不動產由於具有異質性、不可移動性與昂貴性等特性，相較於其他資產而言，最獨特的風險為「流動性風險」(liquidity risk)，也因此其銷售期間比其他標的較長，議價空間也較大。以往探討不動產流動性的研究大都以在市場上的銷售期間(time on the market, TOM)為主，然本研究認為銷售期間和賣方的表價（listing price）與買方心中的價格（offer price）密切相關，買方決策的過程勢必受到賣方表價與本身心中價格之影響，進而決定該不動產在市場之流動性。故本研究則嘗試以賣方表價與最後成交價(transaction price)間的議價空間，探討不動產市場之流動性。議價空間愈大，表示不動產標的在當時市場之流動性愈低，致使賣方愈能接受低於表價的買方出價及成交價。 本研究透過搜尋理論建立住宅不動產議價空間模型，並以實際市場交易資料進行實證分析，探討房屋本身的屬性、總體市場因素、賣方持有的成本、區位因素與賣方定價因素等，對於買賣雙方議價空間之影響，藉以觀察理論與實證是否相符。其中以房屋總坪數與屋齡代表房屋屬性，以房租成長率與經濟成長率代表市場情況，並以利率代表賣方持有成本。實證結果顯示，屋齡太久或賣方定價過高的不動產，其議價空間愈大，流動性愈差；房租成長率和經濟成長率皆與議價空間呈負相關，表市場景氣愈好，議價空間愈小，賣方在議價過程中較能堅守其表價；又利率與議價空間呈正相關，表賣方持有不動產的成本越高，越能接受較大的議價空間；而總坪數愈大及區位較佳之不動產，其議價空間越小，可能受豪宅市場效應以及區域抗跌性有關。此實證結果與過去利用銷售期間衡量不動產市場流動性的搜尋理論相符，也驗證議價空間實可為衡量不動產市場流動性的新指標，並可降低利用銷售期間分析的研究困境。本研究成果不僅可供不動產賣方定價策略、買方議價時機之參考，亦希望透過本研究對議價空間與不動產市場流動性之研究，期望政府儘速建立與公開不動產交易平台，俾利增進不動產市場之流動性，更能牽動不動產市場與整體經濟市場之成長。 / The study suggests that not only time on market (TOM) but also price concession between the listing and contract prices could measure housing market liquidity. Departed from past studies, this paper develops theory and constructs a model named Residential Housing Price Concession Model to examine whether key factors influenced housing market liquidity significantly from past studies would have the same effect on price concession. The model includes the listing price of house, the macroeconomic data, the cost of the search and other housing characters in empirical model. Results show that listing price, cost of search and age of house have the predicted positive coefficients, and macroeconomic data , squares of house and location factor are found to be negatively related to the price concession. The corresponding conclusion with time on market (TOM) examined by past studies explains that the price concession also could measure housing market liquidity.

本文首先針對國內金融機構跨業經營進行分析，其次以國內金融機構間的合併案為樣本，探討合併溢價之情形及影響合併溢價之因素。同時選取主併者及被併者的財務變數、市場變數及公司治理變數，來探討其對合併溢價之影響。 　　實證結果發現ROA高的主併者，愈會付出較高的溢價來進行收購；而ROA高的被併者，也會得到較高的溢價。另風險性高的主併者在進行購併時，所願意付出的合併溢價則較低。同時本文亦發現，對於業務相關性高的金融機構，主併者願意付出較高的價格來進行合併。 　　此外市場的環境，對於合併價格的決定亦有很大的影響，本文發現被併者的市場集中度與合併溢價成正向關係。而公司治理變數則顯示，被併者的董監事及經理人持股比率與合併溢價呈負向關係。至於不同型態之金融機構，合併溢價是否有顯著差異，實證結果則無此發現。

