「語言權」係以國際人權法為發祥的新興人權概念，本文聚焦於個人選擇其母語為自由使用權利之探討。語言除了作為溝通工具之外，亦是個人身分認同的依存和集體文化的具體展現。隨著世界文化多樣性宣言、保護及促進文化表現多樣性公約的制定，以尊重個人自主地選擇其所認同的文化生活方式來維持文化多樣性環境的思維逐漸受到關注，本文採取此觀點作為保障語言權的理論基礎，以此開展並探討國家的角色和義務。 我國歷史上因國家公權力強制推行單一語言政策，限制人民自由使用其母語的權利和機會，形成語言不平等的現象，進而影響政治、經濟資源的分配不均，也使得母語面臨消逝和凋零的危機。語言權利保障非僅是我國的國內議題，亦是國際關懷的面向，本文以探討國際法的語言權利保障架構為始，接著以境內存在多元語言現象並致力少數語言保障的歐洲為研究對象，而後聚焦於比利時和法國，比較兩國如何從法制面處理語言權利保障的問題和經驗，提供我國參考和省思的題材。 本文主張我國應透過修憲方式明文增列語言權利的保障，直接賦予人民享有請求語言權保障的直接憲法法源依據，然在現階段未修憲之前，我國憲法增修條文既已肯認多元文化價值，配合具有國內法效力的經濟、社會暨文化權利公約第15條揭示文化權的保障，應可藉由文化權的概念內涵開展語言權的集體和積極的性質。此外，多元文化價值亦成為拘束國家機關行為和政策的準則方向，國家必須負起積極義務，應逐步消除目前因公私領域區別導致語言權利承認與否的差異，建置相關制度以維持母語的使用和活絡，確保各語言的語言權利平等，使珍貴的語言文化資產得以永續發展。

過去許多研究著眼於探討英文介系詞的語意，其中許多學者專注在單一介系詞的探討（e.g., Boers, 1996; Lindstromberg, 2010），其它學者則分析由動詞與介系詞組成之動詞片語、由介系詞與名詞組成之介系詞片語的語意（e.g. Larsen-Freeman & Celce-Murcia, 1999; Lindner, 1983; Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, & Svartik, 1985）。過去這些研究大多在單一介系詞的框架下進行，鮮少有包含雙介系詞的句構的研究。本論文所研究之句構為：一個由動詞及UP/DOWN組成之動詞片語加上一個由IN與名詞組成之介系詞片語，在本句構中包含兩個連用之介系詞，本研究的分析包含雙介系詞的語意、動詞片語以及介系詞片語的語意，另外還包含此句構中所有語意的語意關連。 本研究採納並調整前人對介系詞、動詞片語以及介系詞片語的語意類別，以調整過的語意類別分析句構。研究結果發現在此句構中，雙介系詞大多含有隱喻概念，而大多的動詞片語則用來表達完成的動作語意，介系詞片語則多描繪空間概念或狀態。除此之外，我們發現此句構中的語意間有所關連，另外我們更發現UP和DOWN在本句構中並沒有完全對比的語意。 在本研究中，我們不同於以往研究只專注於一個介系詞或一個片語的分析，而是由三個角度切入探討一個含有雙介系詞的句構，未來期望能將本研究的結果運用在對比學習者對此句構的語言表現，並對介系詞的教學有更多貢獻。

