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本論文依McCarthy和Prince (1990, 1993)所提出的韻律構詞理論，探討四種台閩語重疊詞（即：動詞、四音節部分重疊詞、雙音節形容詞及象聲詞）。對僅適用於述補及並列複合動詞的重疊構詞方式，做了深入分析。分析顯示，抑揚格音步複合動詞，會複製帶有重音的最後一個音節做為重疊詞素，附加於詞尾；而揚抑格音步複合動詞，則會複製帶有重音的第一個音節做為重疊詞素，附加於詞頭。以最佳選擇理論可以清楚說明以上所論證的重疊構詞方式。 四音節部分重疊詞是由並列複合詞和重疊詞這兩組詞素組成。在深層結構中，這兩組詞素分屬兩層。透過居問的基架層，這兩組詞素穿插交織成複雜式並列複合詞。McCarthy (1981)所提出的詞素分層假說，正可以用來呈現這種構詞方式。 雙音節形容詞有兩種重疊類型:ABAB和AABB。論文中指出AABB的派生方式是把ABAB中間兩個音節的位置對調。這種重疊構詞過程，將以基模構詞模式及最佳選擇理論清楚呈現。 象聲詞的擬聲部分，是山一組重疊的聲母和兩個韻母這兩組詞素所構成。這兩組詞素是以聲韻基模為中介所交織而成。以這種方式派生出來的雙音節象聲詞，可以再經由和雙音節形容詞相同的方式，重疊為AABB的形式。論文中以詞素分層假說和基模構詞模式呈現這類構詞過程。此外，雙音節形容詞和象聲詞重疊形式中的一個音節或聲母，可能會由另一個音節或聲母取代，來派生新詞。論文申以McCarthy和Prince (1990)所提出的「音律替換」呈現這種取代的過程。 / This thesis explores four kinds of reduplicated words in Taiwan Min (i.e. verbs, quadrisyllablic partial reduplicated words, disyllabic adjectives and onomatopoetic words) within the framework ofprosodic morphology proposed by McCarthy and Prince (1990, 1993). The reduplication process used only in resultative and coordinate compound verbs is thoroughly investigated. This investigation shows that an iambic foot compound verb will copy its stressed final syllable as a reduplicant and a suffix, while a trochaic foot word will copy its stressed first syllable as a reduplicant and a prefix. This argumentative reduplication can be clearly accounted for by optimality theory. Quadrisyllable partial reduplicated words consist of two parts: one is coordinate compound and the other reduplicated word. These two parts exist in different tiers in the deep structure. They interweave to form a complicated compound through a skeletal tier in between. The morpheme tier hypothesis proposed by McCarthy (1981) is employed to show how this type of words are formed. Disyllabic adjectives have two different categories of reduplication: ABAB and AABB. The writer argues that AABB is derived from ABAB by metathesis of the two syllables in the middle. The process of this reduplication can be explicitly shown in terms of template morphology and optimality theory. The core of onomatopoetic words is constructed from two sets of morphemes: a reduplicated onset morpheme and a morpheme with two rimes. These two are put together through an intermediate onset and rime tier (OR template). The disyllabic onomatopoetic words derived in this way can undergo reduplication in the same way as the second type of disyllabic adjectives, i.e. AABB. The writer adopts morpheme tier hypothesis and template morphology to represent these morphological processes. Moreover, another syllable or onset may replace a syllable or an onset of a reduplicated form of disyllabic adjectives or onomatopoetic words. The replacement process is represented by 'Melodic Overwriting* proposed by McCarthy and Prince (1990).

