第一章 導論 第二章 模型建立 第三章 固定匯率 第四章 浮動匯率 第五章 最適政策配對 第六章 台灣實證分析 第七章 結論與建議 本文分為兩大部分––理論與實證部分，從第一章至第五章探討理論上的架構，所使 用的工具是比較靜態與動態兩種方法。第六章則是實證部分，使用計量上的一段、二 段、三段式的迥歸估計方法，並加以比較三種方法的結果，選擇最適當的估計值，以 作為第七章評估最政策配對與穩定性的基礎，從而提出最適政策分配。

本研究源自於McLuhan「媒介就是訊息」的說法。研究者認為，關於媒介與人類心靈間的互動關係，如果真如麥氏所說，不同的媒介使用會造成不同思維及傳播方式的話，那麼或許我們可以反過來進一步提問，未受過文字教育，不使用「文字」做為思維溝通工具的文盲，怎麼思考及口語表達？他們的思考方式又和受過文字教育的人有什麼不同？ 事實上，本文的主要研究問題與目的，並非只在說明文盲的口語表達行為，更重要的是，研究者試圖以媒介使用差異為切入點，建立一套解釋人類口語表達行為的初步架構，而這個解釋架構的完成，則需透過文盲口語表達行為的觀察與說明而來。 在本文中，研究者特別強調報導人所處整體「媒介文化」情境對其思維與行為的影響性，並透過文獻檢閱及十五位報導人田野觀察的過程，研究者將媒介定義為一種「文化工具箱」，研究者並進一步以這兩個概念，延伸McLuhan「媒介就是訊息」的概念，提出本研究的解釋架構： 非單一媒介，而是人們所處的整體「媒介文化」影響人們的口語表達行為。不同的媒介文化會形塑不同的文化工具箱，在日常生活的口語表達行為中，人們即是利用這些文化工具箱，來解決問題及達成目的；但反過來說，這些文化工具箱也會限制和影響人們所思所為。 在此，「媒介文化」一詞，指的是以思維溝通工具為首，所創造出的文化環境，與傳統傳播學中指涉的媒體內部文化意義並不相同。「文化工具箱」指的則是那些經由所處文化形塑而來的各式有形及無形的成套工具。在本文中，研究者調特別強調，文化工具箱是以多重成套的方式共存。亦即，在解決某一問題時，我們腦中同時可能存有多個甚至相互衝突的文化工具箱，人們即是利用這些共存的多重文化工具箱，選擇出適當的問題解決工具。故而我們可以說，在解決問題的過程，人們仍具有相當程度的自主性。 另外，必須強調的是，本文在媒介文化中所提的口語/文字/電子文化分類，並非是個截然二分的概念，而是一種「偏向」。因為現存文化中，大半同時包含了口語、文字和電子文化的作用，只不過不同的媒介文化，在其中所造成的作用力有其大小罷了。故而本文以口語和文字/電子偏向文化稱之，旨在說明口語/文字/電子文化的連續和混合特性。 同樣的，在本文中，文化工具箱也是種「偏向」概念，亦即，文化工具箱的形成與使用，並非處於一種截然二分的狀態，而是種習慣的傾向，故而某些文化工具箱，也許較常在口語文化偏向或口語人身上使用，但並不意謂著文字/電子文化偏向或文字/電子人，就不使用這些文化工具箱，只不過相對上來說，使用的技能和頻次可能少了些。 至於這個文化工具箱使用的選擇偏向，主要與我們的生活/生長環境有關，生活/生長於某媒介文化中人，因為從小到大就身處在一個使用該文化所形塑的文化工具箱的環境中，所以會偏向選用該文化所形塑之工具箱，且使用技能較佳。 / This study tries to establish a media theory to explain the oral expression of people. In this study we propose some ideas through the filed observation of 15 illiterate’s oral expression and the literature review. First, not media only factor but the whole media culture affects people’s thinking way and oral expression. Second, all media are cultural product, so we call them cultural tool-kit. And when people use a media to solve some problems, they must be affected by the culture. Third, sometimes we choose the different cultural tool-kit to solve the same problem, so tool-kit’s use is a kind of people’s actively choice process. Fourth, the choice process of cultural toolkits is a kind of bias behavior. The people growing in a oral media culture bias to use oral media cultural toolkits to solve problems. Fifth, although we actively use cultural toolkit to solve problems in our everyday, but these cultural toolkits also affect our thinking way and oral expression.

