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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

團體壽險暨相關法律問題研究 / A study on Group life insurance and related legal issues

李琬鈴, Lee, Wan Ling Unknown Date (has links)
團體壽險是員工福利思潮下之產物,至今已成為分散、轉嫁企業人身及責任風險不可或缺之風險管理工具。而團體壽險以一張保險單承保多數被保險人,此項「團體」之特性使其在核保、保險費、部分有效性及契約條款之設計上,有別於一般之人壽保險。目前,各家保險公司之團體壽險保險單悉以主管機關制訂之「團體一年定期人壽保險單示範條款」為依據。此示範條款以團體為要保人、團體成員為被保險人,將團體壽險定位為由第三人訂立之人壽保險契約,使團體壽險契約受到欠缺保險利益而無效、有無保險法第一○五條之適用及指定、變更受益人之權利人為誰之質疑。其次,團體壽險契約條款中的保險契約構成部分條款、被保險人資格條款、保險契約終止條款、契約轉換權條款、免責條款及不可抗爭條款等亦存在諸多問題,實有檢討予以修正之必要。 因此,本文乃以探討示範條款所涉法律爭議問題為中心,參酌國內學說見解並比較美國判例及美國保險監理官協會所制訂之「團體壽險定義及標準條款模範法案」,對團體壽險契約條款之增訂及修正提出七項建議,包括重新定位團體壽險契約當事人、重視逆選擇防範及被保險人權益保障、明訂兩年不可抗爭期間及團體信用壽險不適用契約轉換權條款及受益人條款、修正個別被保險人保險契約終止之時點及保險人免責事由等,希冀本文之淺見能使示範條款更為完善。 / Group life insurance arises from the thought that employers have the responsibilities to take care of their employees. Until now, group life insurance has become an important part of industries’ risk management plans for distributing and transferring industries’ life and liability risk. Group life insurance insures more than five persons in one policy, and this “group” characteristic makes group life insurance different from general life insurance in many aspects: underwriting, premiums, partly effective and contract clauses. Presently, provisions of group life policies are based on“Model Provisions for Group Yearly Term life Policies”promulgated by competent authority. According to Article 2 of the model provisions, the policyholder is the “group”, and the members of the group are insureds. In other words, group life insurance is entered into by third party. This causes three problems needed to be solved: (1) If the policyholder has no insurable interest in the insured, shall group life insurance be void? (2) Is Article 105 of Insurance Act applicable to group life insurance? (3) Who has the right to designate or change the beneficiary? In addition, there are still some problems in other model provisions including the entire-contract provision, eligibility requirements provision, termination provision, conversion provision, exception clause and incontestability provision. It is necessary to review and revise the model provisions. Therefore, this study focuses on related legal issues of the model provisions. Referring to scholars’ opinions and comparing American verdicts and “Group Life Insurance Definition and Group Life Insurance Standard Provisions Model Act” issued by The National Association of Insurance Commissioners, this study concludes by providing several suggestions in revising the model provisions: (1) The policyholder and the insured should be referred to as members of the group, not “group”. (2) Emphasize on preventing adverse-selection and protecting the insured’s right. (3) Augment incontestable period of two years and a clause which provides that conversion provision and beneficiary provision are not applicable to credit group life insurance. (4) Revise the termination provision and exception clause. Hope these suggestions will make the model provisions more perfect.
82

論刑事程序中國家取得之偵訊自白

陳昭龍 Unknown Date (has links)
首先說明,本文並不著重於法制史之研究。蓋刑事訴訟之動態發展,研究範圍仍應以我國現行刑事訴訟法之規定為主軸,其中我國實務呈現新舊見解交錯影響之狀況,相關的偵審歷史痕跡將於相關章節鋪述,並涉及我國歷年相關學說發展。 關於我國實務見解研究,著重於我國最高法院歷年來所做成的判例,並輔以2003年修法前後最高法院關於偵訊自白的判決、刑事庭決議,其中並納入相關的初級審、上訴審法院判決、座談會以及檢察署研究決議,比較分析我國實務界對於偵訊自白概念與判定證據能力的處理模式。之後並檢討我國實務見解產生的問題。 本文亦將分析我國學說對於偵訊自白的處理,尤其是學說判定偵訊自白證據能力的議題,嚴重受到實務見解「自白法則」之影響,導致偵訊自白的證據能力難以為有系統的說明。相較於此,本文擬從我國歷年修法之相關法制進行研究,並以德國、美國的現行法、判決實務、學說討論進行比較分析。其中在相關議題上,採擇歐陸法系典範的德國學說、實務論述、並及於近年我國刑事訴訟法修訂的法律繼受國美國及日本的學說與相關實務見解,部分並佐以筆者所知悉的歐洲人權法院判決。論述時尤著重於相關概念的說明,特別是在外國學說或實務引介時,探討其所所涵蓋之範圍,避免文義上之誤解 。
83