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本文的研究問題有三：一是了解現今華語綜合性教材語素教學的內容與編排方式；二是提出關於本文分析之華語綜合性教材以語素為基礎的詞彙教學建議；三是教師面對不同教材時，應該如何因應與落實以語素為基礎的詞彙教學。 本文首先從海峽兩岸的專家、學者們對於詞彙教學領域的相關研究和詞彙教學的現狀著手，發現詞彙教學理論研究成果與教學應用脫節，因此如何有效利用漢語詞彙語義特徵和結構特徵進行詞彙教學，值得深入研究。本文將焦點集中於語素教學的理論與教學實施原則，分析在臺灣與中國使用率極高的兩套華語綜合性教材---《新版實用視聽華語》和《新實用漢語課本》，以了解目前教材中語素教學內容的現況。 分析結果發現，兩套教材皆呈現語素教學設計，但是《新版實用視聽華語》的語素分析出現瑕疵，且缺乏詞彙結構分析；而《新實用漢語課本》不論是語素分析或詞彙結構分析，都能以學習者已知的詞彙為基礎而設計。本文參考前人的研究和教材的分析，提出對於這兩套教材中以語素為基礎的詞彙教學建議。最後，本文綜合語素教學研究、教材分析和教學應用，提出一套更完整的語素教學實施原則，以利於教師面對不同教材時得以參考依循。 關鍵字：語素、語素教學、詞彙教學、新版實用視聽華語、新實用漢語課本 / There are three research aspects in this paper: (1) To understand the content and structure of two main current Mandarin pedagogical materials in the context of morpheme-based vocabulary teaching. (2) To provide some teaching suggestions for the design of morpheme-based vocabulary teaching of those two materials. (3) To propose vocabulary teaching strategies on employing morpheme-based vocabulary teaching when teachers are facing different textbooks. In vocabulary teaching, this paper makes an overview of research literature by cross strait scholars, and finds that there is a missing link between theory study and teaching application. It’s promising to explore semantic and morphology of Chinese vocabulary to facilitate vocabulary teaching; thus, morpheme-based vocabulary teaching is proposed. We evaluate two most popular textbooks Practical Audio-visual Chinese 2nd edition and New Practical Chinese Reader to get a picture of how morpheme-based vocabulary teaching is presented. Both textbooks do have morpheme-based vocabulary teaching design. Practical Audio-visual Chinese 2nd edition is faulty in morpheme analysis, and short of analysis of morphology of Chinese vocabulary. New Practical Chinese Reader deserves praising by editing the content of morpheme-based vocabulary teaching at the basis of learned vocabulary, and it excels in the analysis of both morpheme and morphology. Referring to previous studies in this area, we propose recommendations for morpheme-based vocabulary teaching with these two materials. To assist teachers in dealing with various textbooks, we provide practical teaching operation principles, through a comprehensive study of morpheme-based vocabulary teaching, textbook analysis, and teaching application research. Wish this study will help Mandarin teachers teach vocabulary more efficiently. Keywords: morpheme, morpheme teaching, vocabulary teaching, Practical Audio-visual Chinese 2nd Edition, New Practical Chinese Reader

本篇論文的目的在於討論兒童在漢語母子對話中修護行為(repair behavior)的情況，研究問題如下：1.兒童修護形態(repair types)的表現狀況2.兒童修護行為在語言形式、語用功能的習得是否隨年紀增加而呈現發展變化3.母親的語言形式、語用功能隨著兒童年紀增加有何改變。研究對象是六位兒童與他們的母親，年紀介於三歲至五歲。研究結果顯示，語言型態的使用隨年紀增加而有所不同，年幼孩子相較於年長孩子更依賴母親來開啟修護句型。並且，結顯示，三歲組採用 Lexical 語言形式的修復，另一方面年長孩子運用Syntactic Editing terms來執行修護行為。最後，母子對話的互動過程可以幫助孩子習得運用更成熟的修護技巧，年紀越大的小孩越能掌握以多樣的語言型式來達成多樣的語用功能。而這些不同可能是孩子的語言學習能力、記憶廣度、及認知能力所導致。 / The use of repair strategies has been pointed out as important characteristics for children to develop mature conversation skills. This thesis aims to investigate how children acquire repair in the interaction with their mothers. Six dyads in three age groups from three to five year olds are investigated. There are three research questions proposed: first, what patterns of repair are used by Mandarin-speaking three-year-old, four-year-old, and five-year-old children? Second, is there a developmental change in children’s repair types, linguistic forms, and pragmatic functions in conversation? Finally, how would mothers’ repair linguistic forms and pragmatic functions change with children’s age? Each repair utterance in the repair sequence of children and their mothers was analyzed in term of: (1) Repair types: SISR, OISR, SIOR, and OIOR (Schegloff, 1992). (2) Linguistic forms: nonverbal, lexical, syntactic, editing term (Ke, 2005), and combination. (3) Pragmatic functions: emphasis, specification, confirmation, elaboration, and floor-holding (Garvey, 1984; Chang, 1998; Wei, 2003). The result showed that younger children contributed relatively higher percentages of OIOR than older children. In contrast, older children contributed relatively higher percentages of SISR than younger children. It appeared that trend of the provision of guidance by mothers may decrease as children’s ability to repair developed with age. Second, it appeared that the influence between the children and the mothers is mutual in the course of interaction. In other words, children’s maturity of repair ability influences how the mothers interact with the children. Moreover, the findings display children’s discrepancy in language development around three years old. It is observed that three-year-old group adopts Lexical of linguistic forms to repair. On the other hand, older children used Syntactic and Editing term of linguistic forms to repair. Finally, the interaction of linguistic forms and pragmatic function displayed that both mothers and the children in all age groups use more Specification than other categories. It appears that in mother-child interaction, both parties tend to apply repair to specify the other’s intention. The result also indicates that older children appear to use repair to display their involvement in the conversation for an even large variety of pragmatic functions.

