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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

國小學童幼兒時期英語學習經驗與國語學習之相關研究--以台北市文山區為例 / A Study of the Relationship between English Learning Experience in Early Childhood and Mandarin Learning Attitude and Achievement at the Stage of Elementary School︰the Case of Mucha Area

趙月華, Chao, Yueh-hua Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要在探討幼兒時期「英語學習經驗」對國小階段「國語學習態度」與「國語學習成就表現」之影響性。研究中分別以「有/無學習英語」、「學習起始年段」、「學習年數」及「每週學習時數」作為幼兒時期英語學習經驗之代理變數;「國語學習態度」的評量包括認知、情感及行為三個成分;而「國語學習成就表現」係採用國語能力測驗分數與在校國語成績作為評量。 本研究採用問卷調查及深度訪談法,問卷調查方面,係以台北市文山區市立國小二年級339名學童及四年級341名學童為研究對象。訪談方面,共訪談44名學童、45位家長、以及15位國小教師。 本研究結果顯示,雖然幼兒時期英語學習經驗對學童國小階段的國語學習態度不具有顯著的影響性,但本研究獲得若干證據支持幼兒時期英語學習經驗有助於學童國小初期的國語學習成就表現。具體的研究結果指出:(一)幼兒時期「有學習英語」的學童,其小學二年級的平均國語能力測驗與國語學年成績優於幼兒時期「無學習英語」的學童;(二)幼兒時期「有學習英語」與「無學習英語」的學童,其小學四年級的平均國語學習成就表現無明顯差異。 另外,本研究從學童、家長及教師之深度訪談中,彙整出如下意見:(一)雖然幼兒時期英語學習與國語學習在時間上會產生相互排擠的問題,然在學習過程中,二者關係可以為正向或負向,而家長及教師的態度是其主要的中介變項;(二)當英語學習年段早於國語,或太晚學習國語,學童之學習態度較可能受影響;(三)幼兒時期英語學習年數愈長的學童會傾向認為國語的學習較英語難;(四)幼兒時期每週學習英語時數愈多,學習年數愈長,即有可能影響國語學習態度;(五)幼兒時期每週學習英語時數愈多,學習國語的時間相對減少,因此在小學初期,其國語學習成就會較差。然而,此影響會隨著日後學習及使用國語越多(年級越高)而降低。最後,本研究並提出若干建議供教育主管單位、國小教師、幼稚園教師及家長參考。 / This study aims to explore the impact of English learning experience in early childhood on Mandarin learning attitude and achievement at the stage of elementary school. Variables ‘English-learning dummy’ ‘age of English learning’ ‘number of years of learning English’ ‘hours per week in English-learning’ are used as proxies for experience of English learning. Learning attitude in Mandarin is measured in three dimensions (cognition, affection, and behavior), and learning achievement in Mandarin is represented by ‘score’ on Verbal Ability Development Test Battery(VADTB) and ‘academic achievement’ of Mandarin in school(MAA). Questionnaire survey and in-depth interview are concurrently used in this study. The Six hundred and eighty subjects were drawn from six elementary schools in Mucha Area of Taipei City. The other sample, used for in-depth interviews, includes 44 students, 45 parents, and 15 elementary school teachers. The results show that no relationship exists between English learning experience in early childhood and learning attitude at the stage of elementary school. However, some evidence indicates that English learning in early childhood does help Mandarin study at the subsequent stage. Specifically, this study demonstrates that, for the 2nd grade student group, VADTB and MAA scores of students with early childhood’s English learning experience are significantly higher than those students without any childhood English learning experience. In addition, MAA score of students with 2-3 years’ English experience prior to elementary school is significantly higher than those without any English experience. Moreover, the in-depth interviews with students, parents, and teachers indicate as follows: (1) there is a mixed outcomes when estimating the impact of early-childhood English learning on Mandarin learning, depending on teachers and parents’ attitude; (2) if students learn English before Mandarin, or learn Mandarin in later years, their attitude toward Mandarin learning will not be so positive; (3) the longer the students learn English in early childhood, the more they will prefer English. 4) Finally, suggestions are given in the end for policy making and people related.
52

線上小組遊戲競賽教學法對學習成效影響之探討(以高中數學為例) / An Investigation of the influence online team game tournament has on learning performance: take senior high mathematics for example

