當今社會是信息爆炸的社會，電腦的運用和資訊科技的發展，使得電腦詞彙數量在此階段明顯成長。電腦不僅是人們工作所必要的設備，也是不可或缺的娛樂工具，電腦語言與人類語言的發展相互地影響。二十世紀九十年代俄羅斯因社會政治體制的急劇變更，使俄語進入一個嶄新的發展時期，新詞大量湧入，彷彿經歷一場語言革命。隨著俄羅斯與其他國家往來頻繁，俄語詞彙體系開始蓬勃地擴充，本論文將探討俄羅斯在二十世紀末與二十一世紀初蓬勃而生的電腦詞彙，藉此了解俄語體系在科技革命時期之詞彙變化與語言活動。

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日文與中文一樣，皆是使用分類詞的語言。長久以來不乏學者討論日文的量詞，然而，對於界定何者為分類詞、如何區分助數詞、量詞和分類詞等議題，卻缺少統一的定論；一方面是因為語言學上對於分類詞的定義缺乏一定的標準，另一方面，傳統日文文法書中的概念，往往僅用「助數詞」一個詞類就概括了所有數量詞後面的詞類。 本篇論文最主要的目標便是依照一個統一且清楚的定義，來界定日文的分類詞。此次研究先參考了四位語言學者的研究，和四本文法書中的分類詞列表，共整理出前人所列出673個可能的分類詞，之後再透過JpWac和Google Search蒐羅實際語料，對這673個詞逐一進行句法和語意測試，最後界定出其中只有115個是真正的日文分類詞。 在此之後，為瞭解日本人對於名詞的分類和意識，便從這115個分類詞由底層到高層建立一項名詞的分類整理。最後，再由出一份問卷請以日文為母語的日本人填寫使用頻率，初步了解現代日本語中分類詞的使用狀況。結果顯示，僅有27個分類詞堪列為現代日本語中常使用的分類詞，期望這些真正的分類詞能成為日後臺灣在日文教學之參考。 / Japanese is one of the languages that use numeral classifiers, which can be combined with both numerals and nouns. However, Japanese grammar books tend to use “counters” to call all morphemes preceded by numerals, and in linguistic studies, the definition of numeral classifiers is controversial. Therefore, there is no consistent analysis in identifying Japanese classifiers. The goal of this thesis is to identify Japanese classifiers based on one consistent model. Eight previous works from both traditional grammar and linguistic areas were reviewed, and 673 possible classifiers were collected. Each of the 673 possible classifiers is tested to identify true Japanese classifiers. Two corpora, JpWac and Google Search, are used to collect raw data for syntactic and semantic tests. As a result, only 115 true Japanese classifiers are found. After identifying the true classifiers, a bottom-up classification is performed to understand the concept of noun categorization by native Japanese speakers. A questionnaire is created to evaluate the usage frequencies of these true classifiers. Based on the survey, only 27 out of the 115 classifiers are estimated to be frequently used classifiers.

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「詞以婉約為本色」是詞學界長久以來的普遍共識，其以本色論為基礎，開展出的議題包括對審美特性的深掘，如王國維「境界說」或葉嘉瑩先生「雙重意蘊說」等等，以及「以詩為詞」和「別是一家」的辨體之爭等等；另外又與風格論相關，如婉約／豪放之爭等等。然而，不論是審美特性或風格，此二部份如何統合形成「詞以婉約為本色」這樣的觀念，卻是少見有一圓滿的探討、詮釋，此實由於婉約一方面被視為單純的風格而遭到窄化，另一方面對本色的發展又沒有回到歷史的動態脈絡下觀察所致。 　　基此，本文採取文體論與觀念史的角度重新探討此一後設的命題，第一章先探討本色術語在文體論範疇運用之深義，認為其應指向文體本質，為一具有規範、區別性的主特徵；接著從觀念史的方法入手，考究「婉約」之所以能承擔詞體本色，是由最初的陰性風格定調，經過雅化而達至抒情詩化的美典高度，此為觀念興起的前階段，在這個階段，不僅要以追源溯流之法探究陰性風格定調之因，還要觀察《花間集》到南唐、宋初詞之間的細部差異；接著，蘇軾「以人為詞」的作法打破主流而引起本色的思索，為觀念興起的磨合階段，在這個階段批評家們確立了聲律為詞體基礎，並開始在作者個性本色與詞體主流間尋求調和，而周邦彥的創作在聲律、詩化及雅化三方面皆給了著重辨體的詞學家們一個很好的典範，遭後代推為婉約之宗，婉約於是在周邦彥「合」與「新」的創作態度下提升了更為豐富的內涵，而能真正碰觸到本色的高度；到了南宋為觀念興起的確立階段，此時因時代變革，作者個性本色有足夠的本錢張揚，是以產生辛棄疾那般破體為詞的作法，但同時，部分流於叫囂的辛派末流卻也引起著重辨體的詞學家的不滿，恰逢姜夔出，同樣採取了「合」與「新」的創作態度，以與周邦彥不同的路數寫出了具有自我風格又能巧妙地包容於婉約之下的創作，成為宋末為人標舉的本色第二典範，婉約本色的建構至此終告穩固。 　　如上所說，婉約本色其實經歷了唐末到宋末三個階段方建構完成，在作家的作品表現與批評家的評論中可以看出它們共同塑造文體本色的痕跡，是以本文站在以文體論為橫軸，觀念史為縱軸的研究方法上，以對本色影響較深遠的代表作家作品為主，再輔以批評家的評論，並借助現代相對具邏輯性的後設分析，分析此一歷史動態發展進程，期望能在大家「習以為常」的觀念之下開展出更深入的內涵。

