EROPA.
5

公務人員考核動機與決策之研究:臺北市立高級中等學校職員為例

趙于萱 Unknown Date (has links)
本文肇始於民國99年公務人員考績法修正草案所引發的爭議,並基於政策執行研究最常關切的重點─徒法不足以自行的事實,希望透過質性研究方法,從實際執行績效考核工作之第一線主管人員的心理層面進行探究,歸納形塑考核者動機之因素,以進一步了解考核者動機對考核決策之影響,並以學校組織中的考核者為研究對象。 藉由Decotiis與Petit於1978年提出的績效考核過程模型,以及Harris於1994年提出的考核者動機模型,抽取與本文研究興趣有關的因素,重新進行歸納,建構本研究的概念架構,並以此概念架構作為訪談設計、資料蒐集、資料分析,以及詮釋績效考核執行實務的脈絡依據。概念架構中,尚運用對描述個體實際決策行為特別具有解釋力的展望理論(Prospect Theory),以其概念,對考核者作決策時的心理運作機制作更深刻的詮釋與理解。 研究結果發現,考核者因對制度執行成效普遍缺乏信任感而損及其對於績效考核的重要性認知、考核者因對執行考核工作的自我效能感不佳而選擇採用可規避衝突與責任的第三種策略評價、考核者關切考核決策所引發的效應甚於達成考核制度所強調的獎優汰劣目標、限制考列等次比例使考核執行成果難以兼顧實質公平性、考核參與機制已然成為考核者規避考核責任的最佳途徑,以及考核者作決策時的心理運作機制為影響績效考核執行成敗的關鍵因素。最後,學校之組織特性框架雖與一般行政機關有異,然該研究場域中之考核者在制度執行層面的看法與作法卻未有太大差異,此或可歸結於績效考核的制度規範密度過高所致。 基於前述研究發現,本文針對績效考核制度提出兩點省思:(一)考列等次比例限制仍為問題根源、(二)考核改革宜跳脫捨本逐末的「症狀解」思維。再自前述之研究發現及省思觀點延伸思考,據以提出三點建議:(一)改革初期應著重獎優甚於汰劣,以幫助考核者重拾對績效考核的信任感、(二)運用訓練及經驗分享,以提升主管對績效考核的重要性認知與執行知能、(三)讓其他次要管理者或受考人的主要服務對象加入共同進行考核評價,以淡化績效考核主觀性、分散考核者單一評價責任,並提升考核評價的正當性基礎。
6

中國大陸大學生在港澳台之跨境經驗及展望個案 / Cross-border Experiences and Perceptions of Mainland Chinese University Students in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan

柯塞恩 Unknown Date (has links)
香港與澳門的教育系統被中國視為歐洲的傳承並受到高度的重視,尤其是對在中國的新城市菁英而言。 隨著英語教育的需求增加,香港與澳門的大學在中國大陸學生招生方面歷經快速的成長,中國學生在特別行政區域(SARs)的社會中占有愈來愈大的存在比例。台灣在2011年開始開放陸生來台後,也成中國學生留學的新興目的地。此份研究主要分析中國大陸之學生在抵達香港、澳門與台灣前後對移入地的觀點,定義中國菁英學生在這些移入社會的新人口群體,並討論此新群體對其留學目的地與及中國所具有的社會意涵。 本研究透過質性研究方法與資料,發現選擇就讀於特別行政區域(SARs)的中國大陸學生,是因為地緣位置接近、文化、語言相同性及相對的教育價值等因素。這些中國學生也被視為特別行政區域(SARs)及海外的潛在移民者。本研究亦透過問卷訪問在台灣就讀的陸生,這些在台陸生仍是相對未被深入研究的人口群體。此份研究成果適合用於教育學、移民學以及社會學,亦對兩岸學術研究者具有重要的參考價值。 / Hong Kong and Macau's education systems are perceived to be part of their European legacy which is highly regarded in mainland China, especially among China's new urban elite. Along with a consistent increase in demand for an English education, universities in Hong Kong and Macau are henceforth experiencing rapid growth in enrollment of students from mainland China, who are ever more present in the Special Administrative Regions' (SARs) societies. Moreover, mainland Chinese students studying in Taiwanese universities just recently commenced in 2011 and it is a policy in its infancy. This study aims to analyze mainland Chinese students' perception of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan before and after arriving, define a new demographic of elite mainland Chinese students in these three regions, and draw potential social implications these students have for their respective host societies and Chinese society. This study used qualitative research methods and data to confirm that mainland students who chose to study in the SARs because of closer location, cultural and linguistic familiarity and relative value of education. They were also considered potential immigrants to the SARs and abroad. This study provides insight using primary source data on mainland students in Taiwan, which remains a relatively un-researched demographic. This study is applicable to disciplines such as education studies, immigration, and sociology. Information from this study may also be of interest to those who study cross-strait studies, as mainland Chinese students studying in Taiwanese universities just recently commenced in 2011 and it is a policy in its infancy. Hence, this may have implications for future cross-strait policy changes.
7