本論文的重點在建立人民、民意代表及行政機關三者之間的互動模式。其 中，人民雖然無法組織成一有效的團體，但對政治的意識程度卻反映在民 意代表的函數裡。在民意代表與行政機關進行利益交換的過程中，遊說與 補助款的取得雙方個別的標的。不論原先主導權掌握在誰的手上，經過賄 賂之後，議價的結果都會相同，這樣的情況和 Coase定理有相似之處，但 是由於人民無法參與議價，所以最後的效率只是次佳的選擇。

在各國職業運動的發展中，自由球員制度的出現醞釀出了大革命。本文以一賽局模型，利用Nash 議價及 Shapley 值等數學模型的輔助，嘗試探討自由球員制度出現後球員及球團效用的增減。最後，我們得到談判力量大小左右了勞資雙方談薪優勢或劣勢這樣的結果。當球團擁有高於球員的談判力量時，即使在自由球員制度下球團仍然獲益。

本研究之目的可分為二，第一個是希望探討具有不同特性之仲介員，在交易過程中是否有某些特性對於議價能力有顯著影響。第二個目的，希望探討在不同房屋類型之交易案件中，是否由更為適任之仲介員經手交易，能獲得更好的成果。透過模型設計，將特徵價格模型配合本研究目的加以修改，以實證迴歸分析那些仲介員特性更能夠在交易過程中，展現議價能力使買家提高願付價格（willingness to pay），讓委託人取得更好之賣價，同時也為公司創造更高價值。 根據實證結果顯示，仲介員性別、年齡對於議價達成率所產生的影響並不顯著，教育水準、年資與血型才是影響議價達成率的關鍵。仲介員教育程度越高議價能力越強，也越能達成委託人所委託之目標。同時本研究也發現年資高之仲介員容易產生代理人問題（agency problem），年資高之仲介員傾向於利用訊息優勢，左右買賣雙方之交易決策，使交易價格降低，不但背離委託人初衷，亦對公司造成負面影響。另一方面，血型為AB型之仲介員在議價能力上的表現最佳，該類仲介員普遍具有好的協商能力、邏輯分析能力，其次是順從、負責的A型仲介員，表現最差的反而是一般認為積極熱情的B型與O型。 / There are two purposes of this article. The first one is to identify the correlation between characteristics of a real estate agent and power of negotiation/bargain. The second one is to find if there are some characteristics of a real estate agent that are more suitable for dealing certain type of housing, including apartment, mansion and high-rise. Using the method of hedonic house pricing as a basic model, the article takes a bargain rate as dependent variable instead of housing prices, while characteristics of real estate agents are included in independent variables. It should be noted that higher bargain rate means greater power of negotiation. The results of this article are (a) education, blood type are positively significant, (b) seniority is negatively significant, (c) gender, age, astrology are not. It is also found that there are agency problems in housing markets since agents with more seniority are more likely to have poor power of negotiation, which is opposite of our expectations. The study findings may serve as a guide for further research on management and leadership of real estate industries.

