91 |
公務員言論自由之保障及其限制標準之研究 / A Study on the Constitutional Protection and Restriction of Public Employee Speech賴雪梅, Lai, Hsueh Mei Unknown Date (has links)
80年代,我國在解嚴之時,民主化運動與言論自由的保障相得益彰,幾乎同一時期,司法院大法官作成釋字第187號解釋,對於特別權力關係敲響第一記警鐘,大法官逐步正視特別權力關係理論對於權利保障與憲政制度的影響,在司法實踐上似乎邁向突破特別權力關係理論長久以來的桎梏。然探其實際,在大法官與學者相繼對於特別權力關係理論加以解構後,公務員仍未能如同民主化後的一般人民一樣享有「充分且必要」的言論自由。
在面對公務員言論爭議的案件中,我國現行法制透過概括的職務義務對於公務員言論自由施加限制。在具體個案的審查中,實務上顯然並不認為公務員享有與一般人民相同的言論自由,就公務員言論應有的界限與限制的標準,也未建立可茲遵循的審查原則。造成此一現象的原因或許在於特別權力關係尚未真正地被揚棄,學者與實務對於公務員「有權利即有救濟」的闡述,過於囿限於「服公職權」,並且在檢討、揚棄特別權力關係的過程中,仍停留在形式法治國的概念,忽略了基本權利實質限制的檢討。
本文借鏡美國法制的發展,嘗試為我國公務員言論自由的審查提出基本原則。在衡量公務員言論自由保障時,應考量「公務員言論的類型」與「公務員的職務內容」,並以「言論表達的時間與地點」與「言論的公開程度」作為輔助判斷因素,衡酌公務員言論對於政府制度目的的影響。在此一審查模型下,並非所有的公務員言論皆受到一致的限制。
法哲學家Dworkin教授曾經說過,在言論自由的困難案件中,法律人必然需要釐清「憲法為何保障言論自由」這個根本性的問題,才能決定言論自由的困難案件應該如何解決。期待本文的觀察建議可以使得實務在審查公務員言論自由的案件時,意識到公務員言論可能具有的公益面向—使政府資訊自由地流向公眾,促進政府課責與民主審議—從而能夠適當的權衡相關利益,賦予公務員言論應有的保障。 / In the 1980s, as the Martial law was lifted, the level of freedom of speech enjoyed by the people was increased alongside with Taiwan’s democratization movement. In the same period, the Constitutional Court rendered the landmark Interpretation No.187 against the theory of special power relation (besonderes Gewaltverhaltnis, the Theory). The Court was concerned with the negative effect of the Theory on constitutionally protected rights and liberties. However, even though the Court had since made several similar interpretations and seemed to gradually move toward abandoning the Theory entirely, Taiwan’s public employees have not yet been able to enjoy the same level of freedom of speech as the general public has.
Under the current legal system, civil servants’ freedom of speech was restricted by broad and generalized professional duties specified in the Public Functionary Service Act. In addition, courts do not take the view that public employees and the general public enjoy the same level of freedom of expression, and do not establish a clear principle to determine what public employees can or cannot speak. Perhaps it is because the Theory has lingered on. Or it is because in the process of abandoning the Theory, courts have paid too much attention on the right to holding public offices and ignored other rights, such as the right to free speech.
Learning from the public employee speech jurisprudence in the United States, this thesis tries to articulate some basic principles when reviewing cases concerning civil servants’ freedom of speech. This thesis believes that not all public employee speech should be restricted and suppressed. In deciding whether to protect civil servants’ freedom of expression, courts should consider two main factors: “the type of the speech involved” and “the responsibilities of the civil servant’s position.” In addition, factors such as “the time and place of the speech” and “degree of openness of the speech” should also be taken into account when deciding whether public employee speech has negative impact on the government in fulfilling its responsibilities.
Professor Ronald Dworkin, an American legal philosopher, once remarked that in hard cases, “lawyers and judges must try to find a political justification of the First Amendment that fits most past constitutional practice and also provides a compelling reason why we should grant freedom of speech.” The thesis hopes that the observation and suggestion made in this research can help courts be aware of the public interests in protecting public employees’ freedom of speech—ensuring free flow of information from the government to the public and improving government accountability and democratic deliberation. Then can the courts better balance the relevant interests and ultimately afford proper protection to public employee speech.