蘇順聖, Su, Shun Sheng Unknown Date (has links)
本篇研究屬於行動研究,在「資訊融入教學」的口號下,利用moodle 系統 建立「十年數木百年數人」教學平台,配合高中數學課程提供線上輔助學習資料, 並搭配討論區之方式輔助學習。 然而同學們的使用率不高,線上學習的成效不彰,無法達到預期的功效。經 過文獻探討的過程,考量線上學習之特性及各種線上學習理論基礎,決定以合作 學習為基礎,遊戲學習為導向,取法即時戰略遊戲之特性,規劃教學策略,設計 一個可以跨班級合作學習的競賽搶答系統,藉以取代平時測驗的教學機制。 在2007 年3~4 月期間,對研究者所任教之台北市立陽明高中一年四班、一 年五班、一年六班進行實驗,藉由實驗法與問卷法驗證此教學策略之教學成效, 結果顯示: 一、客觀成績無法證明線上競賽搶答的教學設計優於傳統利用小考的教學設 計,故得到此跨班級的競賽合作學習方式無法提升成績的結論。然而對 教師而言,可以彌補因經驗上的不足所造成的學習成效差距。。 二、跨班級的競賽合作學習方式無法改變學生的自我學科能力認知。 三、對於程度中上的學生而言,線上學習(課業輔導模式)是較不被接受的。 四、跨班級的競賽合作學習方式無法改變學生的學習態度。 五、此跨班級的競賽合作學習方式可以提升合作學習風氣。
53

新移民子女學習態度與策略對學習成就影響之研究 / The research about learning attitude and strategy of new immigrants' children which influence their learning achievement

葉柳眉 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要在探討臺北縣、市國民中學新移民子女學習態度與策略及學習成就之指標、內涵與現況,進一步建構預測分析的模式,再依研究結果提出建議。 為達上述目的,本研究係採取文獻分析法及問卷調查法進行研究, ,並以編製之「新移民子女學習態度與策略對學習成就影響問卷」為主要研究工具,以探討不同背景(包含學校所在地、性別、母親、家庭)之新移民子女其學習態度與策略對學習成就之影響;進一步以97學年度臺北縣、市國民中學新移民子女國三學生為實施調查之對象,問卷共計發出600份,回收410 份,有效問卷402份,可用率67%,調查結果應用SPSS12.0統計套裝軟體進行分析,問卷資料以平均數、標準差、t考驗、單因子變異數分析,以及積差相關、多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行處理。並根據研究結果提出具體建議,提供學校行政單位、國中教師及未來研究之參考。 茲針對研究發現,歸納本研究之結論,敘述如下: 一、新移民子女學習態度與策略及學習成就的指標、內涵與現況 (一)新移民子女學習態度與策略包括學習動機、學習興趣、學習習慣、學習方法、學習信心、學習焦慮、學習過程、自我測驗八個向度,其整體、分向度得分均為中程度,其中以自我測驗得分最高。 (二)新移民子女學習成就包括國文領域、作文、英文領域、數學領域、自然領域、社會領域、總成績、PR值、最煩惱的領域、最感興趣的十個向度,其整體、分向度的得分,除PR值分向度為中程度外,其餘皆為中低程度。 二、不同背景變項在新移民子女學習態度與策略及學習成就之差異情形 (一)不同背景變項在新移民子女學習態度與策略的得分方面:研究發現在性別、母親教育程度、母親中文程度、家庭學習環境等方面有顯著差異,但在學校所在地、母親國籍上則無顯著差異。 (二)不同背景變項在新移民子女學習成就的得分方面:研究發現在學校、母親教育程度、母親中文程度、家庭學習環境等方面有顯著差異,但在性別、國籍上則無顯著差異。 三、新移民子女學習學習態度與策略及學習成就的相關情形 整體新移民子女學習態度與策略和其整體學習成就間呈現中度正相關,學習成就各分向度中,則以PR值和新移民子女學習態度與策略總量表的相關程度最高。 四、新移民子女學習學習態度各向度對學習成就的預測情形 新移民子女學習態度與策略之學習習慣、學習信心及學習興趣三向度對整體新移民子女學習成就的聯合預測力最佳。 / The purpose of this research is to discuss the targets and present situation of learning attitude , strategy and achievement of new immigrants’ children in Taipei city and Taipei county. According to the document analysis, we provide some suggestion. In order to reach this goal ,literature analysis and the questionnaire survey were used in this research. The samples of students were selected from the third grade of junior high schools with new immigrants’ children. All of the 600 questionnaires were distributed with 410 returned and 8 nullities. With the effective questionnaire of 402, All data had been dealt and analyzed by SPSS for Windows 10.0, descriptive statistics, three-way ANOVA and canonical correlation analysis. and the results obtained as follows: (1) the targets and present situation of learning attitude , strategy and achievement of new immigrants’ children a. the targets of learning attitude and strategy of new immigrants’ children including learning motivations, learning interests, learning habits, learning methods, learning confidence, learning anxiety, learning procedure , self-testing. All items are average and self-testing is the highest. b. Learning achievement including Chinese, writing, English, math, science, society, grades, PR’s value, annoying subject, interesting subject. All items are below average except PR’s value, which is in the average. (2) Different background influence the learning attitude, strategy and achievement of new immigrants’ children a. according to the research, the gender, the educational background of mother, the Chinese degree of mother, learning environment, have significant influence on learning attitude and strategy. b. the educational background of mother, the Chinese degree of mother,the learning environment, have significant influence on learning achievement. (3) Correlated situation between learning attitude , strategy and achievement of new immigrants’ children The whole learning attitude and strategy have positive reference to learning achievement . Among the learning achievement ,PR value is the most significant to attitude and strategy. (4) The forecast of learning attitude to learning achievement Learning habits, learning confidence, and learning interests are the best parts to learning achievement of new immigrants’ children.
54