由於運用特徵價格模型探討影響不動產價格之變數，國內外相關之文獻數量甚為豐富，但對於影響議價空間比率之變數，較少有研究者探討，由於議價空間比率影響賣方及買方之訂價或出價策略與對成交價格之預期，另對於估價人員採用市場比較法時，僅得待售案例時之情況調整亦有所幫助，故本研究試圖從蒐集相關不動產成交案例，探討有關影響其議價空間比率之變數。 因本研究之資料範圍鎖定成屋且透過仲介成交之案件，故透過與仲介經紀從業人員之訪談並與文獻回顧相關理論作相互印證，廣納可能之變數，並搜集台北市、縣成屋實際委託價格及交易資訊。將訪談蒐集所得之交易價格資料及變數，運用Excel 及SPSS統計軟體，透過敘述統計、相關係數分析、折線圖分析、特徵估價法之多元廻歸模型等方法，分析影響議價空間比率之因素，及其影響之程度。 實證結果發現：影響議價空間比率之顯著變數如下： （一）區位變數有：樹林、林口、新莊為正相關，議價空間比率顯著較高，大安區為負相關，議價空間比率相對較低。 （二）成交時間變數有：97年第四季因金融風暴，該季議價空間比率顯著較高。 （三）物件個別屬性變數有：是否1樓、屋齡、平均委託單價與議價空間比率為正相關，透天產品與議價空間比率為負相關，透天產品議價空間比率顯著較低。 （四）總體因素變數有：北市北縣拍賣移轉件數與議價空間比率為正相關，北縣市買賣移轉件數與議價空間比率為負相關。 本研究建議買賣交易人或投資者應針對交易標的所在區位、交易時間點、標的物個別條件以及總體指標需深入了解，賣方在訂價或買方在出價斡旋時，將更能提高交易成功之機率。物件位於相對偏遠地區，由於條件相對較差，賣方在開價上需預留較大議價空間，並有讓價準備，而買方可多收集相關成交資訊，以減少因資訊不充足而支付較高之價格貼水。 另外，當市場上發生重大事件導致房屋市場變動時，此時仲介角色更具挑戰性， 應提供賣方相關分析資訊，協助使其提早瞭解市場變動情況，避免損失加劇。對於一樓產品，買賣雙方價格認知差異較大，應提供相近條件之成交行情，若是店面或商用產品，可再提供租金收益資訊，易使雙方對於價格較有共識，並促進交易價格之合理性。 而不動產估價師執行台北縣、市之估價案件時，若採用市場比較法，收集之比較案例為待售尚未成交之物件，可參考各區位議價空間比率之平均數，再評估上述顯著變數之正負相關性，酌予上下調整，以增進待售價格情況調整之精確度。 / Although there are abundant sources of references regarding the use of Hedonic pricing models to study the relationship between real estate pricing variables and real estate price volatility, relatively few were dedicated to the research of price concession variables. Price concession variables determine sellers' asking prices and buyers' bid prices, or the expected deal price of a bid/ask strategy and even provide useful indications to real estate evaluators taking the market comparison approach when there are no actual deals to compare. Therefore, in this research we aimed to collect samples of actual real estate deals made to determine the variables that affect degrees of price concession by analyzing the degrees of price concession in proportion to bid/ask prices. In this research, we confined our area of study to completed constructions transacted through real estate agencies. Through interviews with real estate agents and reviews of past theoretical references, we attempted to gather all possible variables from the time buyers and sellers approach real estate agencies to the time a deal is made; we also gathered data of bid prices, asking prices and deal prices of completed constructions situated in the various administration districts within Taipei City and Taipei County. Interview results, pricing data and the possible variables we had identified were analyzed using Excel and SPSS; our statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, line charts and multiple regression of the Hedonic pricing model. The purpose of our analyses was to determine factors that influence the degree of price concession as well as the extent of such influence. Our research results found the following variables that significantly influence the degree of price concession: (1) Location variable: Shulin, Linko and Hsinchuang districts are positively correlated, suggesting a higher degree of price concession; Daan district is negatively correlated, suggesting a lower degree of price concession. (2) Timing variable: The degree of price concession during the fourth quarter of 2008 was significantly higher because of the global financial crisis. (3) Object-specific variables: Whether the property is situated on the first floor and aging variables are positively correlated to the degree of price concession; whether the property is an independent house is negatively correlated to the degree of price concession, suggesting a lower degree of price concession for independent house properties. (4) Macro factors: The number of court auctions in Taipei City and County is positively correlated to the degree of price concession; the number of property sales in Taipei City and County are negatively correlated to the degree of price concession. Through this research, we advise that property buyers, sellers and investors should gain further insights into the location, timing, characteristics and the overall environment relating to the properties they wish to close deals for. These insights will help buyers and sellers set bid/ask prices that are more likely to close deals, thereby reducing the cost of prolonged negotiations. Properties located in remote areas are have a disadvantage; sellers should reserve more room for negotiation and be prepared to make price concessions, while buyers should gather more information related to the deal of similar properties to avoid paying higher premiums due to lack of information. Furthermore, the role of real estate agencies becomes more challenging in the occurrence of major events which cause volatility within the real estate market. Real estate agents should provide sellers the relevant data analysis to facilitate early anticipation of market changes, thereby preventing further losses. For properties located on the first floor, since there are relatively wider discrepancies between sellers' and buyers' expectations, real estate agents should provide more information related to the deals of similar properties to reconcile their differences. If the properties are for retail or commercial purposes, real estate agents may also provide information on rental or revenue to reconcile the understanding between buyers and sellers and give more rationality to deal prices. For real estate evaluators attempting to evaluate properties situated in Taipei City and County using the market comparison approach but lacking deal references, they may consider taking the average degree of price concession across all administrative districts and adjust upwards or downwards based on correlations to the above significant variables and produce a more accurate indicator for the properties pending sale.