司法與立法兩權間的緊張關係— 以法律違憲裁判對國會立法權的限制為中心

李嘉嘉 Unknown Date (has links)
憲法的框架性賦予立法者具體化憲法的任務,而憲法同時也賦予司法者解釋憲法、維護憲法的職責,因此司法權與立法權實際上都在從事重新詮釋憲法的工作,然而當兩者間意見不一致時應如何處理,便形成司法權與立法權之間產生緊張關係的源頭。我國釋憲實務在釋字第四〇五號解釋揭示司法院大法官就憲法所為之解釋,對於立法院行使立法權亦有拘束力,後續在釋字第六三三號解釋、第七屆立法委員選舉時引發的中央選舉委員會組織法草案爭議,以及近來考試院對立法院於民國九十六年七月十一日修正公布的記帳士法第二條第二項提出釋憲聲請案,都顯示立法權與司法權之間的緊張關係逐漸升高,而使立法權與司法違憲審查權之間的權限爭議問題受到關注。 本文首先分析司法權與立法權之間的緊張關係,並嘗試討論兩權間緊張關係的三種不同處理方式,第一種是區分立法權與司法權的功能領域,在立法裁量的空間之下法律違憲審查應予以退讓,而形成法律違憲審查的界限;第二種處理方式是當法律違憲裁判的結果是法律違憲無效時,立法權除了接受法律違憲的結果外,在某種情況下容許立法權可以排除違憲結果,而使司法權的決定不再是最終決定;第三種處理方式是法律違憲決定的結果雖可以拘束立法權,但是讓法律違憲決定對立法權的拘束力受到一定條件或期限的限制。 接著討論德國聯邦憲法法院一九九五年的「十字架案判決」(Kruzifix-Entscheidung)與後續巴伐利亞邦議會在該判決後的修法,以及本國法相關案例分析,整理我國相關大法官解釋的事實、爭點與大法官論點,並援引相關理論、學說見解,試予以評析,最後討論我國現行司法解釋的效力規範及問題,冀能為我國司法院大法官審理案件法修正草案提出修法建議。
84

第二次北韓核武危機中共扮演角色之研究 / A Study on the role of China during the 2nd North Korea nuclear crisis

宋玉蓮 Unknown Date (has links)
北韓自1950年代起逐步建立其核武實力,形成對國際社會的嚴重威脅,基於其政權生存與經濟的需要,動輒以核武要脅國際社會換取能源、糧食援助及安全保障。1994年第一次北韓核武危機結束後,由於美國與北韓後續未確實履行核框架協議,從2002年10月北韓承認恢復其核計畫、美國開始停止對北韓供應重油起,北韓動作頻頻,除自2003年1月10日起宣佈退出禁止核子武器擴散條約外,更積極發展核武抗衡美國與國際社會,對相關國家的安全造成莫大影響,並期望藉此獲得所需的政治利益與經濟援助。北韓的行為引起國際關注,視之為第二次北韓核武危機。中共、南韓、日本、俄羅斯及美國對此均投以高度關注,努力謀求解決之道,而中共更是此次核武危機演變與發展的關鍵斡旋角色。 第二次北韓核武危機發生以來,中共對核武問題的解決發生了建設性的作用,各輪會談能夠持續運作,中共以穿梭外交遊走於各國功不可沒,其角色重要而多樣,儼然成為斡旋者、調停者、領導者、防衛者、緩衝器、利益攸關者、平衡者、機制建議者,若依北韓核武危機往良性發展的端倪來看,未來中共更可能兼具經濟支援者、安全保障者和制度監督者的角色。此次的核武危機為中共大國外交提供難得的歷史機運,藉由複雜的危機解決過程,緩和了危機的緊張態勢,更藉由與各國間的互動與合作,獲得實質外交進展,提高了中共的國際影響力,同時這樣的作為也是符合各方利益的最佳選擇。 本文主要包含兩大方向:首先探討第二次北韓核武危機的背景與判斷北韓發展核武的動機,繼之簡述兩次核武危機始末;接著統整自三邊會談、六方會談召開以來之情勢發展及與會各國互動形成的共識共決,分析中共居中的角色與其國家利益之間的關聯性,並研判該議題未來走向。 / Since 1950s North Korea has gradually built up its nuclear weapon capabilities, forming a serious threat to international community. Based on the need of regime survival and economy, North Korea frequently uses nuclear weapons in threatening international community for exchanges of energy, food aid and security assurances. After the end of the First North Korea Nuclear Crisis in 1994, US and North Korea did not actually carry out the Agreed Framework, North Korea confessed to restart its nuclear program in October 2002 while US suspended supplying heavy fuel oil to North Korea. In addition to its withdrawal from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, North Korea also actively develops nuclear weapons to contend with the US and international community, bringing about huge impacts on the security of relative countries, hoping to exchange for more political benefit and economic assistance. The behavior of North Korea has raised international attention, regarding it as the Second North Korea Nuclear Crisis. China, South Korea, Japan, Russia and the US all pay high attention and work hard to seek for solutions to the crisis. China has played a key role in the evolution and development of the Second North Korea Nuclear Crisis. Since the inception of the 2nd North Korea Nuclear Crisis, China has turned out to be constructively pivotal in solving nuclear weapon problems. The fact that six rounds of talks can take place continuously go to China’s credit, which pursues shuttle diplomacy to coordinate the activities of the other six-party talks participators, playing roles that are important yet various, apparently becoming a mediator, good officer, host, defender, buffer, stakeholder, balancer, mechanism keeper, and, in viewing from the point that North Korea Nuclear Crisis has been developed toward a more positive direction, China will more than likely take key role as economic supporter, security guarantor and mechanism supervisor. This nuclear crisis provides China a rare historical opportunity of big-power diplomacy. Through complex crisis solving process to détente intense situation and the interaction and cooperation among Northeast Asian nations to obtain actual diplomatic progress, the influence of China has soared while such action is the best choice in complying with relative nation’s interests. The study mainly include two directions: At first the background of the Second North Korea Nuclear Crisis be reviewed and the motive of North Korea in developing nuclear weapon be determined. Then how the two nuclear crises began and ended are briefly stated, followed by integration of situation development since the Three-party talks, Six-party talks and the common agreement formed among participating nations. The role of China and relations to its interest is analyzed and thus the future direction of the issues is also carefully studied.
85