清.道咸年間遊宦詩人劉家謀來臺四年所作的《海音詩》百首七絕，首首有註，體例特殊。但其詩卻相當艱澀難讀，如同陳香所說，「讀其詩未及其註，味同嚼蠟」。若將劉家謀《海音詩》置於清代臺灣宦遊詩人的系統之下，甚至是整個臺灣清代詩歌作品底下，那麼它的確有其特殊之處：1.在他之前，未有百首詩首首作註者。2.大量「俗語」入詩。然而若擺放在整個清朝詩歌體系之下，卻並非其特色。因為我們在《清代海外竹枝詞》中，就發現很多首首作註的詩歌，記錄諸多海外事蹟，不過像《海音詩》般大量將俗語入詩的雖有，卻仍為少見，可說是《海音詩》的特出之處。俗語的直接使用雖然是《海音詩》的特色，卻也造成了「雖俚俗卻艱澀」的詩歌風格，所以陳香才會說「讀其詩未及其註，味同嚼蠟」。然而，造成其詩艱澀難讀的原因除了俗語的入詩之外，也不能忽視《海音詩》中大量「典故」的使用。因為使用俗語和許多深奧陌生的典故，造成讀者閱讀視境中斷，使作者與讀者之間產生了不同文化對應的隔閡。因此我們要深入了解《海音詩》，當一個「合格的讀者」，就必須打破俗語、典故的雙重隔閡。因此本篇論文主要目的是分析詩句中所使用的俗語與典故，探索典故來源，以及俗語、典故這兩種作為一種有機質料的特殊詞匯在詩中所扮演的內涵意義。

語用教學研究大多專注在教學成效，並以量化研究比較跨文化語用文化規範和溝通策略之差異，然，只有少數的質化研究探討語用研究理論如何落實在外語教學師生的學習動機。準確來說，本研究檢視以英語為外語師生如何看待語用能力培養，以及學習社會語言之動機相關經驗。先前文獻已經指出，第二語言語用學習動機研究，需要投入更多的努力。 因此，本質化個案研究旨在探討臺灣以英語為外語師生學習語用動機。資料蒐集透過面訪、課室觀察和課堂筆記以及研究者的省思日誌，從學習動機的角度審視外語語用教學，洞悉多層次語言學習動機。 研究結果顯示，受訪師生均認為語用教學對第二語言發展極為重要，縱使社會政治情境因素的干擾，諸如考試領導教學、授課時數嚴重不足和偏重語法教學，然而，在學習語言禮貌和適切性方面，受訪者均偏好語言實用功能和實際生活應用，甚於傳統單一語法教學。受訪老師指出在語言四項技能統整課程，語用教學比例明顯偏低，認為語用教學在臺灣並不普及。另外，臺灣英語為外語老師普遍未能滿足學生語用學習需求。 雖然師生起初對學習外語語用似乎未注意其重要性，然而，在回顧外語學習的歷程中，受訪者提高對於文化適切表達之醒覺。本研究期許幫助臺灣學習英語為外語師生了解語用教學在溝通功能中扮演的重要角色，促進未來語用教學研究之實踐，發展語言使用者之溝通能力。 / Though much of L2 pragmatics research has focused on the effectiveness of instructional pragmatics and cross-cultural variations of pragmatic norms and strategies used in the target language via cross-sectional quantitative research, little, however, has been conducted to explore teachers’ and students’ motivational experiences of implementing pragmatics instruction in real-life teaching and learning practices in EFL contexts. Specifically, little was known about what and how teachers and students perceive the role of developing pragmatic ability and their motivations to teach and learn socio-pragmatic functions since prior research has suggested that more research efforts should be done in the line of L2 pragmatics research. Therefore, this study aims to investigate both teachers’ and students’ motivations of learning and teaching pragmatics through qualitative research. Multiple data sources were collected through face-to-face interviews, classroom observations and field notes as well as the researcher’s reflective journals, to illuminate the dynamic, multifaceted motivational experiences of L2 instructional pragmatics. The findings suggest that both teachers and students considered the role of teaching and learning pragmatics essential to second language development pertaining to the polite and appropriate use of the target language, and its learning utility, practical functions and intrinsic interest in using language for authentic communication purposes despite the sociopolitical factors, such as exam-oriented teaching, lack of top-down institutional support and the implementation of English language policy in Taiwan. Nevertheless, the teacher voiced her inadequacy of teaching L2 pragmatics in a four-skill integrated course and demonstrated her concerns about the prevalence of teaching students how to speak English in a culturally appropriate way, which is, however, contrary to students’ eager expectations to learn L2 pragmatics. Albeit both the teacher and the students tended to ignore L2 pragmatics at first, after the initial reflections they raised their awareness of culturally speaking in an appropriate way. In this study, it was hoped to empower both teachers and students to understand their teaching and learning practices by sensitizing them to L2 pragmatics in EFL contexts, to facilitate the implementation of L2 pragmatics instruction in the classroom and to underscore the importance of developing learners’ communicative competence in Taiwan.