本文以新消費工具的概念研究台灣消費社會，此概念原本為George Ritzer所提出，分析消費場所如何透過其所具有的理性化（效率、可預期性、可計算性、控制）及魅化（驚奇，包含擬像與內爆）特性吸引消費者消費。不過本文除了在全球化的部分採取與Ritzer不同的「全球在地化」觀點外，另外還增加了「生活風格」及「體驗」的概念，以補充原本的新消費工具概念不足之處，透過這兩個概念，資本家連原本屬於消費者意識的部分也都悄悄納入新消費工具的範圍之中，在這個消費者意識高漲的時期，使消費者以為他們在創造自我體驗經驗及自我品味展現的同時，實際上卻是被資本家所剝削的而不自知，而這兩點也成為新消費工具最有用的驚奇之一。 在本研究中，不僅敘述了台灣新消費工具的發展過程，也試著以新消費工具的概念實際觀察在台灣的統一星巴克，分析其如何透過理性化及魅化的特性吸引消費者。本研究還發現，由於星巴克的盛行，造成台灣消費者在生活風格上產生了一些改變，分別是：咖啡飲用行為的改變；新中產階級星巴克人的誕生；高品質的咖啡連鎖店的普及。 最後，由於實際採用新消費工具觀察的結果，發現現在的新消費工具某些地方無法用Ritzer的新消費工具概念解釋，原因可能是由於消費者的喜好不斷在改變，所以新消費工具為滿足消費者的喜好，達到吸引消費者的目的，因此必須不斷地因應時代潮流而加以自我改造，因為新消費工具模式的轉變必定根據當前消費社會所注重的特質而改變，例如對於符號意義的強調從原本的功能主義轉為奢華主義；從注重消費大眾轉為針對特定生活風格的小眾以及體驗的設計從量的體驗漸漸轉為質的體驗，如此新消費工具才能夠持續吸引消費者而不致於被消費社會所淘汰。因此本研究從符號消費、生活風格及消費者體驗這三個面向討論新消費工具模式轉變的過程，在最後嘗試將新消費工具區分為「M式新消費工具」與「S式新消費工具」以幫助我們更清楚地說明消費社會的轉變。

商業活動以支付工具完成付款作業。時代變遷，支付工具亦隨之進化演進。科技進步，電子支付工具陸續興起，電子支付工具依照特性可有不同的分類，對於不同的使用對象，在不同的使用環境，依不同需求可選擇不同的工具。 金融卡是我國重要的支付工具之一，具有提款、轉帳、餘額查詢及繳稅費等功能，磁條金融卡因安全因素將全面轉換為晶片卡，晶片金融卡除具有磁條卡的交易功能，在安全性大幅提昇後，配合網路自動櫃員機在網際網路上已成為一項方便又安全的支付機制，未來可朝全方位金流工具發展。 本研究透過了解電子支付工具的分類及特性，並探討電子支付工具之國內外應用發展趨勢及相關失敗經驗，綜合研究資料及心得，分析晶片金融卡支付工具之優劣強弱，提出晶片金融卡支付工具未來發展建議，期能讓我國消費市場電子支付工具之發展更健全，以構建發展電子支付工具之完整版圖。 關鍵字：電子支付工具(Electronic Payment Tool)、晶片金融卡(Financial Chip Card)、網路自動櫃員機(eＡＴＭ)、金流(Cash Flow) / The payment of business activity is done by the payment tool. As time goes by, the payment tool is improving. Electronic payment tool is coming through the progress of technology. There are different categories in users, environments, and demands for various characteristics of the electronic payment tool. The ATM Card is one of the most important payment tools in Taiwan with the function of Inter-bank Withdrawal, Balance Inquiry, Fund Transfer, and Tax Payment. The Magnetic Stripe ATM Card is being replaced by the Financial Chip Card for the security reason. With the original functions of the Magnetic Stripe Card plus security control, the Financial Chip Card can be also worked with eATM on the Internet and becomes a convenient and safe payment tool toward all-around cash flow development in the future. We study not only the categories and characteristics, but also all applications, trends, and related experiences of the electronic payment tool. We combine all the information and opinions about the Financial Chip Card as a payment tool to understand its strengths and weaknesses. We hope that the development of Electronic payment tool in Taiwan is progressing and look forward to its benefits in all sides.