跨國破產事件之爭議問題探討—以店頭衍生性金融交易市場及其案例為探討中心 / A study on legal issues regarding cross-border insolvency cases : focus on over-the-counter derivatives markets and the relevant cases

張家欣, Chang, Chia-hsin Unknown Date (has links)
在金融市場國際化之趨勢下,各國金融交易參與者極可能受到跨國破產事件的影響。同時,受到金融創新潮流的驅使,非傳統金融工具的商業活動亦構成金融市場重要環節之一,從而探討破產法制對於非傳統金融交易契約之處理方式,實有其重要性。本文以店頭衍生性金融交易市場以及所選取案例為中心,探討跨國破產事件相關議題,包括破產法制對於店頭衍生性金融交易所給予的特殊規定(或在破產法制下承認提前終止與淨額結算條款之效力,以下均統稱為「破產法特殊規定」),以及相關跨國破產事件之可能處理模式或合作途徑。 本文以國內外學術文獻、法院見解之整理為基礎,進行法學分析,並輔以金融實務觀點進行研究,於各相關部分同時探討我國法制。本文分為七章,內容簡介如後。 首先,於第一章說明研究動機、目的、研究方法與架構,同時也限定研究範圍。又因跨國破產事件具多樣性與複雜性,為使本文討論範圍明確與聚焦,故於第二章先行提出具體跨國破產事件之美國與英國案例及其爭議問題,並以其做為本文探討中心與範圍,探討內容即包含破產法制涉及店頭衍生性金融交易之規範實體面議題,以及跨國破產事件處理方式之程序面議題。後續章節將陸續探討上開問題。 第三章簡介店頭衍生性金融交易,以及說明其常見契約結構、相關法律問題。本章同時介紹「單一主契約模式」與「提前終止與淨額結算條款」之概念,學者及實務工作者有謂上開契約條款之功能,包含避免於破產程序中破產管理人選擇性履行或拒絕契約、降低交易對手信用風險、提升未違約方之再避險可能性、減少銀行業之資本計提成本、降低系統性風險等,而其中最具爭議性的降低系統性風險功能,也是目前全球多國破產法制承認提前終止與淨額結算條款具有效性的重要理由之一。本章著重於顯示店頭衍生性金融交易之當事人約定事項與破產法制間之關聯性,此屬於破產法制之規範實體面議題,以便於次一章接續介紹外國破產法制之相關具體內容。本章內容與後續各章均有密切關聯,故有說明之必要。 第四章先說明破產法制之一般原則,再分別於美國、英國、歐盟、日本、以及我國法制下,觀察破產法制對於店頭衍生性金融交易之例外規定(或在破產法制下承認提前終止與淨額結算條款之效力),著重於說明破產法制立法或承認「提前終止與淨額結算條款」效力之現況,並參考外國文獻探討其立法理由是否具有充足正當性,以及其規定是否有修訂或調整之必要。相對於第三章彙整學說及實務觀點以說明「提前終止與淨額結算條款」之功能,本章則援引外國文獻對破產法制立法或承認「提前終止與淨額結算條款」效力之批評,並做出該條款效力於破產法制中至少應調整為受有一定限制之結論,也就是訂有交易提前終止權之暫時凍結期間、於具系統重要性金融機構清理程序中適用股東與債權人共同承擔損失機制、交易雙方善意無偏頗等,以及在我國法制下亦宜採取同等看法。本章最後分析本文第二章案例在破產法制下之實體面問題,同時也藉此試行探討「提前終止與淨額結算條款」在破產法制下的效力範圍以及第二章案例合成型債務抵押債券交易中有關「序位轉換條款」之效力爭議。本文認為美國破產法院、英國法院係分別各自依其破產法制與公共政策對「序位轉換條款」做出效力判斷,各具實體理由;以及「序位轉換條款」在我國法制下應屬有效。 第五章在本論文題旨範圍內,先說明2007年-2009年金融危機後,二十國集團(G20)所提出的國際性指導建議,之後擇要介紹美國與歐盟依循上開建議,對於店頭衍生性金融交易市場所採行的金融改革法規,包含(但不限於)交易執行平台、集中清算、交易資料之申報、對未集中清算交易加強徵提擔保品等管理措施;此外,在跨國交易監理層面上,簡要介紹替代遵循之概念。本章並說明以上規範與跨國破產事件之關係。本章在整體研究架構上的功能有二,一方面是做為第四章破產法規範實體面議題與第六章跨國破產法制程序面議題之連結,也就是觀察美國及歐盟金融改革法令對第四章所述破產法特殊規定之影響,以及金融改革法案所對應第六章目前國際金融市場之實務發展趨勢以及特殊清理架構下之相關規定。另一方面,相對於第六章係探討發生跨國破產事件時之程序處理模式,第五章則是從破產事件發生前之前階段觀察,藉由事前建構市場監理措施及規劃,以期促進跨國破產事件發生時之處理效能。 第六章探討跨國破產事件處理方式之程序面議題。先敘明跨國破產立法所採行的基礎原則理論,包含普及原則、屬地原則、修正式普及原則、現代化屬地原則;同時簡要介紹相關跨國破產法制。繼而說明金融穩定理事會 (FSB)相關建議,以及觀察近期國際金融實務發展。之後,綜結第四章至第六章之內容,按跨國破產事件之實體面議題與程序面議題,對於涉及店頭衍生性金融交易之跨國破產事件,說明本文在相關立法論或處理合作模式層面上所採取之立場。最末,分析本文第二章案例之程序處理問題。 最後,第七章就本論文探討範圍以及第二章所提出之問題,進行總結論,並試行對我國金融市場參與者提出相關建議。 / Abstract Due to globalization of financial markets, it is hard for market participants to avoid the impact arises from cross-border insolvency events. With the trend of financial innovation, non-traditional financial instruments become an important role in financial markets, and it’s necessary to understand the treatment of these instruments under insolvency law systems. This thesis discusses specific legal issues with regard to cross-border insolvency events in over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives financial markets with focus on the relevant cases selected, including the special treatment of OTC derivatives under insolvency law systems and the potential procedures or coordinate ways to deal with the cases. Based on and reference to research of academic papers and court decisions, this thesis discusses issues through legal analysis supplemented with views of financial practice. The relevant parts are also discussed under Taiwan’s law system. This thesis proceeds in 7 chapters briefly described as follows. Chapter 1 explains the objective, purpose, and fundamental structure together with the method used of this thesis. Assumptions and Confines of this thesis are also described in this chapter. Given diversity and complexity of cross-border insolvency events, Chapter 2 attempts to present actual cases for discussion in order to providing the scope and focuses of this thesis. Key finding of the presented cases includes substantive legal issues of insolvency laws applied to OTC derivatives transactions and procedural legal issues of dealing with cross-border insolvency events. Matters aforementioned will be addressed in further chapters. Chapter 3 describes the basic understanding of OTC derivatives and the legal elements of participants’ transaction contracts in market practice. This chapter also describes the concepts of “the single agreement approach” and “close-out netting provisions”. As academic opinions and practical views mentioned, close-out netting provisions encompass the functions of eliminating the risk of “cherry-picking” by a liquidator in the insolvency proceeding, minimizing counterparty credit risk by calculating exposures on a net basis, promoting the possibility of re-hedging transactions, applying