本論文主要針對敦煌變文中的否定詞作分類與分析的工作，將否定詞分為單純否定詞、複式否定詞以及雙重否定三個部分來討論，每部分都先依特定標準作分類，再就各方面作分析的工作。結果顯示，在單純否定詞部分，否定詞以修飾動詞詞組為多。至於否定詞與句中其他成分（如助動詞、副詞與介詞詞組）的相關位置則會影響到否定範圍。而所謂的否定範圍則可利用c-統制概念來定義，並輔以樹狀圖說明其結構。在複式否定詞部分，藉由一些複合詞可發現變文申詞彙複音節化的趨勢，而有些特殊用法，如正反問句及動補結構複合詞，也都始於變文所屬的時代。此外，複式否定詞只能在構詞單位申起否定作用，這是它與單純否定詞間最大的不同。在雙重否定部分，發現它主要的作用在加強語氣，而其否定範圍也同樣可利用c-統制概念來說明，只是雙重否定的c-統制關係遠較單純否定詞來得複雜。本文不但針對這三個主題分別討論，也就否定詞的出現次數作統計，最後在總論部分也比較這三個主題彼此之間的異同之處。 / The negatives in Dunhuang Bianwen are classified and analyzed in this thesis. The discussion is divided into three topics@monosyllabic negatives, polysyllabic negatives and double negation, and each part is classified according to specific criteria, and analyzed in terms of several respects. In the monosyllabic negatives part, it is shown that most of the negatives have "negative+VP" distribution. And the positions between the negatives and other elements in a sentence, i. e, auxiliaries, adverbs, and prepositional phrases, are closely related to the scope notion of the negatives. In addition, the scope of negatives can be defined clearly and be adequately explained in terms of the c-command notion and tree diagrams. In the polysyllabic negatives part, the phenomena of lexical poly-syllabification during this period is exemplified by means of some compounds and the special usage of negatives, such as A-not-A question and resultative verb compounds. Furthermore, the scope of the polysyllabic negatives can only be shown in morphological units. As to double negation, its main function is to add rhetoric emphasis to a sentence. In this thesis, the scope of negatives can be well explained by the c-command notion, but the c-command relation involved in double negation is more complicated than the monosyllabic negatives. Apart from the discussion on the three topics, the frequency of the negatives in Dunhuang Bianwen is listed in each section. In the conclusion chapter, the differences and similarities among monosyllabic negatives, polysyllabic negatives, and double negation are also discussed.

本研究旨在探討台灣高中生副詞子句的使用，並且探究台灣高中生在副詞子句使用上所產生的錯誤。此外，為更進一步了解台灣高中生對於副詞子句的認知，本研究亦檢視了目前國內高中生普遍所使用的英語教科書，以了解英語副詞子句的呈現方式以及內容的編排。本研究受試者為兩班高二學生，一共43位。研究工具為學生高二上學期三篇指定英文作文寫作。 研究結果顯示，副詞子句為一高中生作文中常出現之句型結構。受試者能夠使用不同語意種類的副詞子句來補充說明主要子句的訊息。在各式不同種類副詞子句當中，時間副詞子句出現頻率最高。限定副詞子句(finite adverbial clauses)使用的頻率遠多於非限定副詞子句(non-finite adverbial clauses)。限定副詞子句使用當中，時間副詞子句、因果副詞子句、條件副詞子句、目的副詞子句以及讓步副詞子句，依序為最常使用的副詞子句；非限定副詞子句使用當中，目的副詞子句以及時間副詞子句為使用頻率最高的副詞子句。 雖然副詞子句是基本句型，但經錯誤分析的結果顯示，學生對於副詞子句沒有完整的了解，仍有不正確的使用。整體而言，句子不完整( sentence fragment)以及使用錯誤（不恰當）副詞連接詞使用(illogical subordinate conjunction)為最常發生的錯誤。在限定副詞子句使用上，最常犯的錯誤為不完整句子、錯誤或不恰當的副詞連接詞使用、重複連接詞標記(double marking)以及無主語(null subject)。在非限定副詞子句使用上，不連結修飾語(dangling modifier)為最常出現之錯誤。這些錯誤很可能是因為中文以及英文之間的差異以及對副詞子句沒有充分的理解所導致。 而教科書當中對副詞子句的介紹，也可以解釋學生學習使用副詞子句所犯的錯誤及遭遇的問題。從檢視教科書以及教師手冊當中的句型以及寫作兩個單元發現，在句型呈現上，副詞子句的介紹以及呈現主要著重在單句句型結構以及語意相近的句型結構替換。副詞子句的篇章功能以及副詞連接詞的使用則較被忽略。句型練習中，也較少有情境式的真實語言呈現。在寫作單元上，副詞子句也多半侷限於其句型結構上，而忽略了其詳細語用以及篇章功能概念。綜合研究結果，本研究提出較完善的教學建議，以幫助教學工作者以及學習者對副詞子句在教學上及學習上有更進一步的了解。 / The purpose of the present study is to investigate how adverbial clauses are used in Taiwanese senior high school students’ written production and what kinds of difficulties students encounter in employing the structure. In addition, to understand how Taiwanese EFL learners construct their knowledge of adverbial clauses, senior high school students’ English textbooks and teachers’ manuals are also examined to find out the presentation of adverbial clauses. Forty-three senior high school students from two different classes in their second year participated in the research. Three assigned compositions in one semester were collected for data analysis. The result showed that adverbial clauses are commonly utilized to express various types of circumstantial meanings in the learners’ writing. Temporal adverbial clauses are of the most use among different kinds of adverbial clauses. Adverbial clauses are further categorized into two types: finite and non-finite adverbial clauses. The use of finite adverbial clauses is far more frequent than the use of non-finite adverbial clauses. This may attribute to the amount of exposure to the finite adverbial clauses and syntactic complexities of non-finite clauses. In finite clauses, temporal adverbial clauses are the most frequently used, followed by causal, conditional, purpose and concessive adverbial clauses respectively. In non-finite adverbial clauses, adverbial clauses of purpose are the most used, then clauses of time. To identify Taiwanese senior high school students’ difficulties in using adverbial clauses, an error analysis was conducted. It was found that adverbial clauses are problematic to the learners. Overall, sentence fragment and illogical subordinate conjunction are the two main error types. Most of the errors occur in finite clauses, including sentence fragment, illogical subordinate conjunction, double marking and null subject. In non-finite clauses, error type is exclusively dangling modifier. The reasons for the errors may be due to learners’ incomprehensive understanding toward the use of adverbial clauses and the differences between Chinese and English. In addition, learners’ textbooks were evaluated to see how adverbial clauses were generally introduced and presented. An examination of grammar (sentence patterns) and writing sections revealed that in grammar section, the emphasis is mainly on the introduction of various linguistic forms of adverbial clauses and syntactic structures that bear similar semantic meanings. Moreover, they are presented mostly in isolation without meaningful and contextual presentations. The functional aspect of adverbial clauses and the contextual presentation of subordinate conjunctions are quite neglected. Likewise, in writing section, the focus is mostly limited to the introduction of various types of adverbial clauses and subordinate conjunctions. Clearer explanations of the conjunctions and the functional role of adverbial clauses in writing are relatively overlooked. Concluding from the previous findings, it is suggested that more explicit and contextual presentations are needed to help learners to develop a more complete understanding of the use of adverbial clauses.