本論文共分三章，全數圍繞在消費尤拉方程式中，消費成長的高階動差在理論與實證上的重要性。分別說明如下： 本論文第一章討論消費高階動差在實證估計消費結構性參數之重要性。消費尤拉方程式是消費者極大化問題的一階條件，而自Hall (1978)起，估計消費結構參數如跨期替代彈性時，也多是利用這個尤拉方程式所隱涵的消費動態關係，進行估計。但是由於消費資料存在嚴重的衡量誤差問題，實證上多將尤拉方程式進行對數線性化，或是二階線性化後進行估計。 然而前述一、二階線性化，固然處理了資料的衡量誤差問題，卻也造成了參數估計上的近似誤差(approximation bias)。其原因來自於線性化過程中所忽略的高階動差實為內生，而與迴歸式中的二階動差相關。這使得即便用工具變數進行估計，仍然無法產生具有一致性的估計結果。這當中的原因在於足以解釋二階動差，卻又與殘差項中的高階動差直交的良好(valid)的工具變數無法取得。 我們認為在資料普遍存在衡量誤差的情況下，線性化估計尤拉方程式不失為一可行又易於操作的方法。於是我們嘗試在線性化的尤拉方程式中，將高階動差引入，並檢視這種高階近似是否能有效降低近似誤差。我們的模擬結果首先證實，過去二階近似尤拉方程式的估計，確實存在嚴重近似誤差。利用工具變數雖然可以少部份降低該誤差，但由於高階動差的內生性質，誤差仍然顯著。我們也發現，將高階動差引入模型，確實可以大幅降低近似誤差，但是在偏誤降低的同時，參數估計效率卻也隨之降低。 高階動差的引入，除了降低近似偏誤外，卻也必須付出估計效率降低的代價。我們因此並不建議無限制地放入高階動差。則近似階次選取，乃為攸關估計績效的重要因素。本章的第二部份，即著眼於該最適近似階次選取。我們首先定義使參數估計均方誤(mean squared error, MSE)為最小的近似階次，為最適近似階次。我們發現，該最適階次與樣本大小、效用函數的彎曲程度都有直接的關係。 然而在實際進行估計時，由於參數真值無法得知，MSE準則自然無法作為階次選取之依據。我們於是利用目前在模型與階次選取上經常被使用的一些準則進行階次選取，並比較這些不同準則下參數估計的MSE。我們發現利用這些準則，確實可以使高階近似尤拉方程式得到MSE遠低於目前被普遍採用的二階近似的估計結果，而為估計消費結構參數時更佳的選擇。 本論文第二章延續前一章的模擬結果，嘗試利用消費高階動差間的非線性關係，進一步改善高階近似消費尤拉方程式的估計表現。由第一章的研究結果，我們發現高階近似估計確有助大幅降低近似誤差，但這其中可能產生的估計效率喪失，卻是輕乎不得的。這個效率喪失，很大一部份來自於我們所使用的工具變數，雖然可以有效掌握消費成長二階動差的變動，但是當這同一組工具變數被用來解釋如偏態與峰態等這些更高階動差時，預測力卻大幅滑落。這使待得當我們將這些配適度偏低的配適後高階動差，放到迴歸式中進行估計時，所能提供的額外情報也就相當有限。而所造成的共線性問題，也自然使得估計效率大幅惡化。 於是在其他合格的工具變數相對有限的情況下，我們利用高階動差間所存在的均衡關係，將原來的工具變數進行非線性轉換，以求得對高階動差的較佳配適。由於消費動差間之關係，尚未見諸相關文獻。於是我們首先透過數值分析，進一步釐清消費高階動差間之關係。這其中尤為重要的是由消費二階動差所衡量的消費風險，與更高階動差間之關係。因為這些關係將為我們轉換工具變數之依據。 我們發現與二階動差相一致地，消費者對這些高階動差之預期，都隨其財富水準的提高而減少。這隱涵消費風險與更高階動差間之正向關係。更進一步檢視消費風險與高階動差間之關係也發現，二者間確實存在非線性之正向關係。而這也解釋了何以前一章線性的工具變數，雖可適切捕捉消費風險，但對高階動差的解釋力卻異常薄弱。 利用這些非線性關係，我們將原始的工具變數進行非線性轉換後，用以配適更高階動差。透過模擬分析，我們證實了這些非線性工具變數，確實大幅改善高階近似尤拉方程式的估計表現。除了仍保有與線性工具變數般的一些特性，諸如隨樣本的增加，最適近似階次也隨之增加之外，相較於線性工具變數，非線性工具變數可以在較低的近似階次下，就使得估計偏誤大幅下降。在近似階次愈高估計效率愈低的情況下，這自然大幅度地提高了估計效率。比較兩種工具變數估計結構數參數所產生的MSE也證實，非線性工具變數確實有遠低於原始線性工具變數的MSE表現。 然而我們同時也發現，利用非線性工具變數估計，若未適當選擇近似階次，效率喪失的速度，可能更甚於線性工具變數時。這凸顯了選擇近似階次的重要性。於是我們同樣檢視了前述階次選擇準則在目前非線性工具變數環境下的適用性。而總結第一、二章的研究結果，我們凸顯了高階動差的重要性，確實助益重要消費結構參數估計。而利用過去尚未被討論過的高階動差間非線性關係，更可大幅度改善估計績效。 本論文的最後一章，則旨在理論上建立高階動差的重要性。我們在二次式的效用函數(quadratic utility function)設定下，推導借貸限制下的最適消費決策。二次式的效用函數，由於其邊際價值函數(marginal value function)為一線性函數，因此所隱涵的消費決策，具有確定相等(certainty equivalence)的特性。這表示消費者只關心未來的期望消費水準，二階以上的更高階動差，都不影響其消費決策。然而這種確定相等的特性，將因為借貸限制的存在而不復存在，而高階動差的重要性也就因此凸顯。 我們證明，確定相等特性的喪失，其背後的理論原因在於，借貸限制的存在，使得二次式效用函數的邊際價值函數，產生凸性。消費者因而因應未來的不確定性，進行預防性儲蓄。透過分析解的求得，我們也得以進一步分析更高階動差的對消費決策的理論性質。同時我們也引申理論推導的實證意涵，其中較重要者諸如未受限消費者因預防性儲蓄行為所引發的消費過度敏感性現象，實證上樣本分割法的選取，以及高階動差的引入模型。 / The theme of this thesis seeks to explore the importance of higher-order moments in the consumption Euler equation, both theoretically and empirically. Applying log-linearized versions of Euler equations has been a dominant approach to obtaining sensible analytical solutions, and a popular choice of model specifications for estimation. The literature however by now has been no lack of conflicting empirical results that are attributed to the use of the specific version of Euler equations. Important yet natural questions whether the higher-order moments can be safely ignored, or whether higher-order approximations offer explanations to the stylized facts remain unanswered. Such inquires as in the thesis thus can improve our understanding toward consumer behaviors over prior studies based on the linear approximation. 1. What Do We Gain from Estimating Euler Equations with Higher-Order Approximations? Despite the importance of estimating structural parameters governing consumption dynamics, such as the elasticity of intertemporal substitution, empirical attempts to unveil these parameters using a log-linearized version of the Euler equation have produced many puzzling results. Some studies show that the approximation bias may well constitute a compelling explanation. Even so, the approximation technique continues to be useful and convenient in estimation of the parameters, because noisy consumption data renders a full-fledged GMM estimation unreliable. Motivated by its potential success in reducing the bias, we investigate the economic significance and empirical relevance of higher-order approximations to the Euler equation with simulation methodology. The higher-order approximations suggest a