lower capital requirements by regulators to refer to netted transactions for bank industry, and reducing systemic risk in the financial system. Insolvency law systems which allow the effectiveness of close-out netting provisions heavily rationalize the legislation as being founded on preventing the threat of systemic risk. While some academic papers argue that the rationalization on the basis of reducing systemic risk is unconvincing or unnecessary for reasons. Chapter 3 primarily concerns the connections between OTC derivatives contracts and insolvency law systems, in the dimension of substantive legal issues. What addressed in this chapter is highly connected with the subsequent chapters. Chapter 4 describes the general principles of insolvency laws at first, and then observes the exclusions of OTC derivatives transactions under insolvency law systems of U.S., UK, EU, Japan and Taiwan respectively, focusing on issues respecting of validity and enforceability of close-out netting provisions. Compared with Chapter 3 which describes the functions of close-out netting stated by advocators, this chapter illustrates challenges or arguments posed by academic papers with different views. Reference to the relevant academic opinions, this thesis considers that the effectiveness of close-out netting provisions shall, at least, be subject to restrictions to a reasonable extent, such as temporary stays on early termination rights as well as on enforcement rights of security interests, application of the bail-in tool in SIFIs’ resolution procedures, and each party’s good faith. The aforesaid views are also proposed to be referenced by Taiwan’s law regime in the future. In the end of this chapter, it analyzes the cases presented in Chapter 2 within the scope of substantive issues of insolvency laws, and concludes that both U.S. bankruptcy court’s ruling and UK courts’ decisions on the flip clause embedded in CDO instruments are correct respectively pursuant to their own insolvency laws and public policies. In addition, this thesis is in the opinion that the flip clause shall be effective under Taiwan’s current insolvency law system. Chapter 5 will first describe the international guidelines suggested by G20 after 2007-2009 financial crisis. It will then go on to introduce the financial regulatory reforms adopted by U.S. and EU following G20’s guidelines, including the mandatory requirements for trading on the regulated platforms, clearing through a central counterparty (CCP), reporting to a trade repository (TR), and exchanging margins for non-centrally cleared OTC derivative transactions. Besides, the concept of substituted compliance is briefly explained herein for implementing the regulatory regimes to cross-border activities. Chapter 5 also observes the connections between the aforesaid regulatory reforms and cross-border insolvency events. Under the structure of this thesis, substantive legal issues in Chapter 4 and procedural legal issues in Chapter 6 are bridged by Chapter 5. While Chapter 6 emphasizes on ex post measures to handle cross-border insolvency events, this Chapter 5 considers ex ante measures that monitor and supervise OTC derivatives markets and that also have been expected to promote ex post measures in case. Chapter 6 addresses the procedural aspects while dealing with cross-border insolvency cases. First, the theoretical principles for cross-border insolvency law are explained, including universality, territoriality, modified universality and modern territoriality. It herein also introduces legislative regimes in relation to UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency and some jurisdictions’ international insolvency laws. Second, it turns to suggestions made by FSB. Third, the recent international trend in market practice is observed. Then, section 4 of this Chapter proposes framework of regulatory aspects and cooperation arrangements to process cross-border insolvency events, comprehensively in the substantive and the procedural dimensions. Lastly, it analyzes the cases presented in Chapter 2 within the scope of procedural issues of insolvency laws. Chapter 7 summaries conclusions on this thesis and on issues raised in Chapter 2. This final Chapter also tries to provide suggestions to our financial market participants in Taiwan.
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國家公權力對於罷工之介入 ─以警察權限發動為中心 / Study on the Impact of Authority Intervene in Strike ─The Case of Exercising the Police Authority

