醫療保險與服務是維護個人生存，增進民族健康，保障國民基本權之重要國家任務。而除了藥品、醫材、設備、醫院外，接受專業訓練、符合專業知識、技術與道德要求的醫療專業人員，包括醫師，也是醫療系統中不可或缺的要角。但相較之下，關於我國醫師團體在醫療行政法制中的角色尚缺乏完整論述，而本文即在檢視我國醫師團體(包括職業團體與學術團體)在執業管制中的定位與功能。 為了突顯我國醫師團體的特殊性，考量大陸法/英美法、醫療保險體系、醫療水準、與歷史社會等因素，本文選擇了德國、日本、美國、英國與中國大陸作為參照對比。從「醫療服務與醫療行政系統」到「醫師團體發展歷史與現況」，由大縮小、鑑古知今，將各國家地區之醫師團體的背景事實先做系統化整理、分析、並比較，以理解其在各自國家社會體系中的定位。另外，就其在醫師職業管制中管「入」的「執業資格授予」與管「出」的「執業資格廢止」的作用亦做系統化整理、分析、與比較，以認識各該團體在其中的功能。 基於以上的背景事實，再以「公私協力」與「職業自律」深入檢視，我國醫師團體(特別是職業團體之醫師公會) 在醫師職業管制中與國家政府之相對關係和定位，與其在執業資格授予與廢止作用上的功能。 關於我國醫師公會在執業管制法制中地位與功能的調整，本文建議：相較於仿德國例全面肯認醫師公會為「公法人」與政府分工，或仿日美英例鬆綁醫師公會為真正的「私法人」與政府制衡，依我國現實條件可由立法者直接立法或授權行政機關以授權命令賦予醫師公會行政受託人地位，並對稱移轉關於醫師執業資格授予與廢止之特定具體權限給公會，則在此委託範圍內公會即可被視為行政機關，即可對應要求其內部章程、組織、與程序須符合行政法法規與法理。 / Medical insurance and services are national tasks essentially for maintaining personal survival, improving people health, and protecting fundamental civil rights. Along with medicines, medical materials, equipment, and hospitals, medical professionals, including physicians, who have received professional training and met the requirements of expertise, technology and ethics, are indispensable for a working medical system. However, discussions about the roles of physician groups in medical administrative law systems in Taiwan are few. Thus, the present work is to examine positions and functions of physicians groups (including professional groups and academic groups) in the medical practicing regulation in Taiwan. In order to highlight the particularities of Taiwan physician groups and to take account of the differences in the continental law/Common law, medical insurance systems, medical service levels, and historical and social factors, Germany, Japan, the United States and the United Kingdom were selected for reference and comparison. From the "medical service and medical administrative systems" to "development history and present situation of the groups", the background facts of representative physicians groups were systematically collected, analyzed, and compared for comprehension of their positions in the social systems in their respective countries. Besides, regulatory functions of the groups in approving and revoking medical practicing qualifications were also systematically collected, analyzed, and compared for acknowledgement. Based on the above background facts and the concepts of "public-private partnership" and "professional autonomy", we further inspected Taiwan physician groups, especially the professional groups of physicians, to review their relationship with the government in professional regulation, and functions in practicing licensure. Regarding the positions and functions of the professional groups of physicians in medical practicing regulation in Taiwan, the following adjustment is proposed: Rather than adopting the “public legal entity” model for fulfilling national duties as in Germany, or “fully private corporation” model for balancing national regulation as in Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom, our legislatives and administrative authorities could authorize by law the professional groups of physicians to exercise the powers specifically for medical practicing licensure, and thus the groups, as commissioned administrative agencies, should be required to amend their own bylaws, organizations, and procedures about the above authorized areas in concordance with administrative laws.

公私協力與自主規制在現代國家中，作為國家整體管制架構與管制行政之一環，有輔助國家行政機關之功能，減輕國家財力與人力之負擔，其有委託私人行使公權力者，則應有法律保留原則之適用，具公共目的存在與實現之關聯性與合比例性，方符合憲性之要件。若以組織法之規定，或無法律授權基礎之職權命令，均有違法治國之法律保留原則。在勞動契約上，政府透過法規範，對私法自治關係之勞動契約，以核備、備查或核定等之事前審查；在勞工保護上，課雇主以應作為與不作為之強制義務，及勞動三權之自主運作規範，協力與政府部門共同達成行政任務目標。 綜合本文研究，公私協力與自主規制在勞動法之實踐，係以公法規制私法，及容認私經濟主體在勞動關係之自主規制，連結公私部門關係，協力達成國家行政任務目標。這種公法介入私法關係，使私法形成之行政處分，作為保護勞工權益之行政處分，在勞動法上以勞基法第八十四條之一，有關勞雇約定書送地方主管機關核備之准駁行政處分。此行政處分導致勞雇間之私法關係變化，或與主管機關間之爭訟，其爭訟救濟之審判管轄權互有不同。 本研究有關建議摘要如下： 一、對勞動關係具成效之私經濟主體，毋寧採取自主規制方式，減少國家管制成本、降低資源耗費。 二、因法條文義不明致生重大爭議，主管機關之處理仍應具法律正當性。 三、公私協力與自主規制在勞動法之實踐，大抵以公法規制私法為基礎規範，主管機關執行上，仍須依循法律授權及法律明確性原則。 四、地方主管機關之行政裁量，不宜各自為政導致差異過大；且私法形成之行政處分，更應符合行政原則。