linear relationship between expected consumption growth and its higher-order moments. Our simulation results clearly reveal that the approximation bias can be significantly reduced when the higher-order moments are introduced into estimation, but at the cost of efficiency loss. It therefore documents a clear tradeoff between approximation bias reduction and efficiency loss in the consumption growth regression when higher-order approximations to the Euler equation is considered. A question of immediate practical interest arises ``How many higher-order terms are needed?'' The second part of our Monte-Carlo studies then deals with this issue. We judge whether a particular consumption moment should be included in the regression by the criterion of mean squared errors (MSE) that accounts for a trade-off between estimation bias and efficiency loss. The included moments leading to smaller MSE are regarded as ones to be needed. We also investigate the usefulness of the model and/or moment selection criteria in providing guidance in selecting the approximation order. We find that improvements over the second-order approximated Euler equation can always be achieved simply by allowing for the higher-order moments in the consumption regression, with the approximation order selected by these criteria. 2. Uncovering Preference Parameters with the Utilization of Relations between Higher-Order Consumption Moments Our previous attempt to deliver more desirable estimation performance with higher-order approximations to the consumption Euler equation reveals that the approximation bias can be significantly reduced when the higher-order moments are introduced into estimation, but at the cost of efficiency loss. The latter results from the difficulty in identifying independent variation in the higher-order moments by sets of linear instruments used to identify that in variability in consumption growth, mainly consisting of individual-specific characteristics. Thus, one major challenge in the study is how to obtain quality instruments that are capable of doing so. With the numerical analysis technique, we first establish the nonlinear equilibrium relation between consumption risk and higher-order consumption moments. This nonlinear relation is then utilized to form quality instruments that can better capture variations in higher-order moments. A novelty of this chapter lies in adopting a set of nonlinear instruments that is to cope with this issue. They are very simple moment transformations of the characteristic-related instruments, thereby easy to obtain in practice. As expected, our simulations demonstrate that for a comparable amount of the bias corrected, applying the nonlinear instruments does entail an inclusion of fewer higher-order moments in estimation. A smaller simulated MSE that reveals the improvement over our previous estimation results can thus be achieved.\ 3. Precautionary Saving and Consumption with Borrowing Constraint This last chapter offers a theoretical underpinning for the importance of the higher-order moments in a simple environment where economic agents have a quadratic-utility preference. The resulting Euler equation gives rise to a linear policy function in essence, or a random-walk consumption rule. The twist in our theory comes from a presence of borrowing constraint facing consumers. The analysis shows that the presence of the constraint induces precautionary motives for saving as responses from consumers to income uncertainties, even there has been no such motives inherent in consumers' preference. The corresponding value function now displays a convexity property that is virtually only associated with more general preferences than a quadratic utility. The analytical framework allows us to be able to characterize saving behaviors that are of precautionary motives, and their responses to changes in different moments of income process. As empirical implications, our analysis shed new light on the causes of excess sensitivity, the consequences of sample splitting between the rich and the poor, as well as the relevance of the higher-order moments to consumption dynamics, specifically skewness and kurtosis.