臺北市高級中學服務學習實施現況與成效之研究 / The Research of the Current Status and Outcomes of Service Learning in High Schools

蕭穗珍, Hsiao, Sui Chen Unknown Date (has links)
服務學習是一個將整個社會資源轉變為學生學習場域的教學方法,它 豐富學生學習的對象、及學習內涵的深度與廣度,也使得學生學習成效從 單純的理論知識提升到全人生命的發展。近年來,眾多學者及專家努力地 傳揚服務學習理念,以及無數教師多年默默地堅持為學生的學習與成長, 甘之如飴的付出心力。因此,當看到教育部能夠重視服務學習、了解其對 學生、學校、及社會可能產生的重大影響力、開始推展服務學習理念時, 相信這群大力鼓吹、或默默推行的先鋒者一定感到非常欣慰與振奮。然 而,更大的責任是將此理念推動到全國高中的教師、學生及家長,並期望 能提供具體與實際的作法說明。 本研究之主要目的,係為了解臺北市各高中推動服務學習的現況與成 效、教師專業知能與自我效能,以及不同之背景變項(人口及學校變項) 對於推動服務學習之困境影響因素與因應。 本研究為達上述之研究目的,採取文獻分析法與問卷調查法進行實證 研究。本研究在問卷調查之外,另行輔以訪談、焦點座談、文件分析等方 式,以補充量化問卷所無法得取之資料。基於此目的,本研究在實施問卷 調查研究後,為使研究更深化,透過半結構式訪談方法、以焦點座談的模 式,邀請臺北市推動服務學習卓有成效的績優學校做深度對話,且輔以纸 筆方式提供各校的推動經驗、規劃理念、執行過程的困境與收穫等。老師、 學生及家長均不吝分享,使本研究更具體展現服務學習方案的實施成果。 本研究之主要發現如下: 一、臺北市高中推動服務學習的現況與實施成效尚可。 二、臺北市高中教師或行政人員對服務學習有正確的認知。 三、教師知覺臺北市高中服務學習之服務知能、自我效能、及困境因應的 成效不同。 四、不同性別教師是影響教師推動服務學習的重要因素。 五、不同學校背景並非影響教師推動服務學習的重要因素。 六、經費、時間及資源不足是推動服務學習的困境 七、服務學習績優學校的共同意象: (一)新思維、新願景、新行動。 (二)品味生活、品質生命、創意生涯。 (三)有活力、具魅力、展光華。 依據文獻探討與統計分析結果,提出本研究之建議如下: ‧ 國 立 政 治 大 學 ‧ Na t i o na l Ch en gc h i U n i v e r s i t y 2 一、對中央主管機關的建議 (一)落實執行服務學習的良善政策。 (二)與高中綜合活動課程作適度的結合。 二、對教育行政主管機關的建議 (一)提供經費挹助及資源支援。 (二)建置服務學習資訊網絡與對話平台。 (三)提供專業進修機會,培訓服務學習種子教師。 (四)結合志願服務法,建立服務學習獎勵政策。 (五)規劃完善的服務學習相關課程。 三、對學校單位的建議 (一)增進社區資源增加與社區(機構)的互動。 (二)加強服務學習之推展且需長時間規劃。 (三)深化教師專業能力、培養教師自我效能及學習統整的教學法。 (四)重視學生的生活主體,結合綜合活動課程實施服務學習教學。 (五)激發學生服務學習動機。 (六)爭取家長的認同及參與,強化支持體系。 四、對後續研究的建議 (一)研究方法方面:質量並重。 (二)研究範圍方面:擴大研究區域。 (三)研究對象方面:擴及家長、學生、社區等之服務者、被服務者及參 與者。 (四)研究領域方面:延長研究時間、增加研究項目、發展研究工具。 (五)研究變項方面:進行質化研究、整合研究變項、向度或層面上加強。 / Service learning is a teaching program that provides students a rich platform of learning that is based not only on the campus but on the entire social resources. Students who participate in this program meet more people as their learning models. They also expand the depth and scope in the knowledge and skills learned. Moreover, students’ learning results indicate that they are more able to lift a simple theory and knowledge into a holistic life development aspect. In recent years, scholars and experts have been putting lots of effort on promoting the service learning concept, not mentioning about the striving of supportive teachers who are always looking upon students’ best interest. Seeing that the government now understands the significant impact of this program to students, schools and even to the entire society and starts to promote this program is no doubt a most encouraging event to its pioneer supporters. However, the task doesn’t just end here. It carries out a bigger responsibility to introduce this program to all the teachers, students and parents in high schools nationwide, and provide them with specific and practical instructions. The objective of this research is to find out the problems and difficulties that eventually affect the promotion of service learning. By obtaining the information of current situations and results from high schools in Taipei City that are now enrolling in this program, this research aims to conclude a solution to those problems. Factors observed in this research also include teacher professional knowledge, self efficiency, and background variables (both population and school). In order to accomplish the abovementioned objective, this research, basing on an empirical study, employs documentary analysis technique and questionnaire survey technique. In addition to questionnaire investigation, the research also adopts techniques like interviews, seminars and document analysis to make up the insufficiency of the quantitative questionnaire. Moreover, in order to deepen the research, well‐performed schools of this program in Taipei city were invited to the interviews and seminars to go through a semi‐structured interview for deeper communication and understanding. Schools were encouraged to share their promotion experiences, concept of planning, problems and gains while implementing this program. The main finding of this research is as below: I. The service learning outcome and current situation of high schools in Taipei are acceptable. II. High school teachers and administrative staffs’ recognition to service learning is fairly good in Taipei. III. Teachers aware that the results of service learning respectively in fields of service knowledge, self efficiency and problem solving are different in high schools in Taipei. IV. Teacher’s gender is an important factor that affects the promotion of service learning. V. Differences school background doesn’t serve as an important factor that affect teachers’ promoting service learning. VI. The problem of insufficient self‐efficiency in promoting service learning is generally observed among high school teachers in Taipei. ‧ 國 立 政 治 大 學 ‧ Na t i o na l Ch en gc h i U n i v e r s i t y VII. Common visions about service learning in well performed schools: a. New thinking, new vision, new action b. Experience life, make life well‐qualified and innovated. c. Energetic, attractive and bright. After documentary discussion and statistic analysis to this research, the suggestions are as below: I. Suggestions to the central government authority: a. Improve the policy in promoting and implementing service learning. b. Make appropriate links in between servicing learning to high school integrated activity learning. II. Suggestions to the government education authority: a. Provide budget and resources support b. Build a website and a communication platform for service learning. c. Offer in‐service training, and train seed teachers of service learning. d. Cooperate with the law of volunteer service, and establish a reward policy on service learning. e. Make good plans for service learning relating courses. III. Suggestions to schools: a. Enhance community resources, and increase the interaction with those community institutions. b. Enhance the promotion of service learning on a long‐time plan base. c. Strengthen teachers’ professional ability. Train teachers for the methodology of self‐efficiency and integration of learning. d. Take account of students’ daily life in order to combine service learning with integrated activity courses. e. Motivate students for service learning. f. Obtain parents’ support and enhance the supporting organizations. IV. Suggestions to further studies: a. Research method: equal emphasis both on quality and quantity. b. Research scope: expand research scope. c. Research subject: expand to include parents, students, service providers, service receivers and all participants in the community. d. Research fields: expand research time, increase research items and develop research tools. e. Research variables: conduct qualitative research; enhance and integrate variable research both vertically and horizontally. Key words: service learning, service learning program, service learning outcomes
55