本文研究動機在於掘發辛稼軒俳諧詞所呈現稼軒「庶民化」的形象，並且針對辛稼軒俳諧詞展開一系列的討論。 本文所欲探討的論題如下：(一)、「俳諧詞」的定義為何？其所據以判斷的標準為何？(二)、「俳諧詞」可以析分為幾種類型？(三)、稼軒的「俳諧詞」可分那些類型？(四)、稼軒所以創作「俳諧詞」乃是基於何種「詞創作環境」？何種「社交環境」？以及何種個人學養、性情？(五)、稼軒的「俳諧詞」對南宋「俳諧詞風」的影響為何？ 本文提出完整俳諧詞所應具備條件為：「作者自述」、「語言形式」、「戲謔功能」。再依據「作者自述」之有無，可分為「顯性俳諧詞」、「隱性俳諧詞」；依「戲謔功能」不同，可分為「意在微諷，帶有政教諷勸功能的俳諧詞」、「趣語解頤，純粹娛樂解憂的俳諧詞」；再依訴求對象不同，可以分為「諷上型」、「泛諷型」、「自娛型」、「娛人型」四類 辛稼軒俳諧詞創作情況，稼軒俳諧詞中無「諷上型俳諧詞」，只有「泛諷型俳諧詞」、「自娛型俳諧詞」、「娛人型俳諧詞」作品，以「自娛型俳諧詞」數量最多，「娛人型俳諧詞」次之，「泛諷型俳諧詞」又次之。可知大多是詞人為了自我娛樂而創作；次之為社交應酬而作。含有較為嚴肅諷喻意義的俳諧詞僅佔全部作品約一成，可以看出稼軒創作俳諧詞的主要態度為娛樂，與其豪放詞所表現的創作態度截然不同，使我們看見稼軒詞風的另一面貌。 基於詞體本身所具有的娛樂特性、民間詞戲謔詼諧創作風格的薰染加上文人俳諧詞蔚為風氣，匯合了稼軒報國無門、屢遭打壓的仕途遭遇以及受了莊子、禪宗思想與蘇軾創作的個人學養背景的影響，便產生了辛稼軒的俳諧詞。 而辛派詞人俳諧詞作受到稼軒的影響有：（一）融用諧典；（二）用俚俗語；（三）構思奇特；（四）正話反說。雖然在思想深度上不如稼軒，但從詞史發展與演變上來看，他們在稼軒詞的基礎上，接續在詞體形式上為詞壇注入了新的活力。 唯有兼顧「稼軒詞」中這類以「俳諧」見長的作品去重新發掘另一個真實稼軒，才能夠彰顯稼軒在社會交往中，所展現充滿「機趣」、「率真」的人格性情。綜合這方面，我們才能得出最完整的稼軒。

漢語分類詞數量之歧異現象起因於未有一套共同界定分類詞之準則。因此，本篇論文採用四個以語言學為基礎之準則重新檢視漢語分類詞，並在眾多漢語分類詞分類中，採用五個語言學代表性研究提出之漢語分類詞分類為本篇語料來源。 研究分析之目的在於透過四個以語言學為基礎之準則重新檢視五個代表性人物提出之漢語分類詞分類，並使用二個數學法及一個問卷實驗法找出準確的漢語分類詞。最後，分析所得之準確的漢語分類詞再根據國語日報量詞典列出之分類詞語意做更進一步的語意分類。在分類詞語意分類上，本篇論文採用下到上之方向做分類詞語意分類而非傳統上到下之方向，提供完整且精確之漢語分類詞語意分類。 / The discrepancy in the different inventories of Mandarin Chinese classifiers results from there being no identical and consentient tests to identify Mandarin Chinese classifiers. Thus, this thesis adopts four linguistic-based tests as norms to identify Mandarin Chinese classifiers and five Mandarin Chinese classifier categorizations proposed by representative studies (Chao 1968, Erbaugh 1986, Hu 1993, Huang et. al. 1997 and Malt and Gao 2009) as sources of data in Mandarin Chinese classifier categorizations. The data analysis focuses on offering true classifiers in Mandarin Chinese through re-classifying five Mandarin Chinese classifier categorizations on the basis of four linguistic-based tests, applying two mathematical methods and using a questionnaire experiment. Ultimately, true classifiers will be further classified on the basis of their semantic meanings from the Mandarin Daily Dictionary of Chinese Classifiers (Huang et. al.) to provide an explicit semantic categorization in a bottom-up form, rather than a traditional top-down one.

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魯迅的小說一向以題材鄉土、風格寫實和文詞犀利著稱，其生平事蹟、思想意識與人物塑造的手法，亦是許多研究者探討、鑽研的主題。然而，對於構成其小說作品「憂憤沉鬱、冷雋尖刻、幽默精煉」風格的幕後功臣――詞彙運用，討論者卻是屈指可數。有鑑於此，本論文將從「語言風格學」中的「詞彙風格」角度出發，將魯迅小說研究由「感性認識」延伸至「理性活動」，以補足其研究視角的缺口。 「語言風格學」以「如實反映作品語言風貌」為目標，著重用「科學分析」的方法，對構成文學作品的語音、詞彙、語法採取分析、描寫、統計、比較等方法，以找出作家驅遣文字的獨特風格。因此，筆者以魯迅小說中最具特色的「詞彙風格」為研究對象，從詞彙的視角切入，期能運用科學方法對魯迅小說語言進行更真實的檢驗與更清楚的詮釋。本文架構如下： 第一章為「緒論」，說明本文的研究動機與目的，簡介語言風格學的意義與價值，並略述研究範圍、方法和前人研究成果；第二章為「魯迅及其小說的創作背景」，藉由了解其求學過程、工作經歷與政治活動來探討其主題意識的形成，藉此揣想其擇取詞彙的因由；第三章為「由魯迅小說中顏色詞的運用看詞彙風格」，首先探討顏色詞在漢語中的文化意涵與運用價值，接著以魯迅小說中所有的顏色詞做為對象，根據色彩明度和彩度的對比來分析、比較、統整，並將顏色詞修飾的對象分為人物(包括膚、鬚、髮) 、景物、動物、服飾和器物，以期找出顏色詞的運用規律和特殊風格；第四章為「由魯迅小說的擬聲詞看詞彙風格」，先介紹漢語擬聲詞的定位與功能，再統計、分析擬聲詞的運用對象與狀況；第五章為「由魯迅小說的熟語和標題設計看詞彙風格」，將魯迅小說中的方言俗語、罵詈語、成語和標題結構經統計和分類等過程，歸納其呈現方法和修飾作用；第六章的「結論」，筆者試圖為本文第三、四、五章的統計、分析、描寫進行歸納和比較，以總結魯迅小說運用詞彙的技巧、特色與效果。

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