本論文主要是在探討延展性權利金(reach-through royalty)條款的競爭法規制。首先，本文對於研究工具專利及延展性權利金條款的意義及概念作一說明，接著簡介目前各國之競爭法制與專利法制的權衡概況，並探討一些與延展性權利金條款有關之授權條款，以了解目前競爭法對於延展性權利金條款所可能導致之相關效應的評價，作為後續分析該條款適法性的基礎，再來整理美國實務及學說對於延展性權利金條款的看法，最後綜合檢討相關論述，提出本文見解。經研究後，本文認為，延展性權利金條款有其促進競爭效應(如提供風險分攤機制、幫助起始公司解決現金壓力問題以及提供授權雙方較佳的協商估價基礎)亦有其限制競爭效應(如降低被授權人研發誘因而有限制研發的效果及權利金堆疊效應)，因此一概禁止或一概允許此種條款皆非適當，而應視個案情形依合理原則的標準加以權衡，以決定系爭行為的適法性。 / The present article discusses the antitrust regulation for reach-through royalty provisions which mainly used in biotechnology research tool patent licensing. First, this article introduces the meanings of research tool patent and reach-through royalties. Second, it illustrates antitrust regulations for patent licensing in foreign countries specifically in U.S., European Union, together with R.O.C. and, furthermore, it also discusses provisions similar or related to reach-through royalties. Third, this article introduces the discussions about reach-through royalty provisions in U.S., including the NIH Guideline, case law regulations and other related discussions by scholars. Finally, the present article analyzes the effects of reach-through royalties more deeply based on the mentioned discussions and makes a suggestion for the regulation of reach-through royalties. This article argues: since reach-through royalties have both anti-competitive and pro-competitive effects, a total ban or allowance is not appropriate and a “rule of reason” inspection should be applied to such provisions for better efficiencies.

近年來，大型資料庫的建制與分析逐漸成為一種教育研究趨勢，本研究即以PISA 2003資料庫為例，目的是建立影響數學成就的結構方程式模型。在評閱相關文獻後，研究者採用內在動機、工具性動機、數學焦慮、自我概念與數學成就等變項，探討之間的影響關係模型。此外，為使本研究所建立的模型具有模型穩定之證據，因此，將有效樣本隨機分割為建模樣本與驗證樣本，進行最終模型的交叉驗證。 據此，本研究首先使用描述性統計以瞭解香港學生的整體表現傾向，其次，透過探索性因素分析確立研究問卷的信效度，最後，以結構方程式模型建立模型並交叉驗證。資料蒐集對象為香港十五歲之在學學生，有效樣本達4,389位。 依據統計分析結果顯示，內在動機與工具性動機對數學成就沒有直接影響效果，但是內在動機與工具性動機透過數學焦慮及自我概念對數學成就產生間接影響，本研究歸納出七點結論茲分述如下： 1.工具性動機較內在動機更為強烈 2.數學焦慮在動機與數學成就間扮演中介變項之性質 3.自我概念在動機與數學成就間扮演中介角色 4.自我概念在數學焦慮與數學成就間扮演中介角色 5.在內在動機、工具性動機與數學焦慮中，工具性動機扮演負向壓抑變項角色 6.在內在動機、工具性動機與自我概念中，工具性動機扮演負向壓抑變項角色 最後，根據研究結果提出各項建議，以供教學實務上及未來研究參考。 / Recently, establishing and analyzing databases becomes a trend in the field of education research. This study took PISA 2003 database as an example to create a psychometric model of factors that influence mathematics achievement. Based on the literature review, the researcher decided to put influential factors, including intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, mathematics anxiety, self-concept, and mathematics achievement into the model. Afterwards, through cross-validation the present study had verified the model stability. In the aspect of statistic analysis, the descriptive static shows HK students’ general learning tendency. Moreover, the exploratory factor analysis confirmed the reliability and validity of the questionnaires. Lastly, the structural equation modeling(SEM) was used to set structural model. The valid samples were 4,389 15-year-old students. According to the results, intrinsic motivation and instrumental motivation had no direct effect on mathematics achievement and had indirect effect through mathematics anxiety and self-concept. The results were summarized as follows: 1.Students had more instrumental motivation than intrinsic one. 2.Mathematics anxiety was a mediator variable between motivations and mathematics achievement. 3.Self-concept was a mediator variable between intrinsic motivations and mathematics achievement. 4.Self-concept was a mediator variable between mathematics anxiety and mathematics achievement. 5.Instrumental motivation was a negative suppressor variable among intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, and mathematics anxiety. 6.Instrumental motivation was a negative suppressor variable among intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, and self-concept. Finally, according to the findings, implications and suggestions for teaching of mathematics and future research were discussed.