表達感謝是人際關係裡最重要的語言功能之一。能夠在英語的環境裡適當地表達感謝對語言學習者來說是相當重要的語言行為。本研究旨在探討中美文化差異對感謝行為的影響以及中文母語文化對外語學習的影響。受試者分為三組：其中兩組為分別以英語和中文為母語的青少年，另一組為英語程度較佳且學習階段為國中的台灣英語學習者。在挑選受試者時，先讓受試者寫一份閱讀測驗，以區分英語能力的高低。向受試者蒐集感謝行為資料的工具為「言談情境填充問卷」。本研究同時使用量化及質化分析來比較兩組母語受試者的感謝行為表現並進一步檢視台灣英語學習者是否已學會使用英語感謝行為的語用規範。 本研究結果顯示：英語為母語者最常使用直接、明確的感謝策略，而最少使用間接的感謝策略如道歉及不作回應；中文為母語者則使用較多的間接感謝策略。然而，台灣英語學習者經歷語用失敗，並將中文的語用規範移轉到英語感謝行為。此外，教學誘發的失誤以及使用過多文字也導致英語學習者的感謝行為偏離英語語用規範。有鑑於此，本研究建議語言教學者應該幫助英語學習者將注意力放在文化差異對語言表達的影響，以提高他們的語用覺察。 / Thanking is one of the most important language functions in interpersonal relationships. It is also important for language learners to appropriately express gratitude in the target culture. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expressions of gratitude by native American English speakers (NSE) and native Chinese speakers (NSC) and examine whether Taiwanese EFL adolescents had achieved native-like performance in L2 thanking. The American participants were teenagers in the United States. The EFL learners were given a reading test from the GEPT first in order to distinguish native Chinese speakers from EFL learners. Then, a discourse completion test (DCT) was administered to all three groups: English version for the NSE and EFL learners, and the Chinese version the NSC. The quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed to compare both native groups’ thanking performance and further determine if EFL learners had approximated the pragmatic norms of the target language. The results showed that NSE employed explicit thanking strategies most often, but apology and ‘others’ strategies and opt-out the least often. In contrast, NSC employed indirect thanking strategies such as apology and ‘others’ strategies more frequently than their American counterparts. However, the EFL learners had experienced pragmatic failure, transferring thanking strategies from L1 pragmatic norms to English. In addition, teaching-induced errors and waffle phenomenon were responsible for the learners’ deviations from native English norms. It is suggested that language teachers may help learners develop cultural awareness by drawing their attention to the similarities and differences between thanking behavior in one’s native culture and the target culture.

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