互動式數位學習之設計 / An Interaction-centric e-Learning Design

余玫萱 Unknown Date (has links)
資訊科技對學習引發了全面性的變革,網路無遠弗屆、快速便利的特性,更使得網路學習、線上學習、數位學習等利用網路與資訊科技的結合的學習方式為大家所重視。未來邁入知識經濟後,人們更需要不斷的學習來提昇自己的競爭力,透過學習獲取知識。資訊科技與網路的結合,為數位學習帶來許多的優勢與好處,但是雖然數位學習的網站很多,大多數仍無法達到如傳統學習的學習效果,學習者通常瀏覽過一兩次後,便失去學習的興趣,因此數位學習系統仍缺乏整合性的規劃與開發。   目前網路上許多的數位學習系統提供的互動機制不足,學習者缺乏人際互動的工具與活動,除此之外,許多互動工具無法得到參與學習的使用者之青睞,學習者甚少使用,如同虛設。因此本篇論文企圖設計出一套整合性與互動的數位學習之設計,解決目前網路學習在互動中所遭遇的瓶頸。   本研究從適性學習(Adaptive Learning)、合作學習(Collaborative and Cooperative Learning)與建構學習(Constructive Learning)三方面進行設計,互動機制可以達到此三個目的,進一步讓系統可以支援達成合作學習與建構學習的活動設計。 / Information technology and Internet technology have brought the revolution of learning, training and education. The knowledge economy in the 21st century has made the knowledge become the most important critical success factor. We must continuously learn in order to maintain the competitive advantage. Many corporations and educational institutions have developed their own e-Learning web sites. Because the lack of adequate interactive mechanisms, most of them cannot provide the efficient and effective learning results. Our research aims to develop an interaction-centric e-Learning design and implementation. Based on the adaptive learning, collaborative and cooperative learning, constructive learning concepts, we design an integrated interaction-centric model to develop a set of toolbox to enhance the interactive activities of e-Learning.
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體驗學習在國小社會領域教學之實地研究 / Merging experiential learning into social studies in elementary schools.

林淑敏, Lin, Shu-Min Unknown Date (has links)
本研究依據體驗學習理論,建構一套適用於國小社會領域教學的體驗學習教學模式,包含前導活動、情境互動、經驗反思、應用、歷程反思。為探討以體驗學習教學法進行社會領域教學的實施效果,以北部某國小四年級的四個班級學生為研究對象,三個班級為實驗組進行體驗學習教學,一個班級為對照組進行講述問答教學,進行五週的教學實驗。研究對象在實驗課程結束一週後接受研究者自編之社會領域學習成就測驗,及填答研究者自編之社會領域學習態度量表,在實驗課程結束後六個月再次填答社會領域學習態度量表。另外,在各單元課程結束後,實驗組教師分別填寫一份教學記錄與反思,實驗組學生分別填寫一份學習意見調查表。在質性資料部分,研究者除了觀察各班的教學之外,在實驗課程結束後,對四個班級的師生進行個別訪談。 研究結果主要發現:1.體驗學習有助於學生社會領域學習成就,尤其是高層次認知方面。 2.體驗學習有助於學生社會領域學習態度,尤其是興趣方面。 3.體驗學習有助於學生社會領域長期學習態度,不論是興趣、價值或信心方面。 4.體驗學習最重要的成分為情境、互動、反思。 5.不同教學風格教師均適合使用體驗學習教學法。 6.參與體驗學習教學有助於教師專業成長。 根據研究發現對教學實務提出建議如下:1.不論教師風格為何,均可使用體驗學習教學法,以利於學生高層次認知、興趣和長期學習態度。 2.體驗學習課程設計應有高情境、高互動、高反思。 3.社會領域第二學習階段強調鄉土教育,宜使用體驗學習。 4.使用體驗學習進行社會領域鄉土教學,應善用社區和家長資源。 5.與其他學習領域設計整合體驗學習課程,可解決時間不足的問題。 6.教師參與平等、互信、互助、重反思、重專業的教學行動研究團隊,有助於教師專業成長。 / The main purpose of this study was to understand the effects of merging experiential learning into social studies in elementary schools. Through literature reviews, we constructed a teaching model of merging experiential learning into social studies, including directive activity, situated interaction, reflection of experience, application and reflection of process. Three classes accepted experiential learning were categorized as experimental groups, and one class accepted teacher’s lecture as contrast group. The courses lasted for five weeks in an elementary school in northern Taiwan. All students took social studies achievement test and social studies attitude questionnaire immediately following the courses, and filled up social studies attitude questionnaire again six months after the courses. We also observed the process of the courses, and interviewed teachers and students after the courses. The main findings of this study were as follows: 1.Experiential learning can help improve students’ achievement in social studies, especially in high level cognition. 2.Experiential learning can enhance students’ attitude toward social studies, especially in interest aspect. 3.Experiential learning can promote students’ long-term attitude on social studies, no matter in interest, value, or confidence aspect. 4.The most important elements of experiential learning are situation, interaction, and reflection. 5.Teachers with various types of teaching styles can adapt experiential learning method when teaching social studies. 6.The experience from the participation of the study helps teachers’ professional growth. Finally, some suggestions were proposed based on the conclusions for further studies.
57