制定專利法的本意，不僅是給予發明人在一定期限內擁有一定限度的獨占權，以鼓勵發明人揭露新穎發明，亦在於提升科技發展、提高經濟成長，使社會大眾可從既有發明中再進行卓越科技研發，以節省社會研發成本。專利法賦予專利權人禁止任何未經授權之他人製造、使用、販賣、為販賣之要約，以及為上述目的進口該專利權技術之排他權利。但為達促進產業進步的目的，各國專利法並增列研究、實驗的免責條款(experimental use exception)來平衡專利權人及社會大眾的利益。研究實驗免責的前提必須對專利權人權益造成微量或是最低限度的干擾(de minimums)，即是希望對專利權人的權益造成最小傷害，同時又可以達到促進產業發展及鼓勵更多研發工作進行的目的。 我們將實驗免責條款分為二類，一種是純為好奇心，僅針對專利技術內容作實驗，研究如何改善該發明，此為狹義的實驗免責；第二種則是應用於醫藥產業，此類實驗並非改善發明內容，而是重覆實施其發明，再進行其他研究及實驗，可視為廣義的實驗免責，此即美國在1984年修正Hatch-Waxman法案之醫藥產業的實驗免責條款，只要是為提交FDA之相關實驗資料時，則可主張實驗免責，目的為使已享受二十年專利期之發明儘快成為公共財，以供大眾利用。 研究工具專利的實施方法即作為研究及實驗目的，醫藥產業上可以是生物材料，亦可以是篩選新藥方法。由於具有研究及實驗的特性，若在研究實驗免責條款下，非專利權人企圖以研究實驗免責方式來規避其侵權行為時，專利權人行使權利時，則可能遭遇不少困難。若研究工具專利又被主張為提交FDA相關資料之實驗免責時，此行為對於專利權人權益並非造成微量或是最低限度的損失，發明人未因該專利而獲益，又無法實施專利權，則會降低申請專利的意願。 專利權的效力，應給予專利權人較大權利使發明人願意揭露技術、促進社會科技進步，抑或是應給予較大實驗免責範圍，使研發機構不會受到專利權限制而阻礙社會科技發展的動力，此二種考量方向，如同位於天平的兩端，呈現兩難局面。目前法院實務案例則以執行研究工具專利會落入藥物開發之實驗免責規範為主要認定，但筆者認為應就實施研究工具專利的行為、內容、目的作一探討及了解，並顧及公平性，才是評估研究工具專利是否適用實驗免責條款之依據。 因此，專利權人應如何管理或應用其研究工具專利，並可真正執行專利權而不至落入實驗免責條款? 可由數個方向進行：一、產品形式保護研究工具專利：將研究工具的執行方式以產品形式包覆，以銷售產品的方式跳脫實驗免責之框架，未必需要經由專利授權的方式來取得利益；二、進行全球化佈局：於申請研究工具專利之前，分析其發明深度及可能競爭對手，並在可能進行製造、使用、行銷、及進口相關於此發明技術之國家申請專利，以未來如何執行及如何獲利作為考量全球佈局之策略；三、成立契約研發中心(contrast research organization，CRO)：當研究工具專利在執行專利權有困難，不易跳脫實驗免責範圍，則可使用營業秘密 (Trade Secret) 方式保護其發明，不以公開技術方式，而是應用研究工具成為新藥篩選中心，提供研發服務；四、授權國家單位：即是採用類似NIH之OTT模式，將研究工具專利權直接授權給政府，由政府支出其授權金並可擴展至更多研發機構。 至於非專利權人，如一般之研發機構，應如何利用研究工具專利，且不落入專利侵權的疑慮? 除了取得專利授權外，亦可採用：一、從已授權國家單位取得技術：即如同NIH之OTT模式，由已取得研究工具專利授權之政府單位進行非專屬授權，該發明具較合理之授權金，並可被更多研發機構善加利用；二、落入實驗免責範疇：針對研究工具專利之實質發明內容進行改良及應用，再利用其方式以進行其新藥研發實驗，則可適用於實驗免責的規定；三、交互授權(Cross-license)：使用研究工具專利之研發機構與原本專利權人合作，經由交互授權方式成為合作伙伴，則可達到雙贏；四、成立開放社群，共同分享技術：如多數國家成立之GenBank，或BIOS (Biological Innovation for Open Society)社群之概念，收集對人類具有重大意義之研究工具，如基因序列等，以開放原始碼(Open source)之社群相互分享，使後續研發工作更加快速及順暢。 除了上述方法外，專利法可仿照著作權法，增定合理使用（fair use）之相關規定，亦即除了試驗例外、第三人繼續使用權、私人領域內之非營利性使用外，賦予第三人一般而全面性的專利權合理使用範圍，或以自願性參與集體授權機制（voluntary collective rights licensing）以支付合理權利金，促進社會公益。實驗免責條款可使得發明人願意持續公開其發明，同時使新穎發明公諸於世，兼顧社會公益，促使社會經濟及產業的進步，使國家社會整體因研發創新而真正獲益。 / The original purpose of the patent law not only offers the exclusivity to the inventors in a limited periods and in a limited rights in order to inspire the inventors to disclose more novel inventions, but also encourages the development of the technology and increases the growth rate of economics to the publics. The more new inventions the inventors provide, the more cost of R&D will be saved in whole society. The right of the exclusivity for the patentee is when someone without authority from the patentee, he can’t makes, uses, offers to sell, or sells any patented inventions, within the countries, or imports into the countries. But in order to enliven the industrial growth, the experimental use is added as a legal exception in many countries to balance the benefits of the patentee and the public interests. We should minimize interference to the patentee’ rights when the experimental use exception of the patents is claimed. We can divide the experimental use exception into two classes. One is the