本文主要運用博奕理論，分析全民健保法中各涉入者的議價行為，包括政黨及利益團體兩個層次之互動。主要探討下列問題：1、瞭解議價行為之動態賽局結構。2、參與者如何運用策略及其資源，以達到其偏好的理想點。3、如何透過議價來調節分歧的利益，規避社會衝突。4、如何透過理性的計算，如移動、反制、反反制的過程，達柏雷圖邊界。 第一章說明研究範圍與方法，及本文研究架構等。 第二章為理論基礎，先對傳統博奕理論提出修正，再介紹本文所採用之移動理論。 第三章說明本研究範圍內之行為者的立場、偏好等，並採二階賽局之觀點對兩層次之行為者的互動做一分析。 第四章把健保法立法過程依重要事件分為三段，分別運用賽局結 構分析其議價過程與結果。 第五章在針對第四章之均衡結果提出更進一步之分析，以康多賽贏家、中間選民定理、空間理論等來分析議題之社會選擇結果。 第六章提出研究限制和檢討，及本文結論。 / In the thesis , the author use game theory to analysis thebargaining behavior of the actors,including political parties and interest groups,in the Nationl Health Care Law-making. The purpose of this thesis contains four points.First of all,to figure out the structure of bargaining game.Second,how does the actors use their strategies and resourse to reach their ideal point.Third,how does the bargaining goes to come to an agreement, and avoid social conflict.forth and last,how can the rational actors use their strategies like move,counter-move,even counter counter-move to reach Pareto frontier.

借款公司與銀行間彼此往來關係以及議價能力是否是決定聯合貸款契約中依績效調整利率條款內容的重要因素? 本研究嘗試利用1993至2010美國聯貸案之資料來檢視此一關係是否確實存在。 實證結果發現，當借款公司與銀行已有往來關係且公司之籌資選擇較少時，會比較傾向簽訂利率向上調整之績效條款。此外，由於單一主辦行於聯貸案中無法向借款公司剝削所有利益，因此對於已和借款公司有往來關係的主辦行來說，其較不傾向簽訂利率向上之調整績效條款。最後，本研究發現，對於主辦行排名較後面的銀行來說，其更傾向簽訂利率向下之調整績效條款來吸引客戶(借款公司)。 / It is shown in this thesis that long-term banking relationships and bargaining power are important determinants of performance-pricing covenants (PPC) inclusions in syndicated loan contracts. Using a large sample of syndicated loans data (1993-2010), I find that syndicated loans tend to include more interest-increasing PPC when a long-term banking relationship exists and when borrowers have fewer financing alternatives. The presence of banking relationship with lead arrangers reduces the odds of using interest-increasing PPC, because lead arrangers might not be able to capture all rents from holding-up borrowers. Finally, I find lenders with lower league table ranking are likely to use more interest-decreasing PPC to attract borrowers, which again is consistent with the hold-up hypothesis.