章文傑 Unknown Date (has links)
所謂「罷工」,是指「多數勞工有計畫性的不履行其勞務」而言。至於「糾察線」,一般而言是指工會在進行罷工時,為了鼓勵其他受僱人支持該工會之行動,而由工會成員或參與「罷工」者,手持標語而在雇主之工作場所入口處所進行的說服行為。然而,一個可以想像、同時也是過去時常發生的問題─雇主可不可以直接請求國家主動介入,甚至進一步排除勞方所發動的各項爭議手段?若自警察權限行使的角度出發,目前學理上所存在的幾個重要的警察任務,除了傳統的「危害防止」之外,新興的「危害預防」以及備受爭議的「私權保護」,似乎都可以是警察介入勞資爭議事件的理由。除了前述思考外,若就勞資爭議事件的外觀觀之,由於爭議行為是屬於勞工集體性權利行使後的結果,因此在此一集體性外觀之下,以規範特定多數人集體意志行動的「集會遊行法」似乎就存有介入的空間。然而,若我們認為勞工的集體性權利在憲法上有其獨特的地位,而應受到特別的保障,但卻又允許充滿諸多不合理規範的「集會遊行法」恣意介入,這是否已經形成了「憲法上允許、但實定法上不允許」的矛盾結果?因此,在特定法領域內進行思考時,應同時考慮罷工背後所代表的獨特社會意義,並試著融入此一理念,不宜以該領域內的原理原理原普遍性的適用於罷工事件,而導致罷工遭到實質上架空的結果。在此一思考下,在具體的勞資爭議事件中,除了考量警察的核心任務要件外,勞動法領域內重要的原理原則,例如「團體協約自治」、「國家中立原則」、「爭議對等原則」等,也是重要的判斷因素。 首先,若我們面對的是「罷工」時,若就「危害防止」任務的角度,雖然勞工在調解不成立、且經過罷工投票程序正式取得罷工權後,將會形成外觀上可具體辨認的「危害」,但「罷工」本質上為單純的民事上債務不履行,不會對警察所欲保護的「公共安全」法益形成侵害,因此警察不得以「危害防止」為由介入;其次,若是「私權保護」任務,「罷工」雖屬純粹的私權爭執,因而落入警察之「私權保護」任務之範疇,但「罷工」所形成的危害不具有不可回復性,且因勞工主管機關在勞資爭議事件中的頻繁介入,實際上也不能滿足「輔助性」的要求,因此縱經雇主請求,警察亦不能以「私權保護」為由介入;其三,依據警察的「危害預防」任務,若罷工中的勞工若具有集會遊行的外觀時,警察可以依據警察職權行使法第9條針對在場的勞工進行資料蒐集,但其權限行使範圍不包括「不具集會遊行外觀的罷工活動」,例如工會幹部於罷工前私下進行的聯繫與討論等;其四,若有存在集會遊行外觀的罷工行動時,以罷工為目的的集會遊行雖不能與「罷工」本身畫上等號,但此類集會遊行的核心精神仍是在於強化罷工本身的效果,因此基於憲法上對於集體性同盟自由的最大保障,應認為此類集會遊行應不受集會遊行法所規範,因此警察不得以集會遊行法為由強行介入;退步言之,縱然是採取「以罷工為目的的集會遊行」應受集會遊行法所規範的見解,仍應認為該集會遊行屬於集會遊行法第8條第1項第1款之「依法令規定舉行」之例外,因此毋庸事前申請。但我們在以警察法的角度思考之餘,仍應進一步考量「爭議對等原則」及「國家中立原則」的立場,因此前述自警察法角度得出的結論應再進一步修正,亦即不應允許警察以「危害預防」任務以及「集會遊行法」為由,過度干預勞工的爭議權行使。 而警察若面對的是「糾察線」時,又應如何處理?首先,就「危害防止」任務而言,仍可以集體勞動法領域的「和平勸服說」作為警察的職權發動判斷依據;其次,在「私權保護」任務的部分,若糾察線的設置導致激烈的衝突,而使行為人因而該當特定刑法構成要件時,因已經經過刑法所保護的特定法益並非「未經刑罰或公法化」之私權,不能滿足「私權保護」任務之前提,因此警察當然不能以此為由加以介入;其三,在「危害預防」任務的部分,警察可以依據警察職權行使法第9條針對糾察線設置現場的勞工進行資料蒐集;其四,在「集會遊行法」的部分,本文採取與罷工相同的看法,亦即一個以罷工為目的的集會遊行,由於其核心精神仍是在於勞動條件的談判,基於憲法上對於集體性同盟自由的最大保障,應認為此類集會遊行應不受集會遊行法所規範,因此警察不得以集會遊行法為由強行介入。而糾察線屬於附隨於罷工的重要爭議行為,其既為同盟自由所保障的集體勞動行為之一,亦應為相同解釋,因此就此一問題應採取否定的看法。至於「爭議對等原則」及「國家中立原則」的部分,若考量個別糾察線的設置若因違反刑法而遭到警察介入時,不必然會影響其他正在進行的爭議行為,換言之,個別糾察線設置的排除不必然會導致勞方的整體抗爭力量被過度削弱,因此仍應允許警察在滿足「危害防止」及「危害預防」任務要件的同時,主動發動其職權,例如以強制力排除侵害以及事先進行資料蒐集等。
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全民健保制度下使用自費醫材之規制 / The regulation of medical materials at their own expense in national health insurance system