This study was written with the aim to shed light on which strategies were employed by all 26 Swedish municipal archives in the Stockholm region to attract users to the archives at the time of writing. This was done by asking questions about archive-based teaching and learning via survey to municipal archivists, analyzing the webpages of the municipal archives for information about making the cultural heritage available in non-traditional active ways, and studying the ”archival regulations” or ”archival guidelines” which specify archival management and responsibilities on the municipal level. The results show that archives in most cases are understaffed and that archive-based teaching and learning has a low priority in the municipal archives, even though in most of the cases the archival regulations specify an obligation to actively promote usage of the material in cultural and scientific contexts. The study doesn’t find a link between obligations specified in the documents and municipal commitment to making the archival material available in abovementioned non-traditional ways. The study sums up the current archive-based teaching and learning strategies for the examined archives based on the above sources. The author of the study hopes that the results will provide fuel for the discussion regarding municipal archives and the role they should play in making the cultural heritage available to the public.

張慧眞. / 論文(博士)--香港中文大學, 1999. / 參考文獻 (p. 245-260) / 中英文摘要. / Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Zhang Huizhen. / Lun wen (Bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1999. / Can kao wen xian (p. 245-260) / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

魏英杰. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-196) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Wei Yingjie.

廣告之意義與廣告物有別，前者涉及思想表達之內容層次，後者則屬思想表達之方法層次。國家與地方自治團體為防止公眾危害發生與維護市容景觀，得以高權管制手法進行廣告物管制，惟如面臨管制困境，則以公私協力與軟法治理進行管制革新。廣告物管制領域中，「戶外廣告士制度」與「廣告物監視員制度」屬公私協力之展現，而「廣告物協定制度」與「協調式法執行」則屬軟法治理之實踐。有鑑於廣告物高權管制不再具有任務達成之絕對優勢，今後如何進行管制手法之革新，為廣告物管制之重要課題。

1999年地方制度法施行以來，地方極力爭取自主權，中央與地方自治團體間衍生多次衝突，爭議之層面涵括地方財政權、立法權及人事權等地方自治核心領域。針對中央地方衝突，司法院大法官作出多號解釋，惟並未定紛止爭，突顯出建立中央地方衝突解決機制之必要性。 本論文選擇五個衝突個案，分別是財政衝突的統籌分配稅款及地方積欠健保政府補助款；立法衝突之行動電話基地台自治條例牴觸案及台北市里長延選案；人事權衝突之縣市警察局長任免案。先以府際關係理論進行鉅觀分析，分析其府際關係網絡圖，突顯其網絡利害關係人，如何進行聯合或對抗。次以賽局理分論析中央地方之賽局策略選擇過程，進而賽局及報酬模擬分析。 期望透過各類型中央地方府際衝突個案研究，提出解決下列問題。一、釐清中央地方府際衝突之影響因素？二、究竟何為中央地方權限爭議解決機制？三、台灣府際衝突之關係網絡圖像為何？四、府際衝突賽局中之博奕過程模式為何？ 本研究提出四項結論。一、法律與制度變遷與府際衝突交互運作影響；二、政黨對立為府際係衝突最關鍵影響因素；三、建立多元之協調解決機制，為解決府際衝突之有效措施。四、提出全觀型府際賽局理論，以詮釋我國府際關係衝突現象。 本研究並提出五項建議，有助於未來我國府際關係正向發展，一、釐清府際衝突深層網絡關係結構，二、擴大跨域合作府際關係，三、追求中央與地方府際之最適效益，四、邁向多層次之地方治理，五、體認「地方自治為憲法制度性保障」之真諦。 / Since the Local Government Act enacted in 1999, local governments strive for local autonomy; therefore some supervisory conflicts aroused between central and local government. Those conflicts related to law autonomous enactment, finance autonomous rights and personnel rights. Despite Judicial Interpretation No.550 and 553 had review above conflicts, disputes still remained unsolved, which proclaimed the importance of constructing the reconciliatory mechanism of conflicts. This study tries to analyze five conflict cases including tax redistribution fund, premium of National Health Insurance, cellular phone base management local act, the prolonged election of Taipei li-chairman and incumbency of police bureau chief. Four conclusions are drawn as below, first, legal and system change will affect the IGR conflicts mutually. Second, parties antagonism is a crucial factor for IGR conflicts. Third, multi reconciliatory mechanism of conflicts would be efficient, a holistic game theory could interpret those conflicts. The last chapter proposes recommendations such as to clarify the IGR networks structure, broaden the cross-boundary cooperation, pursuit the optimal payoffs, work towards a multi-level governance and comprehend the core meaning of “local autonomy as a system assurance”.