米国における協働的な学習の理論的・実践的系譜-「協同学習」および「協調学習」の成立と展開-

福嶋, 祐貴 23 March 2020 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第22195号 / 教博第244号 / 新制||教||191(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科教育科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 石井 英真, 教授 西岡 加名恵, 准教授 服部 憲児 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM
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新北市國民中學科技領導與團隊合作學習成效之個案研究 / A Case Study on the Effects of the Implementation Status Quo of Technology Leadership andTeam-based Learning in Junior High School in New Taipei City

馬蘭英, Ma, Lan Ying Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討團隊合作學習(TBL)教學模式應用成效的現況及差異。另以科技領導實施現況探討科技應用於教學中,提升學生學習成效。 本研究以問卷調查為主、訪談為輔。以研究者自編「團隊學習合作」調查問卷,以新北市某私立中學八年級全體學生為調查對象。計回收有效問卷157份,並採平均數、標準差、單因子變異數等統計方法進行資料的分析與處理;在訪談方面,以新北市某私立中學的校長、主任、組長進行半結構式訪談,以了解科技領導實施現況。 根據研究結果,得到以下主要結論: 一、學習者性別、操作科技器材的熟悉度在團隊合作學習效能上具有顯著差異。 二、團隊合作學習整體效能及其各層面均達到「中高表現」。 三、學校的「科技願景與發展目標結合」、「科技的落實」、「軟硬體導入教學現場」、 「企業式分層管理」是實現學校科技願景的最佳模式。 四、「使組織成員之學習目標與科技訓練結合」、「科技導入課程的實用性」是組 織成員所期盼的。 五、「科技設施採購與借用須按教學需要彈性規定」是學校科技設施支持的關鍵 要素。 六、「課堂觀察」、「教學分享」、「追蹤組織成員使用科技成效」是學校科技評鑑的方式。 七、「取得組織成員信任」、「定時接受科技訓練」、「推動科技之人員具有高專業」是實施科技人際關係與溝通最佳模式。 八、「領域科技人員不足」、「人員異動頻繁」等因素是學校科技領導的阻力。 九、學校行政人員經由科技領導,在學生思考、科技輔助、團隊分組、主動學習、 社會學習各層面學習成效均有所提升。 關鍵詞: 科技領導、團隊合作學習 / The purpose of this study mainly focuses on the current implementation and differences of TBL, Team-based learning. At the same time, with a view to promoting students’ learning effect, current technology leadership strategies are also applied to teaching. The research method of this study is based on questionnaire surveys, assisted with interviews. Based on a survey questionnaire on TBL adapted by researcher along with subjects of all grade eight students from a private middle school in New Taipei City, a total of 157 valid samples, filled with an analysis of data of mean, standard deviation, and one-way analysis variance. The interview is semi-constructed and the subjects are the principal, directors, and section chiefs so as to understand current implementation of tech-led status quo. Accorind to the study results, the findings are as follows: 1. As to the efficacy of TBL, there is an obvious difference among learners’ sex and his or her familiarity to operate technological devices. 2. The efficay of TBL and its related aspect reach the performance of “intermediate”. 3. “The combination of technological vision and its developmental goal”, “The practice of technology”, “Softwares and hardwares introduced to education situations”, and “Enterprise hierarchical supervision” are the best model of implementing school vision of technology 4. A combination of staff’s learning goals and the purpose of its technology training as well as the practicability of courses introduced with technology is what the staff members look forward to. 5. The key element to support school’s technology facilities is flexible rules based on teaching when it comes to purchasing and borrowing the technological facilities. 6. How school technology evaluation works is based on class observation, teaching sharing, and follow-ups of staff members’ use of technology. 7 The best model to implement technological interpersonal relationship and communication is to “access the staff’s trust”, “receive technological training regularly”, and “encourage technology-promoters to receive advanced technology”. 8. The obstacles school technology may encounter are the lack of the techological staff of a specific field and the frequent personnel changes. 9. School administrators will, in students’ thought, technological assistance, team grouping, active learning, and social learning, get promoted through the introduction of technlogy. Keywords: technology leadership, team-based learning
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電視教學之實驗研究