謝瑞洋, Jui-Yang Hsieh Unknown Date (has links)
中央健康保險局於2010年1月1日推動住院醫療費用採「診斷關聯群制度」的支付方式,其主要目的為控制醫療費用的不合理成長,期能拉近健保費用的收支差距,化解財務危機,並將健保財務風險轉嫁到醫療機構、或說是醫事人員來承擔。於2011年1月26日新修訂的二代健保,更擴大保費基礎,促使更多被保險人使用者付費。然而診斷關聯群制度之給付,實已包含當次住院所訂各項相關費用,故中央健保局在約佔整體健保業務支付20%的一五五項「診斷關聯群制度」內「禁止使用自費醫材」,令各醫療院所對已納入健保給付,且符合適應症者,皆不可向病患收取自費,如有尚未收載之自費項目,應先向總局申請核價,在未核價前仍不可收取自費。且健保局自2010年7月起加強審查案件,針對醫療院所向病患收取手術及特材自費之情形,將逕予不給付,並發函限期改善,未改善者,將依「全民健康保險法」、「全民健康保險醫事服務機構特約及管理辦法」辦理。 觀察世界主要先進國家的健康醫療保險制度,其「傳統醫療體制」,可約略簡化成一光譜,若其極左端為英國之「公醫制度」,則其極右端為美國之「市場化自由醫療」。相對地德國之「社會福利市場經濟醫療保險」可謂處於光譜偏左路線,日本之「國家主導的醫療保險」則屬於中間偏右。然而在近年因應情勢所迫,英國漸鬆綁公醫制度、美國努力邁向全民健保、日本強調社會共生、德國擴大自費承擔之後,各國逐漸朝向醫療體系光譜的中央移動,形成中庸路線,此可成為我國健保改革方向之借鏡。 上有政策,下有對策,醫療院所因應之道與實然之臨床面若非照舊視臨床所需,或配合健保停止使用自費醫材,或改成完全自費醫療,或變通減少使用自費醫材的比率、參雜使用自費醫材,或另設商店專櫃售醫材,讓醫療院所與自費醫材關係脫鉤。然而變通減少使用自費醫材的比率是違法行為,而參雜使用自費醫材畢竟是脫法行為。 在日益普及的私人商業醫療保險下,民眾提高商業健保附加險保費的同時無非於保險事故發生時,得到雙重保障,或多或少因此產生較高的新道德危險。醫療院所在健保局嚴苛支付制度改革下,轉型多元經營自費醫療產業,也對民眾產生新道德危險而推波助瀾地「增加」民眾利用商業醫療保險的使用率。「診斷關聯群制度」下使用自費醫材禁止則抑制被保險人追求高品質健康的理想,防堵了商業保險理賠金額提升,但對健保局降低保費的給付有限,對被保險人健康提升無助益,相反地卻可大大降低私人商業保險理賠負擔而減緩其責任。 其實健保特約的限制,不宜過度介入與變更醫療核心價值,否則會讓醫療品質退步,最終「以健保規章取代醫學教科書」。解決之道為健保局只能承擔符合健保規定之「適當醫療服務」費用,其他費用應回歸醫療契約債之本旨,讓契約兩造當事人自行處理。使用自費分擔方式可緩和健保局財務窘況,亦可分擔醫療給付的拮据。保險人應妥善健全提供符合最低人性尊嚴需求之醫療體系,至於有人無力負擔自負額,以致僅獲得較低或較危險的醫療服務,也是自由市場經濟運作下在所難免之殘酷事實。 依目前中央健保局函釋認為,納入「診斷關聯群制度」之病患,因健保局已包裹支付其醫療費用,若擅自「額外」要求病人自費,就是「實質收受全額健保給付費用、實際卻只應用部分健保支付品項」,故不得收取自費,否則有詐欺保險人之嫌。建議健保局可精算後,抽離並扣除此健保支付之主要醫材費用後,再另行公布所應支付的定額範圍,而非完全禁止自費。如斯作法只是「技術上的問題」,並非不可解決,也才不至於讓保險人、醫事服務機構、保險對象陷入僵局,可讓純粹為服務病患之醫事人員,從保險詐欺罪中解套。 醫療糾紛時最重要的是如何有效填補病患或其家屬的損害,這種民事賠償責任的確立,是處理醫療糾紛的主軸,在刑事上主要目的是在請求刑事訴訟中能附帶民事賠償。在醫事服務機構違反健保規定致保險對象損害時,保險對象只能向保險人監督機關提出「申訴」,要求糾正。然而在醫事服務機構遵照健保規定卻致保險對象損害時,如禁止納入「診斷關聯群制度」之病患使用自費醫材,若保險對象有其自費醫材之使用適應症、本身有意願使用、醫事人員也有能力提供服務,醫事人員卻礙於健保規章而使用「診斷關聯群制度」所提供之醫材,最終卻致保險對象損害之事實發生,則保險人可能具有國家賠償之責任。 基於對憲法基本人權的權衡,可知福利國家內不應全面「診斷關連群制度下自費醫材使用禁止」,而「診斷關連群制度下自費醫材使用禁止」亦是對人性尊嚴之挑戰與侵犯、平等權之背離、生存權之限制、自費醫材廠商之工作權侵害、醫學研究之學術自由迫害,如此完全無法通過比例原則的檢視考驗。 社會福利制度的建構,需要各領域的專才共同致力解決,提出更深入的檢討與批判,以促成健保制度更趨完美、人民健康更受保障。所推動之「診斷關聯群制度」應權衡諸方權益,例如健保給付醫療機構的水準高低,對病人及醫療人員醫療選擇自由限縮的程度,與廠商營業結構的影響等,事先就應該全盤考量,統合相關的法規與憲法規範意旨,並檢驗所有可能之相關基本權的限制是否踰越界限,擬定合憲政策方針後,方能依循施行之。由此可知健保局對於納入「診斷關聯群制度」下的病患禁止使用自費醫材所做的規制,仍然必須合乎憲法保障人民自由權與平等權的規範要求,不得逾越憲法第二十三條及其所蘊含之比例原則的規範要求。「禁止使用自費醫材」將會對病人醫療尊嚴、自決權與平等權,醫事人員學術自由,及自費廠商之工作權構成限制。衛生機關應就全民健保管理監督而通盤檢討改善,始符憲法建立公平、有效社會安全體制之意旨,創造出被保險人、保險醫事服務機構及保險人均能獲得三贏的局面。
88