narrowly-defined experimental use exception only for the curiosity, for testing the content of the patents. The use aims to find out how to improve the inventions. The broadly-defined experimental use exception that is applied in the medical industry. This kind of use does not improve the technology of the invention, but repeat the invention again without changing any content. Such kind of broadly-defined experimental use exception is created after Hatch and Waxman Act in 1984. The experimental use exception in the medical industry is described that if the result of the experience is for submitting the drug information for the FDA examination, it is claimed non-infringement of the patent and protected by “safe harbor” of 35 USC 271 (e)(1). The purpose is to practice the inventions of the patents earlier and save the cost of R&D through public use. Research tool patent are used for the purpose of research and experiment and improves the speed of the experiment. In the medical industry, the research tool patent may be the biological material or the method of screening the new drug. Because of the experimental characteristics, the non-patentee may claim the experimental use exception and cause persecutions to the patentee. This kind of experimental use exception is not fair to the patentee and damage patentee’s benefit, especially in the research tool patentee. The patentee will not be able to receive the royalty from the non-patentee who claims the experimental use exception. As a result, it would reduce the will of filing such kind of patents. Should the effect of the patent right grant the patentee a broader right to patentees to encourage the inventors to release new technology which benefits the social and scientific progress? Or it should offer a large range of the experimental use exempt for the research institutes to encourage the using in the experimental use exception? It is difficult to judge which direction is better than the other one. The court are taking the side of the range of experimental use exception, allowing the research tool patents in the pre-clinical tests or experiment for submitting to FDA. This thesis proposes that there should be more criteria other than FDA, such as the purpose and the practical condition of use. Only when the whole situation and justice are taken into consideration will there be a suitable explanation of the experimental use exception. This thesis offers some suggestions concerning the management and application of research patent tools for the patentee and the non-patentee. It also assert that regulations about the fair use, such as experimental use exception, non-profit private use, voluntary collective rights licensing with rational royalty, can be added to the patent law to urge the patents to be put into practice. The reasonable experimental use exception can encourage the inventors to release his invention and the R&D departments to improve the technology more aggressively, realizing social and industrial advancement through the patent applications.