劉信吾 Unknown Date (has links)
學童人數之大量增加,導致各級學校發生師資不足、設備不全、校地難覓、經費結据及學童上學交通之安全等問題;且由於知識量的累積增加,新知識隨時產生,使學習者一方面不易獲得適當的受教場所,一方面也不易獲得最新的知識。教育學者有鑑於此,乃試圖探討一種有效而可行的教學方式,以適應時代進步的需要,電視教學於是應運而生。 電視教學的長處乃在時間、空間方面,具有較大的彈性。一位優良教師在充分準備之後,可以傳授給廣大地區的多數受教育者。惟學生收視電視教學節目時,其學習活動易失於被動的吸收。因此,實施電視教學時,應設法給予學生思攷學習的機會。本實驗研究之嘗試,即在努力於解決上此一問題。 全文共分為五章。第一章為緒論,簡述與本實驗研究有關之基本認識,以及國內外有關電視才學的實驗結論。第二章為實驗研究的方法,說明本實驗研究的範圍、假設、實驗設計以及各種測驗卷之編製。第三章為本實驗電視教學節目之策劃與製作。第四章為實驗所得資料之統計,包括對學習量抽攷試卷和情況及意見調查表之統計,以及統計結果之說明。第五章為結論及書後,簡述本實驗所得之結論,並提出幾點建議。 本論文之完成,承劉師家駿之殷殷指導,程師法泌劉師白如之嘉勉,仁愛國中賴校長晚鐘及師生之鼎力協助、以及友好之督促鼓勵,始得完成,謹此表示真摯的謝意。惟筆者才疏學淺,不當之處.尚請不吝教正是幸。
60

消息量對語言學習之影響

曾志朗 Unknown Date (has links)
當某一個人或某一部機器告訴我們一件以前我們所不知道的事情時,我們就得到了消息(Information)。嚴格地說,任何一項傳達的動作(Communicative acts),只有在它能減少我們對某一件事物的無知或不確知狀態(Ignorance or uncertainty)時,才會帶給我們消息。假定我們投擲一個兩面都是人頭的銅板,在它未著地之前,我們已確知它的答案了,因此縱然觀察到這個動作的結果(Out come),也無任何消息可言;假定我們所投擲的銅板,一面是蘭花,另一面是梅花,則它在未著地之前,我們無法預知向上的一面到底是蘭花,或者是梅花,我們就有某一程度的不確知狀態(Some degree of uncertainty)。當我們觀察其結果,原有的不確知狀態就消失了或減少了。也就是說,我們得到了消息。 從這個觀點,消息之所以發生,乃在於我們預先存有某一程度的不確知狀態。而所謂消息量,就是指不確知狀態所減少的量。因此,就量而言,這兩個概念-消息與不確知狀態-實在是指同一件事情。 Sha nnon(1948) 定義不確知狀態的量(Amount of uncertainty)為: U=-πPi 1og2 Pi, 其單位為bit。 U是不確知狀態的測量(Measure of uncertainty)。 Pi是屬於 i 組之訊號將會發生的可能率。 藉此公式,我們可以把消息加以數量化(Quantification)。 在心理學上,刺激與反應的歷程,比之傳達理論(Communication Theory)中輸入與輸出(Input and output)的歷程是頗為吻合的。我們可以把它們看成各有一個消息空間(Information spce),也就是說各有一組可供選擇的事物,互斥並各有其發生的可能率。(A set of alternatives,mutually exclusive events,with a probability assigned to each of them) 假如消息的概念對人類的行為是有意義的,則在任何抉擇的情境(Choice situation)中,可供選擇之事物的數量(Number of alternatives)對於行為必定有很重要的影響。例如我們想知道被試對某一刺激的反應有多快;他認清一刺激的準確性有多高;及在刺激消失了幾分鐘後,他還能正確回憶的可能率有多大(How quickly a subject will respound to a stimulus, how accurately he will identify a stimulus, how likely he is to remember a stimulus correctly a few minutes after its disappearance)。這些問題不但刺激的性質所影響,同時也要看所可能出現的刺激(或反應)有多少,以及各刺激(或反應)出現的可能率有多少。換句話說,上述的各種測量都與被試的不確知狀態有關。(G.A.Miller,1956;Broadent, 1958) 另一方面,假如我們希望不同程度的不確知狀態或消息量對人類行為有意義,則首先我們必須能表明出整個消息空間,亦即指出所有可供選擇之事物的數量。不確知狀態的量若為無窮,或無法表明(infinite or unspecified),則為無意義。(Cane and Horn, 1951) 從以上的論述,我們知道不確知狀態的概念意含抉擇或辨認(Choice or discrimination)。因此在任何涉及抉擇或辨認的行為情境中,最重要的莫過於對不確知狀態的測量。無疑的,大部份的學習都包含抉擇或辨認的歷程,故只要能指出有多少可供選擇之事物,則反應前不確知狀態的程度必然是學習的一個重要變數。 在一般語言學習(Verbal Learning)的實驗中,我們通常呈現給被試一列表的項目(a list of items),讓他重覆看過幾次,然後要他依項目次序預測下一個將出現的項目,如串系學習(Serial Learning);或者是要他對出現的刺激字做正確的反應,如配對聯結學習(paired-associates Learning)。被試所可能做的預測(Anticipation)或反應,必定取樣自某一消息空間(Sampling from an information space)。這個消息空間乃由所學習列表中的可能反應所形成。因此,從被試的觀點,其每次做預測或做反應之前,必有某一程度的不確知狀態,此與消息空間有直接的關係。故消息量無疑是語言學習中的一項重要變數。 Riley在1952年利用配對聯結的方法研究在不同情境下的學習。他以八個不同的無意義音節(Nonsense syllables)為刺激字,令被試以預測的方式學習另外八個與原來刺激字各自相對的反應字。他把被試分成三組。在第一組中,如果被試所預測的反應字是不正確的,則一個正確的反應字就顯現出來;在第二組中則顯示兩個可能的反應字;第三組則顯示四個可能的反應字。然後比較三組被試學到一次完全正確反應(One perfect response)所需的平均嘗試次數(Mean trials to-criterion)。結果發現第一組成績比第二組好,而第二組又比第三組好。亦即反應不確知狀態(Response uncertainty)的程度增加,則學習的速率就減慢。 Brogden 和Schmidt在1954年也做過類似的實驗,但所用的材料為各種不同的語言迷宮(Verbal maze)。在實驗中,他們改變迷宮每一選擇點的選擇數(Number of choices at each choice point),結果發現在兩個至十二個選擇數中,學會迷宮所需的時間,和迷宮中每一單位之選擇數的多寡,幾乎是成一直線的函數關係。如果以全部的錯誤次數做為測量之標準(Criterion measure),則所得的結果大致相似。 再考慮另一個問題,我們知道在學習一列表的無意義音節或單字中,列表長度(Length of list)一向被認為是學習的重要因素。但是Adelson,Mucker和Williams(1955)卻發現在語言學習中,假如列表的長度固定,則反應不確知狀態就成為一重要之變數。在他們的實驗中,列表的長度都保持十五個項目,但是構成每一列表所用的字母數量卻各不相同。其第一個實驗,情況較為簡單,一共使用四種列表,分別用二、四、六或十五個字母所編製成。在編製列表時,各字母出現的可能率都相等(Chosen at random with equal a priori probability)。最後一個列表因此就包括了所有的十五個字母。實驗的結果指出字母數量增加,則學會該列表所需的次數就隨之增加,除了第四個列表外,幾乎是成一條直線的函數關係。 讓我們來看看第四個列表的情況。由於列表的長度固定為十五個項目,且字母的選取都會經加以平衡(Balanced),因此第四個列表就包括了所有的十五個字母。列表的項目繼續出現,則愈到後來,被試不確知狀態的程度就愈來愈小,這我們可以用統計上自由度(Degree of freedom)的概念來加以了解。故整個列表雖由十五個字母所編成,其平均的不確知狀態的程度(Average uncertainty)卻遠少於log215。例如在出現七個字母後,只剩下八個可能性,此時不確知狀態的量為3bits,而不是3.907bits。 本實驗為了避免上述的困難,使用三個單位的項目(Three units items)來編製列表。改變可供選擇之事物的數量,如五或十,並且項目之形成乃從所有可供選擇之事物中每次取三個,每一個選擇事物(Alternatives)的出現可能率都相等(Equal probabilities of occurrance)。 本實驗之目的,在於研究消息量對語言學習之影響。本實驗並借用劉氏(Liu, in press)的研究方法,在檢驗學習程度時,令被試從所學過項目中的某一片斷(Fragment)去回憶整個項目,希望研究不同大小(0,1,2)的片斷線索(Fragment cue)對回憶之影響,藉以了解學習的歷程。 此外,我們知道在一般語言學習的實驗中,列表之編製通常以英文字母(Alphabet)為單位。但我們也知道字母對被試而言,都是早已建立習慣的單位。假如我們使用被試未曾建立習慣的單位,如無意的圖形(Nonsense designs)□□□等,則對學習之影響,或與字母不同。換句話說,消息量對語言學習之影響,可能與消息本身之性質(意指被試習慣與否)有相互作用(Interaction)的關係。 底下因此而引出三個實驗。

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