快樂編輯與投資人類型 / Hedonic editing and trader types

朱孝宗 Unknown Date (has links)
Hedonic Editing is a theory of behavioral finance based on prospect theory, attempting to predict whether individuals would segregate or integrate multiple outcomes to achieve to highest perceived value. We test the theory by an actual market data in Taiwan Futures Exchange. If the hypothesis holds, we should observe that investors would integrate losses more frequently than gains and integrate smaller losses with larger gains rather than the other way around. However, results do not support the hypotheses totally. We further test the theory by different trader types. Results show that domestic individuals exhibit the strongest biases of hedonic editing, followed by domestic corporations, and foreign institutions.
8

展望理論下機構投資者之動態資產配置 / Dynamic Asset Allocation of Institutional Investors with Prospect Theory

郭志安, Guo, Zion Unknown Date (has links)
機構投資者在現今全球的金融市場中佔有舉足輕重的地位,但是在財務理論的領域裡,他們卻是被極度忽略的一群。本文的第一個部分(見第二章)建構在傳統的期望效用理論之下,進而推導出機構投資者的最適動態資產配置模型。研究發現機構投資者的最適動態資產配置乃是由標竿避險元素與跨期-規模避險元素所共同組成。標竿避險元素述說了機構投資者跟隨標竿投資組合的現象,而跨期-規模避險元素除了為資產配置迷思提供了一個可能的解決之道外,更指出機構投資者會隨著所管理的資產增加而趨於保守。再者,近年來傳統的期望效用理論履遭學者們的質疑,許多實證結果均顯示展望理論更能貼切描述人們的行為模式。本文的第二個部分(見第三章)假設機構投資者的行為模式符合展望理論的公理與假說,進而推導出機構投資者的動態資產配置模型。研究發現當機構投資人處於獲利的狀態之下時,其最適動態資產配置和第二章所得到的結果完全相同,但是,當機構投資人處於損失的狀態下時,他會變得比較積極,持有的風險性資產會大於處於獲利狀態之下時所做的決策。雖然行為財務學已行之有年,但是大家對於損失趨避係數對資產配置所造成的影響所卻知極為有限,本文在此提供了一個參考的模型。本研究發現,損失趨避係數對動態資產配置的影響力會被風險趨避係數、個別投資人對機構投資者績效的敏感度以及機構投資者本身所收取的管理費所抵消掉。此外,近年來金融市場巨幅震盪的現象履見不鮮,本文的最後一個部份(見第四章)假設機構投資者的行為模式符合展望理論的公理與假說,進而在跳躍模式下推導出機構投資者的動態資產配置模型。研究發現在跳躍模式下機構投資者的最適動態資產配置乃是由標竿避險元素、跨期-規模避險元素與跳躍避險元素所共同組成。這個新的元素-「跳躍避險元素」,用以描述機構投資者在面對 跳躍模式所帶來的不同衝擊時所產生的不同回應。本研究發現即使面對相同的投資環境,機構投資者仍然會因為本身所處的狀態不同而有不一樣的投資決策,這個結果迥異於傳統的理論模型,是一個相當有趣且值得進一步研究的議題。此外,本研究還發現損失趨避係數在不同的狀況之下會分別發揮不同的影響力,對損失趨避係數在財務理論上的意義提供了另一個新的視野。 / Institutional investors do matter in financial market, but most of the studies on institutional investors have not determined holdings of different assets by institutional investors. Institutional investors who receive payments and deposits from their customers but they are also subject to withdrawals from them. Compared with individual investors, institutional investors do bear the extra risk that evokes from individual investors. Appling dynamic programming approach, we derive the optimal dynamic asset allocation of institutional investors. In chapter 2, we find that the optimal dynamic asset allocation of the institutional investor with exponential utility function contains two components: the benchmark hedge component and the intertemporal-size hedge component. The benchmark hedge component indicates that the institutional investor takes care of the volatility of benchmark portfolio. The intertemporal-size hedge component provides a possible solution to asset allocation puzzle and depicts that the position of risky assets held by the institutional investor is inversively proportional with its total net managed assets. In chapter 3, we take operating cost into account and find that the optimal dynamic asset allocation of the institutional investor with revised value function will hold more risky assets when she is facing losses, and the sensitivity of loss aversion to dynamic asset allocation strategy is inversively proportional with the absolute risk aversion coefficient, the sensitivity of flow to performance, and the management fee charged by the institutional investor. In chapter 4, we consider both the operating cost and the risk of a sudden large shock to security price into account and find that the optimal dynamic asset allocation of the institutional investor has a further component than that in chapter 3. The further component is labeled "jumps hedge component". Besides, the optimal dynamic asset allocation is divided into four situations that figure the institutional investor with different status quo will make different investment decision. It is a very surprisingly result. Furthermore, we find a very interesting phenomenon that the loss aversion coefficient plays different roles in different situations.
9