專利聯盟所涉及專利權濫用問題之研究 / The research of patent misuse issues in patent pool licensing

何曜任, Ho, Yao Jen Unknown Date (has links)
專利聯盟(patent pools)可以創造龐大的促進競爭效益,但是同時也可能產生妨礙競爭與創新之疑慮,若法律完全不對專利聯盟之運作進行規範,專利權人將得以利用專利聯盟制度作為提昇自己市場獨占力量,抑制市場競爭,甚至是濫用專利排他權的工具。為了畫下專利權人正當行使權利之界限,維護專利制度的政策目的,以規範專利聯盟所產生之專利權濫用問題,美國的法制上遂逐漸發展出以專利權濫用原則(patent misuse doctrine)與競爭法(即美國之反托拉斯法),對專利聯盟進行管制的結構。美國法上之專利權濫用原則創設之初係為了限制輔助侵權理論之適用,此理論最初與競爭法制並無交集,判斷的重點在於專利權人是否逾越其權限,之後隨著1988年美國專利法之修正,以及學理實務的改變,現今專利權濫用原則的認定已牽涉競爭法「合理原則」之判斷,然而,許多爭議也逐漸浮現,例如應如何判斷專利權人在專利聯盟中所為之限制競爭行為是否成立濫用,專利權濫用原則與競爭法之間之關係為何,甚至專利權濫用原則本身是否仍有必要存在,這些問題都尚待解決,因此現今正是對專利權濫用理論進行全面檢討之時機。 本文以下將針對專利聯盟所涉及之專利權濫用問題進行研究,對於實務上專利權人利用專利聯盟所進行之搭售、包裹授權、聯合訂價、競業禁止條款等行為進行觀察,並對其所涉及之專利權濫用問題進行初步分析。基於此一研究所獲得之基礎,本文將嘗試指出專利權濫用理論值得檢討之處,並指出專利權濫用理論兼具專利制度和競爭法制之特質,也反映了兩者間之衝突,其亦具有能夠與時俱進,以及反映專利制度政策公益之特質,因此仍有繼續存在價值。尤其係在專利聯盟成員利用彼此間競業禁止協議抑制新生替代性技術發展之情形,法院在適用競爭法合理原則時,往往因為專利聯盟所創造的促進競爭效益,以及新生技術未來發展的不確定性,而傾向認定此種契約條款為合法,忽略其所產生之抑制創新問題,此時即有適用專利權濫用原則之空間。此外,更可以考慮以我國民法第148條所規範之誠信原則與權利濫用原則作為將專利權濫用理論引入我國法之基礎,而在尚未引入以前,對於專利聯盟所涉及之專利權濫用問題,我國實務可以將美國法專利權濫用原則之理論基礎作為操作民法第148條、專利法第60條、公平交易法第18條及第19條以及其他相關規定時之指導原則。本文之意旨並非在完全以專利權濫用原則取代競爭法規範的角色,而係期待實務上應當設法對專利權濫用原則之價值進行重新評估,以賦予專利權濫用原則嶄新之生命,讓專利權濫用原則與競爭法共同形成一個完善、合理的專利權行使規範體系。 / Patent pool licensing can both create enormous pro-competitive and anti-competitive effects. Without legal intervention, the patentee would be able to manipulate the patent pool system as a mean to increase his own monopoly power, suppress competition in the market, and even misuse his patent exclusive power. In order to prevent the misuse of patent rights, protect patent policy and regulate patent misuse issues in patent pools, the U.S law system employs the “patent misuse doctrine” and competition law (antitrust law) to deal with the above issues. The patent misuse doctrine was initially designed to limit the overexpansion of the contributory infringement theory and has no relationship with competition law. The essential factor to constitute patent misuse is that the patentee extends the patent monopoly over the statutory scope of his patent right. Nevertheless, in pace with the Patent Misuse Reform Act of 1988 and the conversion of the legal practice, the patent misuse doctrine has begun to intertwine with competition law’s “rule of reason” analysis. Gradually, many disputes have emerged, such as how to determine whether the patentee’s conduct constitutes patent misuse in patent pools, what is the relationship between the patent misuse doctrine and competition law, and whether the patent misuse doctrine itself is necessary to exist. Therefore, it is high time to conduct a comprehensive review of the patent misuse theory. This article will provide insights to patent misuse issues in patent pool licensing, such as tie-in arrangement, package licensing, price fixing, non-competition agreements, etc, and review the theoretical basis of the patent misuse doctrine. This article will also submit that the patent misuse doctrine is a doctrine which has both the characteristics of patent law and competition law and can compromise the interests of these two areas of regulations. It can also reflect patent policy and grow and change with time. Therefore, it is a doctrine which should continue to exist. Particularly, in the situation which patent pool members use non-competition agreements to suppress the development of nascent substitute technologies, courts would often consider this kind of agreement to be legal because of the enormous pro-competitive effects created by the patent pool and the uncertainty of the future development of the nascent technology. At this moment, it is necessary to apply the patent misuse doctrine to deal with the problem. In addition, the principle of good faith which is encoded in article 148 of the civil code may be an appropriate medium to introduce the patent misuse doctrine into our legal system. Even if it is not yet introduced into our system, the patent misuse doctrine could be the guiding principle for our legal practitioners to apply article 148 of the civil code, article 60 of the patent act, article 18 and article 19 of the Fair Trade Act in order to deal with patent misuse issues in patent pool licensing. This article supports that the patent misuse doctrine should be refined and cooperate with competition law in order to form a complete regulation of patent misuse conducts, but it does not submit that current competition law should be entirely replaced by the patent misuse doctrine.
89