「安全」問題一直是國家不斷追求的利益，但相較於傳統安全問題，更多新的安全議題已浮上檯面。在新興的眾多非傳統安全議題之中，環境安全（Environmental Security）是相當重要的面向，乃由於環境的改變、破壞、退化，形成人類經濟活動、國家安全、國際和平的隱憂。面對如此的潛在危機，國際社會目前普遍已經體認到環境安全的重要性，也逐漸傾向尋求另一種不同於軍事武力的解決方案，有意願合作建立共同規範準則以面對問題，因而促成環境安全建制的成形。 　　本論文以「氣候變遷」議題做為環境問題的代表，回顧自1972年以來，以國家為主要行為者的全球多邊環境協定，探討氣候安全的特點及氣候建制的限制。同時採用「知識社群模式」與「制度議價途徑」的論點解釋環境建制的成因，前者影響國際社會對環境問題的共識、原則建立；後者則影響國家參與共同建制與制定、執行規範的意願。 　　雖然全球氣候治理的《京都議定書》已正式上路，氣候相關建制也都注重平等、公正、效率、補償等原則，力求使國際社會每個國家立足平等並有足夠的能力解決問題，但因為國家最終考量仍是自身利益，國際社會各行為者所重視的是平等而不損及利益的制度安排。所以，要建立有效的環境安全建制，首先要解決環境安全與經濟發展互相矛盾的困境，其次要調和國際社會成員的利益問題，需要各國共同努力，才能真正使環境建制的功能發揮到最大。

本文研究重點為探討跨國公司對在地國之影響，分析與比較俄羅斯天然氣工業集團(Gazprom Group)在烏克蘭與白俄羅斯兩國之議價關係。 Gazprom為全球壟斷性天然氣公司，在2006年冬季俄、烏天然氣談判破局而發生歐洲大規模斷氣事件後，其對在地國的特殊影響力才逐漸成為各界熱烈討論之議題。一般而言，在全球化下的跨國公司研究多半聚焦在跨國公司的經濟影響力，然而Gazprom在母國政府的支持下，在全球市場上除了經濟面外，還對其他國家發揮著政治面向上的影響力，特別是在烏克蘭與白俄羅斯的例子上格外明顯。學界目前對於Gazprom的主流評論認為Gazprom為母國外交工具，然而追溯Gazprom、在地國與俄羅斯三方之天然氣關係背景，發現Gazprom在烏、白兩國之作為不能單純將Gazprom設想為「母國外交工具」，Gazprom與兩國之天然氣衝突是俄羅斯政府「外交目標」與Gazprom「商業獲利」考量下之綜合結果；以Gazprom為主體方向下思考，對Gazprom來說，俄羅斯政府是企業對在地國的「產業政策影響工具」，更正確地來說，Gazprom與俄羅斯政府是屬於互相為用的關係。 為破除既定「外交工具」思考方向，本文採議價能力衰減模型(Obsolescing Bargaining Model)作為基礎研究架構，以Gazprom為研究主體，突破以往傳統上單層議價模型中只論跨國公司與在地國之議價過程，加入母國政府與在地國政府之議價關係，分析俄與烏、白兩國政府議價結果與Gazprom影響力之關聯，以貼合本文案例實際研究需要。 / This paper examines the impact of multinational corporations (MNC) on host country, analyzes and compares the two cases in Ukraine and Belarus of bargaining relations between Gazprom Group and host governments. Gazprom is a global natural gas monopoly, after the breakup of gas negotiation between Russia and Ukraine and cut-off of Russian gas to Europe, its special impact on host country has attracted people of all the different circles to discuss it. In most cases of globalization researches on MNC’s role, people concentrate on the economic impact of MNC; however, with the support from home government, Gazprom has shown not only its economic power, but also its political impact on host country, especially on Ukraine and Belarus. