本文研究臺灣上市公司是否存在股利與投資支出兩者間競用資金之現象，預期股利對投資金額之係數應顯著地為負，而後本研究援引Ramalingegowda, Wang, and Yu (2013)的研究方式，欲觀察模型中加入財務報導品質代理變數以後是否能夠有效地消除股利與投資支出兩者競用資金之現象，結果顯示：股利對資本支出存在競用資金之現象，加入財務報導品質代理變數能夠有效地消除前述現象；但股利對總投資支出及研究發展支出則無關聯性。 此外，以往文獻多以二階段最小平方迴歸 (2SLS)來矯正最小平方迴歸 (OLS)產生之衡量誤差問題或因內生性造成的估計偏誤，但使用2SLS進行估計時係以人為判斷方式選取工具變數 (instrumental variable)，可能仍然存在衡量誤差或偏誤的問題，也可能找不到合適的工具變數可供運用。Lewbel (2012)提出一計量經濟模型以協助研究人員解決前述問題，並由Fernihough (2014)將此計量模型撰寫成R統計軟體，本文採用Fernihough (2014)撰寫之R套件進行結果之分析，並得到較適當的估計結果。

在本論文中，研究者認為影響受訪者跨族群交友的主要因素主要可從兩方面來看，分別為兩者連繫的同質性、連繫強度、接觸場合、社經地位差序變項，以及受訪者個人的世代、族群、教育程度與跨族群交友偏向程度。透過1997年三期三次「台灣地區社會變遷調查」社會網絡與社區組調查資料，本論文使用階層線性模型（Hierarchical Linear Models，HLM），從受訪者與他人的兩者關係所形成的連繫層次，以及受訪者個人層次來對台灣跨族群交往的現象作進一步的分析。研究結果發現，受訪者個人特質，例如受訪者教育程度、所屬族群，較兩者連繫特質，例如兩者連繫強度、認識場合，更強烈地影響了跨族群連繫形成的可能性，這樣的結果在過去由於方法上的限制，無法得到驗證，透過此研究，可對台灣族群相關網絡研究在建立跨族群連繫的可能因素上，提供了不一樣的看法與解釋。 / In this paper, I argued that what impacts the respondents constructing the cross-ethnicity ties can be treated from two perspectives. One is the tie-level, such as the homogeneity, tie strength, contact contexts, and socio-economical resources variables between two actors. The other is the individual-level, like the generations, ethnicities, levels of education, and the degrees of the preference for making cross-ethnic ties of the egos, that is, the respondents. I tested my hypotheses using the social network data in 1997, called Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS). Through building the hierarchical linear models, some advanced analysis could be done for understanding the cross-ethnic interaction phenomenon in Taiwan by considering the tie-level and the individual-level at the same time. The research results showed that when talking about the possibility of making cross-ethnic ties, personal characteristics, like levels of education, and ethnicities, are more important than tie characteristics, such as tie strength and meeting places of the two. However, this outcome cannot be examined in the past because of the methodological restrictions. Through this research, it provides different sights and explanations for discussing the possible reasons for constructing cross-ethnic ties in the social network researching area in Taiwan.

目前對於知識管理的相關研究多是從企業的角度出發，探討如何成功地在企業中導入知識管理，而研究中也多指出「人」是知識管理中最難解決的問題。然而，卻很少研究從知識工作者的觀點出發，了解知識工作者對於知識管理工具的需求，有鑑於多數知識管理議題皆是由企業的角度出發，因此企業屬性對於知識管理仍具相當的影響力。因此，本研究以知識工作者的角度出發，探討不同工作內涵的知識工作者對於知識管理工具的需求程度，並輔以企業的組織價值命題為權變因子，試圖找出知識工作者所需要的知識管理工具。 本研究之研究對象為企業的知識工作者。採用網路問卷及電子郵件問卷調查的量化研究方式，經實證結果發現知識工作者的工作內涵及組織價值命題確實影響知識工作者對於不同知識管理工具的需求強度。追求顧客親密性及作業卓越性的企業對支援「定義及分享」、「文件管理」及「資料搜尋」的知識管理工具需求強度較追求產品領導性的企業高；對於支援「定義及分享」的知識管理工具，工作內涵為可攜型的知識工作者需求強度最高，專業型次之，支援型及創造型的知識工作者較低；對於支援「儲存及整合」的知識管理工具，工作內涵為專業型及可攜型的知識工作者對於此功能的需求強度相對高於支援型及創造型的知識工作者。

低放射性廢棄物的最終處置是我國目前面臨的棘手公共問題之一，縱使政府於2006年制定出「低放射性廢棄物最終處置設施場址設置條例」作為選址依據，但至今選址業務推動仍然窒礙難行。為解構此政策難題，本研究共提出三個研究問題：一、選址草案在立法過程中有什麼爭議？最終選址條例運用哪些政策工具處理低放核廢問題？二、選址條例在執行過程中民眾如何看待選址所遇到的難題？又提出什麼樣的建議方案？三、綜合上述多元利害關係人對於選址條例的意見陳述，顯現出我國的政策過程存在哪些侷限？分析過程中，研究者以Elmore所提的四種政策工具為分析架構，探究此四種工具在選址條例中之運用情形與爭議。研究結果發現，最初行政政院版選址草案僅運用到強制規範、誘因、能力建立此三種政策工具，最後立委堅持新添入具有系統改變工具概念的地方性公投機制。除此之外，草案於立法審查過程中，另三種工具也發生爭議討論，強制規範概念的選址準則便被批評行政裁量範圍過大、忽略台灣獨特脈絡、缺乏課責機制。誘因概念的回饋金被詬病規劃過於模糊粗糙。能力建立概念的傳遞資訊與回應民意部分，則是在立委要求下明訂對全國民眾公佈資訊與回應提問的方法。將此立法審查爭議對照於民眾所提之意見，發現部分民眾意見其實立委也曾提出要求討論，可惜當時並未被採納，甚至是忽略。由此顯現我國目前代議政治之缺失，即民意代表並無法在政策制定過程全然地反應民意與調和真實社會的多元價值觀，導致所制定之政策與現實社會脫節，無能順利執行。為解決選址爭議，研究者彙整民眾意見提出之建議如下：坦誠公佈處置場與回饋金的負面影響資訊、藉由公正第三方舉辦雙向溝通的討論會、賦予民間組織監督處置場的權力、交代清楚選址條例與原住民基本的衝突關係等，以消弭當地居民的鄰避情結，促進選址政策執行。另外，為彌補現今代議政治之缺失，建議往後於選址政策的修訂或決策過程中，能援引更多元且富創新的途徑獲取廣泛利害關係人之意見，使得選址過程能更臻民主精神，而選址結果也更能被民眾所接受。

隨著中國經濟持續高速成長, 國際貿易及投資快速擴展, 中國更積極推動貿 易及投資以人民幣結算, 人民幣在兩岸、 區域甚至全球市場流通可望大幅 增加。 1990年代以來, 兩岸經貿快速發展, 相形下, 雙方貨幣層面合作卻明顯 幾經波折、 踟躕不前, 目前兩岸雖已開啟人民幣現鈔清算服務但尚未建立貨 幣清算機制 , 限制台灣成為人民幣清算平台及後續金融影響力。 本文以 Devereux and Shi(2005) 為主架構, 討論兩岸簽署貨幣清算機 制建立對貿易廠商影響, 主要發現如下: (1) 於國際貨幣交易需透過工具貨幣 (Vehicle Currency,VC) 現實下, 兩岸人民幣貿易結算無法完全規避匯率風險, 此與台灣中央銀行意見一致, 但當兩岸進出口貿易全數以人民幣結算時, 若台灣使用人民幣銷貨收入購買中 國商品, 台灣對中國消費將完全不受匯率變化影響, 並非所有匯率風險皆由 台灣承擔; 此外, 當中國完全使用人民幣支付自台灣進口商品時, 中國最適 決策代數式和 D-S(2005) 雙邊貨幣直接兌換均衡 (BD) 部分相同, 自2012 年6 月1 日起, 人民幣與日圓直接兌換亦正式於東京和上海外匯市場展開, 結論因而別具政策意涵。 (2) 數值分析發現, 當兩岸進出口貿易全數以人民幣結算時, 台灣及中國總 消費對外國商品消費偏好非常不穩健, 對應所有θ, 中國總消費皆較台灣高, 且隨θ上升快速增加, 由於兩岸皆較雙邊匯兌需透過美元及雙邊貨幣可直接兌換時消費更多商品, 故可知兩岸皆得利於以人民幣進行結算。 對於上述結 論, 需要特別注意的是, 本文以包括台灣、 美國及中國, 且美國為工具貨幣 (VC) 發行國之三國模型, 是在非常特例的情況下進行福利分析, 此時雙邊 貨幣兌換均衡將與對稱交易均衡相同, 影響所及, 結論受校準時使用基準參 數值影響相當大; (3) 本文依循 D-S(2005), 限制工具貨幣發行國美國以外各國僅能於跨期 間持有美元, 故無法分析中國得以人民幣購買台灣商品下, 台灣累積一定金 額人民幣存量之影響, 然為簡化分析, 排除任何調整過程, 亦為模型不合理 處; 此外, 為簡化模型, 設定中國自台灣進口商品貨款中使用人民幣支付比 率α為外生, 然而該比率實際上應受人民幣在岸、 離岸市場利差及匯差、 全 球景氣變化增加持有美元意願等因素影響, 由於本文僅考慮貿易需求換匯 未考慮套利、 套匯行為, 將留待未來進一步分析。 / For the past three decades, a skyrocketing Chinese economy has supported its growing influences on international trade and investment,with Beijing’s active promotion for Renminbi investment and trade settlement, its greater circulation across the strait, in the Asia-Pacific region or even globally is only to be expected. Compared with the significantly intensified and institutionalized cross-strait trade and economic exchanges since early 1990s, monetary cooperation across the strait has obviously stalled and progressed slowly. Currently with only a cross-strait cash settlement agreement,but not an establishment of a cross-strait currency settlement mech- anism clearly limits Taiwan’s prospect to become the next offshore Renminbi center and its future financial influence. This thesis is based on Devereux and Shi(2005) to query into the effect of a cross-strait currency settlement mechanism for firms engaged in international trade. We find that: First, under the reality that international currency trade still uti- lizes U.S. dollar as a vehicle, cross-strait trade settled in Renminbi could not completely avoid exchange rate risks, which is in accordance with the opinion from central bank, however, when cross-strait trade are all settled in Renminbi, Taiwan would not bears all the exchange rate risks if Taiwan’s imports from China were paid in its Renminbi sales revenue; Furthermore, when all of China’s imports from Taiwan are settled in Renminbi, some of the algebraic expressions representing Chinese consumption and currency exchange decisions would coincide with the bilateral deviation(BD) equilibrium in D-S(2005) entailing some intriguing policy implications since starting from June 1,2012, yuan and yen can trade directly in Tokyo and Shanghai . Second,numerical analysis found that when cross-strait trade are all settled in Renminbi, though both sides’ total consumption are not robust to changes in preference toward foreign goods ,θ, for all θ in the relevant range , China’s total consumption is greater than Taiwan and the difference is increase in θ, in addition, they both consume more than when cross-strait remittance needs to be done via the U.S. dollar and when New Taiwanese dollar and Chinese yuan trade directly, it thus can be inferred that both Taiwan and China gain from Renminbi trade settlement.Though cautions should be taken that a welfare anal- ysis utilizing a three-country model consisting of Taiwan, China and the United States which further acts as the issuing country of vehicle currency is an extreme case, in that, bilateral deviation and symmet- rical trading equilibrium (STE) would be identical and the outcome highly subjects to benchmark values used in calibration. Third,The framework is borrowed from Devereux and Shi(2005) which prohibits non-vehicle countries from holding currencies other than U.S. dollar intertemporally, hence it could not provide any in- sights to the effects of the accumulation of a Renminbi pool in Taiwan under the Renminbi trade settlement scheme, which together with the fact that to simplify analysis, no adjusting process is included ren- der the model unreasonable and unrealistic; In addition, to reduce model construction, α, the percentage of China’s imports from Tai- wan to be paid in Renminbi is exogenous while in reality it should be endogenous and collectively determined by factors not exclusive to the spreads between CNY and CNH, differences in depositing and lending rates between the onshore and offshore market and investors’ inclination which is affected by the outlook of the global economy to embrace the safe haven of U.S. dollar. As arbitrage is ruled out and only currency exchanges for the purposes of trade is considered, all these drawbacks are to be improved upon in further studies.

学位授与大学：京都大学 ; 取得学位: 博士(工学) ; 学位授与年月日: 2007-09-25 ; 学位の種類: 新制・課程博士 ; 学位記番号: 工博第2861号 ; 請求記号: 新制/工/1420 ; 整理番号: 25546 / Introduction Precision manufacture of components has become a necessity in the present day manufacturing sectors. The ever-increasing demands of humankind have forced researchers to come up with more improved innovations in technology; achieving higher levels of integration in microprocessors, and creating more versatile and precision multitasking systems being just a few of the major drivers in this area. All these, however, have one rudimentary requirement, namely, the need to use very high precision components. Hence, it can be very safely concluded that the success of each of these industries hinges on the ability to produce such components. Recently, as the tremendous demands for mechanical parts with high geometric and dimensional accuracy increase, an exigency to produce those parts with such accuracy is greatly comprehended by today’s manufacturing industries. To this end, CNC machine tools are the most important means of production for the manufacturing industries. CNC machine tools have been widely applied to a range of applications, for example, in the aerospace industries. With the recent advancement of the machine tools manufacturing technologies including high speed feed drives and high speed spindles, high speed end milling on the CNC machine tools has become constantly popular, and is being performed to manufacture the components with the required contour geometry and dimensional accuracy. However, the geometric accuracy of the machined surface is greatly affected by the numerous errors sources ranging from errors existing in the machine tool system itself to the errors due to the cutting process. Figure 1-1 shows the general error sources that influence the machining geometric accuracy [Kakino et al., 1993]. Broadly, machining geometric errors are caused by two major error sources: motion errors of the machine tool system and errors due to the machining process. The key factors among error sources in the machine tool system that cause deviation of tool tip position relative to workpiece, and hence machining geometric errors are positioning errors and volumetric errors. Here, positioning errors are defined as the linear errors of the positioning mechanism, whose directions are in parallel with the direction of axis movement required for desired positioning. On the other hand, volumetric errors are here defined as error components whose directions are perpendicular to the direction of axis movement. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13390号 / 工博第2861号 / 新制||工||1420(附属図書館) / 25546 / UT51-2007-Q791 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科精密工学専攻 / (主査)教授 松原 厚, 教授 吉村 允孝, 教授 松久 寛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

隨著全球化的趨勢，企業經營所面對的不僅是國內同業的競爭，更面臨國外同業的競爭。企業透過組織調整，在資金、人才以及經濟規模的議題，企業併購已成為近年來台灣之趨勢及風潮。企業進行併購活動熱絡時，對於企業之組織調整、轉型具有正面效益，可促使規模經濟，降低成本，發揮經營效率，提升國際競爭力。 本研究主要探討併購宣告、支付工具的選擇以及跨國因素之不同，對主併公司股東財富的影響。以民國89年1月1日至民國96年12月31日間，主併公司為台灣地區之上市櫃公司、標的公司為全球任一國家註冊之公司的所有併購事件，計有527個觀察值。採用事件研究法(event study)進行實證研究結果如下： 一、對主併公司股東而言，併購宣告效果 本研究以事件研究法進行實證分析，發現併購宣告日前後期間，對於主併公司股東財富有顯著正向異常報酬。但若拉長事件觀察期間，則變得不顯著。也就是主併公司的併購活動無法獲得營運綜效。 二、併購支付工具對主併公司股東財富之影響 本研究實證結果發現企業併購採用現金支付及混合支付，31天的事件期間對主併公司股東而言，皆呈現不顯著之正向平均累積異常報酬。採取換股支付則有不顯著之負向平均累積異常報酬。以混合式支付，於事件期間有正向不顯著平均累積異常報酬；於宣告日前後期間則有正向顯著平均累積異常報酬。 三、宣告國內併購及國際併購對主併公司股東財富之影響 本研究實證結果為國內併購中主併公司在31天的觀察期間，對於主併公司股東而言，僅於宣告日前後期間會有正向平均累積異常報酬，但是拉若拉長觀察期間，其結果並不顯著。國際併購則有不顯著之負向平均累積異常報酬。 / The issues on capital funding, people asset and business scoping are becoming more significant topics with the increasing activities in corporate merger and acquisition (M&A). It has been said that the corporate reorganization through M&A has positive effect within the business because of larger business scope and more efficient in cost management. The corporation will be able to compete better in the international market. This study will focus on the market reactions on the merger and acquisition announcement, the method of payment choice and domestic or international M&A. The observation study cover 527 M&A cases from year 2000 to 2007. The study result based on event study research method are as followed: 1. The M&A announcement result to acquiring company shareholders: The study shows significant remuneration to acquiring company shareholders’ wealth before and after the M&A announcement. Less significant once we observe the case at longer time period. The result shows that the acquiring company can not achieve synergy effect. 2. The wealth effect to shareholders with different means of payment: The study shows that the combination of cash payout and exchange of stocks and cash payment method shows insignificant positive accumulative abnormal return to shareholders within 31 days before and after the M&A. Settlement with only exchange of stocks shows insignificant negative cumulative abnormal return to shareholders. 3. The effect to shareholder’s wealth from announcing domestic M&A or international M&A: The study shows that in the case of announcing domestic M&A, the acquiring shareholders has positive cumulative abnormal return within the 31 days before and after the announcement. Once we observe longer period, the result is less significant. International M&A shows negative insignificant cumulative abnormal return.

美國擁有豐富的石油儲量，目前已探明的石油儲量即達到 485 億桶，居世界 第 9 位；同時也於 2014 年追過沙烏地阿拉伯，以平均每日 1164 萬桶的產量成為 世界上最大石油生產國。但另一方面，美國每日的石油消耗量，更大於歐洲及歐 亞大陸內 29 個國家的每日消耗量的總合，成為世界上最大的石油消費國。身為 世界上最大的能源消費國及戰後世界秩序的主導者，同時歷經一、二次世界大戰 及石油危機的重大衝擊後，深知能源的穩定供應是國家安全的重要基礎，美國必 須盡全力透過外交甚至軍事手段以確保能源的安全，所以歷屆政府都以能源安全 作為國家安全及外交政策的重點。 中東是目前全球己探明石油儲量最大的地區，也是全球石油產量最大的地區， 是以美國以能源戰略為導向的外交政策（簡稱能源外交）傳統上是以中東石油為 重心，美國也將中東地區的均勢與穩定、確保石油運輸通道的安全等視為其最根 本的國家利益之一。二次世界大戰之後，美國為了擴張或鞏固其在中東地區的影 響力而投入了大量的資源進行政治、經濟及軍事的干預。而頁岩油的出現使得美 國石油自給率大幅提高，對中東地區石油的依賴也迅速下滑。 頁岩油的出現是否會讓美國改變其向中東傾斜的外交政策，進一步將其全球 戰略部署重心進行調整至快速崛起的亞洲地區，值得我們觀察與探討。本論文以 文獻研究之方式，透過分析美國對石油進口的依賴程度與其在中東發生軍事衝突 時所採用的外交政策工具之間的關聯，嘗試探討在頁岩油革命大幅提高美國能源 自給率後，是否會影響美國對中東地區事務的干預程度。 本研究發現，石油進口比例的確影響了美國在中東地區所運用的外交政策工 具。石油進口比例高時，美國面對中東的跨國軍事衝突時傾向採取強度較高的外 交政策工具；石油進口比例低時，則採取干預強度較低的外交政策工具。是以本 研究認為，在頁岩油革命使美國進一步降低對進口石油的依賴後、將使中東這個 提供美國主要石油來源的地區的重要性降低。但另一方面，中東除了提供美國重 要的石油來源，亦是全球的石油供應中心，美國對中東地區的影響力不僅關係到 美國的能源安全，亦關係到美國全球霸權的地位。 / United States has abundant oil reserves that reserves reached 485 billion barrels, ranking No. 9 in the world; and also chase in 2014 over Saudi-Arabia, to 1164 million barrels of production per day on average to become the world largest oil producer. On the other hand, the US daily oil consumption, the greater the total combined daily consumption in Europe and Eurasia in the 29 countries, the world's largest oil consumer. As the world's largest energy consumer and the postwar world order leader, after a while, after the Second World War and the significant impact of the oil crisis, we know that stable supply of energy is an important basis for the national security of the United States must do efforts through diplomatic and even military means to guarantee energy security, the successive governments have focused on energy security as national security and foreign policy. The Middle East is currently the world's largest oil reserves in the region have been proven, is the world's largest oil production area, based on the US foreign policy-oriented energy strategy (referred to energy diplomacy) is traditionally focus on Middle East oil, the United States will in the Middle East balance and stability in the region, to ensure the safety of oil transport corridor, etc. regarded as one of the most fundamental interests of their country. After World War II, the United States in order to expand or consolidate its influence in the Middle East and put a lot of resources, political, economic, and military intervention. The emergence of shale oil self-sufficiency rate of such a substantial increase in US oil dependence on Middle East oil is also declining rapidly. Shale oil occurs whether the United States will change its foreign policy towards the Middle East tilt further its global strategic center of gravity to adjust to the rapid rise of Asia, we should observe and discuss. In this paper, after the manner of literature, through the analysis of foreign policy tools related U.S. dependence on oil imports and its military conflict in the Middle East used between attempts to discuss a substantial increase in US energy self-sufficiency rate in shale oil revolution, whether the United States will affect the level of intervention in the Middle East affairs. The study found that the proportion of imported oil does affect US foreign policy tool in the Middle East by the use of. A high proportion of oil imports, the United States when faced with cross-border military conflict in the Middle East tends to take a higher intensity of a foreign policy tool; low proportion of imported oil, then take a low intensity intervention foreign policy tool. The present study is that in the US shale oil revolution to further reduce the importance of post-import dependence on oil, the Middle East, will provide the main source of US oil region is reduced. On the other hand, the Middle East and the United States in addition to providing an important source of oil, is also a center of global oil supplies, the US forces in the Middle East not only to America's energy security, but also related to the status of US global hegemony.

信用卡源起於美國。二十世紀之初，美國一些大型誘館對其優良客戶發行信用卡，馮 卡記帳住宿。九一三年開始，百貨公司、石油公司亦開始發行信用卡，持卡人在其銷 售綱內馮卡記帳消費。 一九五一年八月，紐約富蘭克林銀行，首創銀行信用卡，為金融機構介入信用卡業務 之嚆大矢。迄今歷經幾度演變，已使信用卡與傳統支付工具－現金、支票鼎足而立， 而有「第三通貨」之稱。 由於信用卡乃是二十世紀新型交易媒介工具，與傳統交易媒介工具迥然不同，國入對 其均感陌生。本論文旨在研究信用卡在臺正式發生之可行性及其可能對臺灣經濟社會 之影響與貢獻。