理性選擇理論與國際安全研究

宋蕙吟, Sung,Hui-Yin Unknown Date (has links)
理性選擇理論是第二次世界大戰後國際關係研究一個主要的研究途徑,在當代國際關係理論的爭辯中扮演了概念釐清的角色,並且增進了對無政府狀態內涵與國際合作可能性的理解。國際安全研究中,理性選擇以嚇阻理論為主要研究議題,針對核武嚇阻、傳統武器嚇阻、流氓國家與恐怖份子嚇阻等重要議題,無論是理論建構或實證研究皆有豐富的研究成果。在1980年代,形式化(formal))的理性選擇作為一種國際關係研究途徑成為一時顯學,與傳統國際關係主要研究途徑如歷史分析、文化研究、政治心理學等並駕齊驅,甚或有超越之勢;直至1990年代末期,理性選擇面臨強烈的質疑,進而引發了批評者與辯護者對於理性假設與方法論的爭辯。值得注意的是,自1990年以來,認知科學中的「展望理論」開始跨足至國際關係研究,試圖從行為者如何處理與詮釋訊息的角度來解釋國際政治行為與結果,對理性選擇的假設作了些許修正與補充,兩者的在未來的結合將有助於國際關係研究的發展。
10

瞻前抑或顧後?2005年台北縣長選舉選民投票行為之解析

何佳芬, Ho, Chia Fen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究分析在2005年台北縣長選舉中,民眾是否以回顧性評價或是展望性評估來決定其投票對象。運用2006年「台灣選舉與民主化調查」的研究資料,分析民眾對於過去的家庭經濟情況、社會整體經濟狀況評價及施政表現;以及民眾對於未來家庭經濟、總體經濟狀況評估及主要政黨候選人展望性預期,是否影響其投票行為。 本研究發現:控制民眾的人口學背景以及其他政治態度之後,民眾認為過去整體經濟情況變差者,愈不傾向投給民進黨候選人。認為民進黨候選人愈具備執政能力者則愈傾向投給他。除此之外,民眾的政黨認同也具有重要的影響力。 從本研究的結果可以得知,民眾會運用理性的標準,判斷過過去總體經濟表現與未來哪位候選人較具執政能力而決定其投票對象。顯示執政者應該以總體經濟表現以及優秀的人才,才可以吸引選民持續的支持。 / In this Study, we employ individual-level survey data collected by ‘Taiwan’s Election and Democratization Study” in the 2005 Taipei Magistrate election to examine whether voters apply retrospective voting or prospective voting. We include variables such as personal well-being and national economics performance in the past ,candidate evaluation and expectations on future economic performance to see how these variables might affect their voting behavior. We demonstrate that, after controlling demographic variables and other political attitudes, when voters consider national economy is worse off, he/she voted against the incumbent party. However, voters give greater support to candidates of the incumbent party if he/she believes this candidate is competent to govern Taipei county. Additionally, party identification still exerts a powerful influence upon the individual vote decision. In the study, it is found that people decide their voting behavior is employ their rational calculations to examine sociotropic economic performance and candidate quality. Therefore, citizens are not fools, and the incumbent party has to realize the importance of governance and nominate qualified candidates to govern.

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