|
92 |
ポスト福祉国家における経済的自由の憲法理論的研究愛敬, 浩二 03 1900 (has links)
科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C) 課題番号:17530020 研究代表者:愛敬 浩二 研究期間:2005-2006年度
|
93 |
從我國釋憲結構論法律違憲審查宣告方式之選擇謝礎安, Hsieh, Anthony Chu-an Unknown Date (has links)
隨著時序進入二十一世紀,我國行憲至今將近六十個年頭,從一開始國政動盪不安的年代,經過威權體制的時代,到現在民主憲政成果逐漸落實,「憲法的守護神」—大法官,在這民主轉型的過程中,扮演了一個不可或缺的角色。藉由憲法上賦予的解釋憲法—違憲審查權限,大法官累積至今作成了六百多號解釋,在憲政運作與民主國、法治國的建構上多有建樹,尤其對人民基本權的保障與維護,比起民主憲政已開發國家來說,更是有過之而無不及。
然而,當眾人皆稱讚大法官所帶來豐碩的憲政成果,違憲審查制度所帶來的相關問題,也逐漸浮現。尤其是大法官角色的變遷—藉由指示立修法、擴張適用、創設規範,成為「代位立法者」。本文原始動機很簡單:大法官在釋憲時難道不會犯錯嗎?大法官所言與決定的價值,均是顛撲不破的真理嗎?從此動機出發,本文的問題意識即在於,大法官行使的違憲審查權若定位為司法權之行使,亦即其運作必須與政治權力的運作相區隔,則大法官做為代位的立法者,如此積極的立法作為,是否違反權力分立原則與民主的價值,而有值得商榷之處?是否應該對如此權力的行使設下界限?
因此,本文首先檢視我國的釋憲結構,試著找出吾國制度獨特之處—對客觀法秩序維護的重視。其次,整理分析1994年至2004年間,大法官對法律違憲審查的解釋案,以研判司法者積極程度並找出立法者對司法解釋的回應內容,作為大法官成代位立法者的實證。最後,提出理論上的想法與建議,試著從解釋效力與宣告方式的層面著手,尋找立法權與司法權間的平衡互動。
|
94 |
金融犯罪之訴訟策略 —以我國證券交易法操縱市場案件為中心 / The Litigation Strategy for Financial Crime —Focus on The Cases of Market Manipulation of Securities Exchange Act in Taiwan莊凱如 Unknown Date (has links)
金融犯罪近年來日益受學者與實務界之重視,而我國證券交易 法既以「發展國民經濟、保障投資」為目的,證券市場是否依自然 供需法則自由運作,而不受人為操縱行為破壞價格決定機制,顯得 至為重要。
我國證券交易法明文禁止操縱市場行為,違反者除民事損害賠 償責任外,尚有刑事處罰,且刑度非輕。操縱市場雖屬於相對抽象 之一種禁止類型,但法院實務上已經累積為數不少之判決,然而因 案件內容繁雜、法條構成要件不夠明確......等因素,造成法律見解難 以統一之現象,進而使得辯護工作難度增加。
本文擬從比較法上,參考外國法對操縱市場行為禁止之類型及 方式,檢視我國證券交易法中關於操縱市場之立法過程與構成要 件,並蒐集大量法院判決,整理分析被告提出之各式抗辯,回顧法 院判決中之見解、判斷,期待能更深入問題之核心,裨對實務工作 者能有所助益。 / Financial crimes are increasingly valued by academics and practitioners in recent years. Securities and Exchange Act in Taiwan is
securities market operate freely in accordance with the law of natural supply and demand without undermining the mechanism of price determination by human
manipulation so important.
Securities and Exchange Act in Taiwan expressly prohibited for market manipulation and penalize who breach of regulation. They must bear civil liability for damages and seriously criminal penalties. Although market manipulation may be very abstract sometimes, court practice has accumulated a large number of judgments. However, it’s still a big challenge for attorneys due to the different opinions in practice.
The relevant provisions of this order the United States, England and China on different types of legislation about manipulation, in order to find the difference of among the Securities and Exchange Law of Taiwan, as a reference to amend acts of manipulation. By studying cases selected our Court and trying to analyze how the various defenses affect the court decision.
|
95 |
小売市場における流通業者の費用削減投資および効率性研究賈, 蕾 23 March 2021 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第22959号 / 経博第634号 / 新制||経||296(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)准教授 菊谷 達弥, 教授 文 世一, 教授 神事 直人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM
|
96 |
合併差止めと株主の保護・合併実行の利益木原, 彩夏 23 March 2017 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第20134号 / 法博第199号 / 新制||法||157(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 洲崎 博史, 教授 前田 雅弘, 教授 北村 雅史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM
|
97 |
抽象的不作為請求・判決と強制執行に関する考察安永, 祐司 23 March 2017 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第20137号 / 法博第202号 / 新制||法||158(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 笠井 正俊, 教授 山本 克己, 教授 山田 文 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM
|
98 |
股東表決權利益迴避制度之研究—台電求償案之分析與檢討 / Study on The Exclusion of Shareholder’s Voting Right周宛蘭, Chou, Wan Lan Unknown Date (has links)
股份有限公司在「企業經營與企業所有分離」之原則下,公司經營事務固專由法定必備業務機關—董事會職司之,然為保障股東權益,公司法乃賦予各股東表決權,使股東能在股東會中,透過作成決議之方式,形成股東之意見並參與公司之經營決策。因而,表決權可謂股東之重要權利。如欲禁止股東行使此項權利,實應格外慎重。公司法第178條規定「股東對於會議之事項,有自身利害關係致有害於公司利益之虞時,不得加入表決,並不得代理他股東行使其表決權」,為我國公司法制下,股份有限公司之股東表決權利益迴避制度。然此一規定及其規範模式,是否有其正當性及合理性,不無探討之空間。
首先,由於此一規定使用不確定法律概念,「有自身利害關係」、「有害公司利益之虞」等要件之意義、範圍,學說及實務解釋適用上均有不同看法。又因該規定之規範主體為「股東」,當遇有政府或法人股東時,所謂「自身利害關係」之判斷應為「股東」本身,或及於股東之「代表人」,即不無疑義。另構成該規定,法律效果為具有利害關係之「股東」不得加入表決,並不得「代理」他股東行使其表決權,然如有自身利害關係之股東委託他人代理行使表決權時,或受委任者不具股東身分,或受委任者為股東之「代表人」時,應如何解釋適用,亦值探討。此部分將置於本文第二章討論。
其次,整理我國司法判決對公司法第178條之實際運用案例,約略可分為「會計表冊承認」、「董事競業禁止義務解除」及「解任董監事」等三類。另外,「台電求償案」除涉及台灣電力股份有限公司大股東經濟部,應否對「就核四停建一事向政府求償」議案利益迴避之爭議,亦涉及股東會決議權限與股東利益迴避制度間之關係、股東權利義務變動之時點限制、系爭議案求償對象之解釋及股份多數決原則與表決權利益迴避制度之衝突等問題。上開實務見解對於相關規定之解釋適用,是否妥適,本文第三、四章,將先就相關判決予以摘要臚列,復就其中所涉及之爭議,提出一己拙見。
最後,觀諸日本法對於股東表決權利益迴避制度之演變,可知日本最早亦採我國公司法第178條事前禁止之規範模式,惟在1981年(昭和56年)即全面改採事後救濟制。對照日本法制,恰可凸顯我國現行制度下,出現適用範圍不明確、配套措施不足及議事難以進行等問題。本文以為,回歸資本多數決之精神,並考量公司法第178條之規範目的,既係在於確保決議的公正性及公平性,應直接針對不當的決議設計救濟途徑,當更為妥適。如將公司法第178條修改為「股東會決議如因有特別利害關係者行使表決權,而作出顯著不當決議時,股東得訴請法院撤銷該決議」。或逕將此條刪除,改設立多數決濫用禁止之規定,在現行公司法第189條下,新設後段或第2項之規定:「股東會之決議內容,有害公司或少數股東利益而顯著不當者,亦同」,賦予小股東在多數決濫用時一定之救濟管道。過去在我國現行制度下所產生之許多爭議事例,即得以迎刃而解。
|
99 |
勞動契約上最低服務年限約定之研究 / none黃泰平, Huang , Tai-ping Unknown Date (has links)
雇主基於一定之經濟上目的,常與勞工在不定期勞動契約中,約定勞工於一定之期間內,必須繼續為雇主提供勞務,不得提前離職。此種最低服務年限約定條款,常見於各行各業之中,且類型繁多,也增加了問題研究的複雜性;因此,本文首重整理歸納實務上已經出現之案例類型,藉以釐清最低服務年限約定條款之定義與性質,作為研究之基礎。
有關最低服務年限約定條款的效力,涉及勞工職業自由與雇主經濟自由之衝突,本文認為應以利益權衡的方式,來判斷最低服務年限約定條款的效力。實務上,基於契約自由原則,率多承認此等條款的法律上效力,並慣於以違約金酌減之方式,來控制最低服務年限約定條款的合理性。不過,本文並不贊同實務通說之見解,另行提出「必要性」與「合理性」的二階段理論,作為最低服務年限約定條款效力的判斷依據。
實務上,最低服務年限約定條款常伴隨一些問題,譬如定型化勞動契約、終止權之限制、違約金約定條款、補償措施返還條款、訓練費用償還條款、選派進修關係等,本文也將在適當之處就此些問題加以論述。
文末,將對於最低服務年限約定條款在我國實務上的現況,作一回顧式的整理,並就相關的議題提出具有展望性的立法建議。
|
100 |
析論歐盟優惠性原產地規則及其對台灣成鞋廠商國際投資之影響 / Analyze and research on EU preferential rule of origin and its impact on international investment of Taiwanese footwear producers廖唯宸, Liao, Wei Chen Unknown Date (has links)
歐盟廣泛地與世界各國簽訂優惠貿易協定,透過優惠貿易待遇的給予來促進與各國間政治與經貿的緊密連繫。而對於生產者而言,要適用這些貿易優惠的前提就是透過遵循歐盟優惠性原產地規則而使產品取得原產產品身分,無論是以完全取得或是經過充分作業或加工而產生實質轉型的方式。
本論文主要的研究目的,在於分析個別歐盟優惠貿易協定下關於累積規定、微量條款、出口退稅禁止等關鍵條文,與附錄清單就產品「實質轉型」標準規定的法律義涵,以及其隱含的政經意義;並就該意義進一步推衍出對於台灣的生產者,在眾多的歐盟優惠性協定法律架構下,存在個別規則適用難易程度具有差別且該差別將對生產成本有所影響之事實。而本論文另一重點則是就法規與生產稟賦搭配後得推衍出原則性之評估方法來評比出個別優惠性原產地規則在適用上之優劣順序,以協助台灣廠商未來考慮使用此項貿易優惠來進軍歐盟市場時,在國際投資之佈局上可以納入考量或作為參考,以選擇出最有利的受惠國或區域作為生產資源配置之基礎。
為使法律層面與實務上之運作加以結合,本論文進一步以台灣的成鞋廠商做為研究觀察之對象,檢視其是否會因為適用歐盟優惠性原產地規則而改變投資模式,另亦將與鞋廠商實際訪談所得之結論與推演出原則性評估方法加以比較,進一步檢討該評估方法之適用能力與情形,並提出應隨不同情況而加以修正相關假設之注意。
關鍵詞:歐盟優惠性原產地規則;原產地規則;原產產品;實質轉型;累積規定;微量條款;出口退稅禁止;附錄清單;生產稟賦;國際投資;成鞋。 / Europe Union (EU) broadly sign the preferential trade agreements with the other countries in the globe, and through the conferring of the preferential trade treatments, EU attempts to build up the tight political and economic bonds worldwide. The premise for producers who want to enjoy these trade preferences is to make sure that their product are qualified and recognized as “original product” in those beneficiary countries either by following the regulation of standard of “wholly obtained” or “sufficiently working or processing” stipulated in each preferential Rule of Origin (ROO).
The main subject of this thesis is to analyze the legal meaning and the underlined policy purpose of the critical provisions in each EU preferential ROO, such as “cumulation”, “general tolerance rule”, “no-drawback rule”, and the standard of “sufficiently working or processing” of a product (substantial transformation) stipulated in the List Rules (in the Annex part) attached in each preferential trade agreement. And from those meaning Author reasons out the fact that the level of difficulty concerning applying and using these preferential ROO are different and the difference has its influence on cost of producing. Author also infers the basic method to assess the level of difficulty of these ROO while combining analyzing the ROO provisions and endowment in the beneficiary countries. This method is to assist those Taiwanese producers who have willing to use the EU preferential ROO to make their product qualified as “original product” with the minimized producing cost when entering into EU market, that is, to help producers cherry pick the beneficial countries (or area) for making investments distribution and deploying concerned producing resources and still have their the products entitled as “original product”.
To combine the legal dimension and the producer’s operation in practice, Author further chooses Taiwanese footwear producers as observed subject of using the ROO and see if they would change their mode of investment thereafter. Author compares the conclusion derived from interviewing footwear producers with the basic assessment method, and further examines the applicability of the method and the potential correction of hypothesis under certained situations.
Key words: EU preferential Rule of Origin, Rule of Origin, original product, substantial transformation, cumulation, general tolerance rule, no-drawback rule, List Rules, endowment, international investment, footwear.
|
Page generated in 0.0236 seconds