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本論文「客語打類、忍類及促類動詞中動力學之體現」從物理學中之動力學觀點來審視語言之現象，以Lai (2000)針對客語打類動詞詞彙化類型之研究以及Gao (2001), Gao & Cheng (2002)針對中文與英語中肢體接觸類動詞之研究為基礎，並進一步修正及採用Talmy (2000a)所提出之動力學架構來加以分析客語打類、忍類及促類三類近義動詞。客語之打類動詞涉及內在心理意圖與外在肢體接觸，亦即同時牽涉到心理層面與肢體層面中「力」的作用，忍類動詞中「力」的衝突發生於內在心理層面，亦即本我與自我之間產生衝突，而促類動詞則表現出交互心理層面中「力」的相對關係，亦即藉由溝通等方式與他人產生「力」的對抗。因此，本論文藉由分析此三類動詞，將得已呈現心理肢體(psychophysical)，內在心理(intrapsychological)以及交互心理(interpsychological)三個不同層面中動力學之體現，並能夠進一步檢視語意內涵「力」與此三類動詞之句法表現間之相互關係。 / Based on Lai’s (2000) study of verbs of hitting in Hakka and Gao’s (2001) and Gao & Cheng’s (2002) studies of verbs of physical action by impact in English and Mandarin Chinese, this study modifies the force-dynamic model proposed by Talmy (2000a) to analyze Hakka hitting verbs in psychophysical domain, Hakka refraining verbs in intrapsychological domain, and Hakka urging verbs in interpsychological domain. The analysis proposes that two force-dynamic patterns can be generalized from these three groups of verbs, one ONSET CAUSATION pattern, and the other ONSET DESPITE pattern. Moreover, the correlation between the semantic component FORCE and the syntactic manifestation has been examined. This force-dynamic opposition is manifested in syntax as demonstrated by resultative complements, BUN-constructions, LAU-constructions, the potential mode and verb-copying constructions along with the adverbs of duration. In addition, the confirmation of the speaker’s expectation can be achieved by adverbs of evaluation and adverbs of justification. The well-formedness of these syntactic structures and the felicity of the usage of the adverbs depend heavily on the interaction of the Antagonist’s force and the Agonist’s force.

本篇論文以詞彙映照理論 (Lexical Mapping Theory) 為理論基礎，討論 中文間接受詞的轉換與地方詞倒置的現象。藉由詞彙映照理論，本篇論文 顯示中文間接受詞的轉換與地方詞倒置的現象是受了詞彙律( morpholexical rule)的影響。本篇論文進而指出論元結構的改變在於詞 彙律是否參與映照過成。如果一個句子可由述結構所管轄的論元結構和語 法功能相互映照而預測出它的表面結構，我們便視這個句子為基本的語法 結構。如果一個句子在映照過成中需要詞彙律參與運作才能預測出它的表 層結構，我們便將之歸類為衍生的句法結構。 In the current theory of Lexical Functional Grammar, the lexical Mapping Theory (LMT) distinguishes itself with its non- transformational prediction of the surface structures of sentences. This thesis demonstrates that with a revised LMT, we gain a new insight on the syntactic account of Mandarin dative construction and locative inversion. The revised LMT asserts for a null intrinsic value for the goal and locative roles, a morpholexical operation on primitive features and a principle of underspecification. The intrinsic classifications is motivated from the concept of prototype. The morpholexical operation may add but not change features. The principle of underspecification signifies the spirit of markedness. With this revised LMT, we focus our concern on how the functional structures of dative construction and locative inversion are to be syntactically projected via the mapping principles that govern the correspondence between thematic roles of the argument structure and grammatical functions. Within the framework of this revised LMT, the Dative Shift and alternations between locative phrase and locative inversion are explained with the operation of morpholexical rules. In this thesis, kernal dative constructions and locative phrase are defined as structures without morpholexical rules whereas the derived dative construction and locative inversion are interpreted as sentence structutes mediated by morpholexical operations.