There are five chapters. Chapter 1 reviews the publishing of catalogs, the methods used to identify fake copies, and previous scholarly studies. I will also define the research scope, objective and methodology of the study. Chapters 2 to 4 explain the relationships between official sutra copies and Buddhist ones, religion and scripture calligraphy, and the copyists and their calligraphy. Through analysing the colophons at the end of the manuscripts and the style of the calligraphy, I intend to show the impact of politics, religion and the status of the copyists on the calligraphy. Chapter 5 focuses on the artistic style of the calligraphy of Dunhuang scriptures, explores the concepts of Xiejing Style and Beiliang Style , and highlights the stylistic differences and similarities in different geographical areas. / This study demonstrates that Dunhuang scriptures are an important part in the history of Chinese calligraphy. The quality of the calligraphy varies: some may be masterpieces while others common everyday writings. / This thesis investigates the calligraphy of Buddhist and Daoist scriptures found in Dunhuang and Xinjiang, spanning from the Jin dynasty to the Song dynasty. The calligraphy of the copied scriptures is analyzed in its specific social and historical context. Based on historical records, contemporary references and the actual objects themselves, this study uses a textual, comparative research method to give an overview of the calligraphy and to describe its course of development in an approach that is as faithful to history as possible. / 毛秋瑾. / 呈交日期: 2005年12月. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 143-149). / Cheng jiao ri qi: 2005 nian 12 yue. / Advisers: Jao Tsung-i; Harold Mok Kar-leung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: A, page: 4016. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 143-149). / Mao Qiujin.

作為行政組織法之警察法，乃是規範警察組織應有之狀態、所掌事務及其分配、相互間之關係等事項之法律。鑑於警察行政經常與國民具有直接深切之關係，從而，基於警察法所建構之警察制度，理應解明警察之特質，配合組織之法理，促進行政機能之適正發展及效率化營運，確保警察組織得以適切有效地達成其所擔負之職責。 我國警察法係於大陸時期由內政部草擬，自1953年（民國42年）6月15日公布施行迄今已逾53年。在國家整體行政中，警察之任務、警察機關之定位及在警察領域上中央與地方之關係等，歷經多年之發展演變，已有很大程度之不同。然而，整部警察法及相關警察制度，卻未能與時俱進而少有修改，以致在運作上顯現諸多問題，警察法逐漸喪失其所應具備之功能，亟須因應時代潮流而重新檢討修正，乃係當今我國警察法學之重要課題。 日本戰後警察制度之建制，針對舊警察法在運作上所產生之缺失，透過新警察法全面修正，以及現行警察法因應犯罪或治安現象之變化暨行政改革，再經過多次檢討修正之歷程，就中不論是該國所發生過之問題，抑或是對應解決之警察法所採基本構想、相關規範內容等，與我國警察法及警察制度亟待解決之問題點，有諸多可供對照參採之處。本文爰主要以日本警察法之變革為借鏡，就如何改進我國警察法，加以深入研究。 本論文共計八章，其主要內容如次： 第一章緒論：首先提出現行警察法及相關法制在規範警察任務、警察組織、檢警關係、地方警察官任免、地方警察機關經費負擔及警察教育訓練等六大面向所產生之問題；其次說明日本警察法變遷之歷程及主要內容；再接續論述本文之研究範圍及研究方法。 第二章警察任務之檢討：主要比較德國、日本等先進國家之警察任務內容，提出改進我國警察任務規定之道，兼論警察任務規範之性質與警察活動之關係。 第三章警察組織改造：針對我國政府部門對中央警察組織改造重要主張之日本公安委員會制度存在意義、整體制度內容與問題點、日本各團體對該制度之改革構想，深入探討；並就我國引進該制度之可行性，詳加分析。 第四章檢警關係規範之商榷：考察日本檢警關係法制之演變發展，參照警察在犯罪偵查之任務定位，針對我國現行警察法及刑事訴訟法有關檢警關係之規範內容，提出改正芻議。 第五章地方警察官人事任免權歸屬：主要探究日本所設置之地方警務官制度內容、建立理由，檢討我國中央與地方警察人事任免權責，並提出具體可行之建議。 第六章地方警察機關經費支出責任：析論日本在地方分權與國家要求下，對於都道府縣警察所需經費由國家支付之制度作法，提出我國處理中央與地方警察預算經費之改進建議。 第七章警察教育訓練制度：針對現行警察教育訓練作法，未能契合考訓用合一及多元化取才之警察進用體制，引述日本警察官之進用教養方式、制度內容等，對改革我國警察教育訓練制度，提供具體建議。 第八章結論與今後之課題：綜合前開各章之研究結論，分從「定位及其他法律之關係」、「修正原則」、「具體修法芻議」及「其他法律之相應調整」等方面，提出修正我國警察法之立法設計與建議，並展望未來之課題。