機動車輛已成為空氣污染的首要污染來源之一，其所排放大量的一氧化碳、二氧化碳對地方乃至於全球環境皆造成不利的影響。為了因應環境污染與溫室效應，各國除了採取行政管制措施外，亦引進經濟誘因工具來落實污染者付費的原則。本研究的目的即是探討，台灣地區目前所實施的政策工具對於減少來自移動污染源的污染排放量的有效性。 本文利用台灣地區二十三個縣市 1998 年至 2006 年共九年的追蹤資料，以兩種模型進行實證：第一個模型採用的是一階差分後的普通最小平方法迴歸模型，可避免假性迴歸的問題發生；第二個模型為似不相關迴歸模型，藉由誤差項間的關聯性來結合北部、中部、東部、南部四個地區的迴歸式，觀察政策工具在不同區域間對污染減量的效果。 實證結果顯示，管制與稅費這兩種政策工具確實會對移動污染源產生的空氣污染有相當的抑制效果；但是相較之下，管制措施的影響力相對於稅費的徵收來得明顯。因此，已知管制工具具有環境保護的政策有效性外，若欲使得稅費政策對空氣污染減量也有更明顯的成效，便應實施綠色租稅改革，以期能夠對生活環境產生良好的改善。 / Due to its high share in total air pollutant emissions, mobile pollution source is an issue of particular consideration. Vehicles produce large volumes of emissions such as CO, CO2, and so on. These gases can be detrimental to local, regional and global environment. With the increasing concern over rising pollution levels and greenhouse effect, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different environmental policy instruments which are used to reduce mobile source air pollution. 　　For this paper, a case study of Taiwan is demonstrated for the estimation. Using the first-differenced panel data collected from 1998 to 2006, we use two models, namely “Ordinary least square model” and “Seemingly unrelated regression model” to investigate whether the command and control policy or the economic-incentive tax strategy is better for emission abatement. The first-differenced ordinary least square model can be used to avoid spurious regression, and the seemingly unrelated regression system integrates four sub-equations by assuming their disturbances are correlated, explaining some phenomenon in different areas. 　　The result shows that both control and tax strategies are worthwhile to be adopted. However, regulation policy results in cutting down much more CO and CO2 than using the excise taxes and fuel fees as an environmental instrument. Therefore, we conclude that it is required to implement the green tax system reform in order to create beneficial changes in our life.

近年來校園暴力日趨嚴重，許多研究者對此問題欲深入探討及分析。學者Dodge & Coie(1987)提出自發式攻擊及反應式攻擊作為瞭解攻擊行為的向度，且理論成因跟社會適應的表現有所不同，然而國內缺乏針對攻擊類型的研究與中文攻擊行為評估量表。因此本研究試圖透過翻譯及驗證Little & Jones等人(2003)所發展之模型與攻擊行為評估量表，以期使國內引入攻擊類型分類的模型，並使評估少年攻擊行為時能夠更精準。 / 翻譯的攻擊行為評估量表，將攻擊行為依照攻擊形式與攻擊功能分成六個分量表，分別是：純粹的外顯攻擊、反應式外顯攻擊、工具式外顯攻擊、純粹的關係攻擊、反應式關係攻擊、工具式關係攻擊；因此本量表既能夠評估外顯與關係攻擊，亦能夠評估工具式與反應式攻擊。 / 研究者以361名國中學生作為受試者，以自陳問卷蒐集所需資訊，效度驗證除了以SEM進行模型適配度分析之外，另以人際互動、負向情緒、敵意歸因與結果預期作為效標變項，進行效標關連效度之考驗。研究結果顯示此中文攻擊行為評估量表具有良好的效度。 / 在效度驗證之外，本研究尚進一步討論攻擊形式與功能對於上述四個效標變項的解釋力，結果發現在工具性挑釁情境中，只有攻擊功能對效標具有顯著的解釋力；而在關係挑釁情境中，攻擊形式與功能均對效標有顯著解釋力。 / Because violence in the campus becomes more and more serious in recent years, many reserachers want to study and analyse this probem. Dodge & Coie(1987) found theoretical and social adaptive distinction by dividing aggression into proactive aggression and reactive aggression. However, there are few studies in Taiwan and there is no the Chinese aggressive scale which is divided aggression into proactive(instrumental) aggression and reactive aggression. This research attempts to use Little et al.’s (2003) Model and to translate their aggressive scale into Chinese. With Little et al.’s Model and Chinese aggressive scale , it will be more accurate in assessing adolescent aggressive behavior. / According to form and function, the translated aggressive scale divides aggression into six subscales, which including: pure overt aggression, instrumental overt aggression, reactive overt aggression, pure relational aggression, instrumental relational aggression, reactive relational aggression. The aggressive scale not only can assess overt and relational aggression, but also can assess instrumental and reactive aggression. / The 361 research subjects were junior high school students. Necessary information was collected by using self- rated questionnaire. In order to examine the validity of the aggressive scale, this research not only evaluated model fit with SEM but also examined criterion-related validity of aggressive scale and the criterion are interpersonal index, negative emotion, hostility, and outcome expectance. The results showed the aggressive scale have appropriate validity. / Besides testing validity, this research further discussed if the four criterion could be explained by the form and function of aggression .The results showed the criterions in the instrumental provocative situation can be explained only by the function of aggression. However, the criterions in the relational provocative situation can be explanted by both the form and function of aggression.