本論文進行兩個眼動實驗，探討語境及多義特性在一詞多義處理歷程中扮演的角色。Frazier與Rayner(1990)認為一詞多義由於詞義間有重疊的語義屬性(sense overlap)，因此處理詞義之初，會先以部分語義(partial specification)來理解，不需立即進行完整詞義的解讀，支持部分語義解讀假設(Immediate Partial Interpretation Hypothesis)。在Frisson 與Pickering(2001)所提出詞義未定模型(Underspecification Model)中，進一步說明語境在一詞多義中扮演的角色，認為一詞多義的語義提取會先以未定意義(underspecified meaning)解釋，在語義提取完畢後，語境才會介入詞義的選擇。本論文操弄語境導引和詞義重疊性，來探討一詞多義的詞義提取與選擇歷程。實驗一操弄句子中目標詞的語境預測力(可預測語境vs.不可預測語境)與詞義數量(單詞義vs.多詞義)，記錄並分析目標詞與目標詞後區域的凝視時間。結果顯示：目標詞上的凝視時間多詞義顯著短於單詞義，支持部分語義解讀假設。然而，實驗一在目標詞後區域並未看到多詞義因延遲語義解讀(delayed semantic commitments)而造成抑制或競爭效果。實驗二就此現象與「一詞多義本身的詞義重疊程度」與「語境對一詞多義有無發生語義解讀的必要性」進行進一步探討。實驗二(同實驗一)操弄目標詞的語境預測力，與詞義的重疊程度(單義詞vs.中度詞義重疊vs.高度詞義重疊)，並控制語境偏向次要詞義的情形。結果顯示：目標詞上的晚期眼動指標在中度詞義重疊(中vs.單)與高度詞義重疊(高vs.單)皆看到與語境預測力發生交互作用，顯示語境預測力的影響在晚期階段發生；目標詞後區域觀察到中度與高度詞義重疊(中vs.單；高vs.單)皆在不可預測語境下發生詞義抑制效果，符合詞義未定模型預期之延遲語義解讀效果，並在目標詞晚期眼動指標看到中度詞義重疊效果與高度詞義重疊效果(單-中 vs. 單-高)受語境影響有不同的效果，顯示詞義重疊會影響詞義選擇的必要性。總結本論文的結果：首先，一詞多義的語義提取符合部分語義解讀的假設，而語境介入的影響支持詞義未定模型的看法，即語境在語義提取之初並未介入影響，在語義未定的情況下，若語境內容有進行語義解讀之必要時，則會發生延遲語義解讀。其次，詞義的促進效果與一詞多義的詞義數量多寡有關，詞義數量減少時，詞義促進效果也隨之消失。最後，當語境偏向一詞多義的次要詞義時，延遲語義效果才會發生。 / This thesis conducted two eye movement experiments with the aim to investigate the role of context and multi-sense feature in processing polysemy. Frazier and Rayner (1990) suggested that, at the beginning of semantic processing, polysemy is comprehended with partial specification. There is no immediate need to process the complete word sense due to the sense overlap between senses. This viewpoint supports the Immediate Partial Interpretation Hypothesis. In Frisson and Pickering’s (2001) Underspecification Model, further elaboration were made on the role of context in the process of retrieving and selecting one of the word senses of a polysemy. The sense that is first retrieved from a polysemy is considered to be an underspecified meaning. It is after the semantic retrieval is finished that context is involved in selecting a word sense. This thesis manipulated context guidance and sense overlap, to further research on processing polysemy in terms of word sense retrieval and selection. Experiment One manipulated contextual predictability (predictable context vs. unpredictable context) and number of senses (one-sense, monosemy vs. many-sense, polysemy) of the target words in sentences. Fixation times of the target words and post-target areas were recorded and analyzed. Results showed that the fixation times on target words were significantly shorter for polysemy than for monosemy, supporting the Immediate Partial Interpretation Hypothesis. However, in Experiment One, there is no inhibitory or competitive effect on the post-target area, indicating that there is no effect of delayed semantic commitments while comprehending polysemy. In Experiment Two, we further investigated how this phenomenon is connected with the degree of sense overlap and whether context is necessary to activate semantic commitment for polysemy. Contextual predictability of target words and the degree of sense overlap (monosemy vs. moderate-sense-overlap vs. high-sense-overlap) were manipulated, with the former designed as in Experiment One. Specifically, the context was controlled to bias toward the subordinate sense. The results showed that there were interactions of sense overlap degree (both moderate-sense-overlap vs. monosemy and high-sense-overlap vs. monosemy) and contextual predictability on target words for later-stage indices. This suggests that contextual predictability effects at later stages. On the post-target areas, there were inhibitory effects found for moderate-sense-overlap vs. monosemy and for high-sense-overlap when the context is unpredictable. This finding supports the delayed effect of semantic commitments in the Underspecification Model. Moreover, effects of sense overlap (polysemy-moderate vs. polysemy-high) were modulated by contextual predictability on target words for later-stage processing, showing that sense overlap affects the necessity of semantic commitments. In conclusion, the semantic retrieval of polysemy can be best explained by the Immediate Partial Interpretation Hypothesis and the involvement of contextual constraint supports the Underspecification Model. That is, context does not affect the beginning phase of semantic retrieval. Since the senses are underspecified, delayed semantic commitment occurs if it is necessary to make semantic commitment in the context. Furthermore, the facilitation of senses is related to the number of a polysemy’s senses. As number of senses decreases, facilitation of senses wanes and disappears. Finally, delayed semantic commitment occurs only when the context biases towards a subordinate sense of the polysemy.