關係企業內調職問題之研究

彭敬元 Unknown Date (has links)
關係企業的經營型態已在我國占有日漸重要的地位,近年來我國公司在外國或大陸地區設立公司之情形亦時有所聞,此二者皆因此連帶引發了勞動法上的問題,究竟雇主可否使勞工在關係企業中不同公司間調職?甚至調職到我國境外之關係企業其他公司?此與傳統上企業內調職的不同點在於,此時勞工於各公司間的調職涉及勞工於不同法人格間的變動,雇主是否當然有此權利,即不無深究之餘地。 基此,本文將從以下幾個面向來探討關係企業內調職之問題:1.在何等情況下構成關係企業?此由於勞動法上並無相關法制之訂定,故需從其他領域實定法著手,又設若從其他領域實定法著手,是否可全盤移植於勞動法亦屬討論範圍;2.關係企業範圍界定後,是否會對於勞動法上的雇主概念造成影響,進一步而言,是影響到勞動契約上雇主概念,抑或是影響到功能性雇主概念,或者,在何種情況下該二者始會受到影響?3.關係企業內調職的概念為何?其與雇主指示權的關係,與企業內調職、派遣、出差等概念究竟有何異同?4.雇主得否事前取得使勞工於關係企業內調職之權利,若是,是在何種情形下雇主始能取得?5.勞動法之終止保護是否能夠擴及於關係企業,若是,是在何種情況下擴及?6.勞工於關係企業內調職後重要勞動條件應該如何因應之問題。 本論文希冀能夠將上述問題一一釐清,而讓勞資雙方能夠清楚了解雙方之權利義務分別為何,防範爭議於未然,共創與共享經濟之價值。
90

論營業秘密法之不可避免揭露原則 / Inevitable Disclosure Doctrine in Trade Secret Law

陳詩帆, Chen, Shih Fan Unknown Date (has links)
近年來頻傳科技業高階主管跳槽到競爭對手,而我國於二〇一三年增訂營業秘密的刑事責任,營業秘密的保護與人才流動兩者之間的關係,越來越受到關注,特別是台積電與梁孟松案,智慧財產法院於二〇一二年三月台積電訴梁孟松案假處分裁定採納不可避免揭露原則,在後續的判決中亦論及不可避免揭露原則,使此一原則開始受到國內智慧財產權法實務及學術界之相當關注。 不可避免揭露原則係源自美國法上之司法實踐,本文首先介紹美國法上不可避免揭露原則的理論基礎,透過五個重要判決(Allis-Chalmers v. Continental案、PepsiCo v. Redmond案、Bimbo v. Botticella案、Whyte v. Schlage案和EarthWeb v. Schlack案)介紹不可避免揭露原則的發展,分析不可避免揭露原則的要素,包括兩間公司的競爭程度、營業秘密之認定、員工職務的近似程度、違反誠信的行為和與保密協議、競業禁止條款的關係,並且整理出四種不同的適用類型即完全適用、擴張適用、限縮適用和拒絕適用,繼而以之分析美國各州的適用情形。最後,回歸到我國台積電訴梁孟松案,分析該案是否適合導入或參考美國法之不可避免揭露原則之各項考量因素,並評析法院對於不可避免揭露原則的見解包括採納不可避免揭露原則的適用類型,輔以我國目前實務發展,探討不可避免揭露原則是否應該引入我國,包括是否違反我國法律規定、與美國法制的差異是否影響不可避免揭露原則的適用和價值衡平與政策考量。 / In recent years, hi-tech companies in Taiwan occasionally need to cope with crisis where their executives decide to join competitors’ firms. Along with the 2013 amendment in Trade Secrets Law, which crminizlized trade secrets infringemenet, the relationship between the trade secret protection and job mobility has drew wide attention from IP practitioers and academia. In the case of TSMC v. Liang, the Intellectual Property Court first applied the inevitable disclosure doctrine in an injunction relief. Since the inevitable disclosure doctrine originates from the judicial development of the United States (U.S) trade secret law, the thesis first introduces the basic idea of the inevitable disclosure doctrine in the U.S., and then through five representative cases, including Allis-Calmers v. Continental, PepsiCo v. Redmond, Bimbo v. Botticella, Whyte v. Schlage, and EarthWeb v. Schlack. It then investigates the overall development of the inevitable disclosure doctrine in the U.S.. Based on the case-law development, the thesis further analyzes the essential factors of the inevitable disclosure doctrine incluing the competition between rivals, indentification of trade secrets, job similarity, dishonest act and the relationship with non-disclosure agreement and covenant not to compete. It also catalgorizes four types of judicial application of the inevitable disclosure doctrine, including the original, extended, limited and rejected type. Furthermore, the thesis analyzes the type of application of the inevitable disclosure doctrine in each state in the U.S.. Last but not least, back to TSMC v. Liang, the thesis analyzes if the above-mentioned factors of the inevitable disclosure doctrine fit in the case, and reviews the court ruling about the inevitable disclosure doctrine. In conclusion, based on the current development of judicial practice, the thesis assesses the application of inevitable disclosure doctrine in Trade Secrets Law in Taiwan with the polict goal to balance various interests.

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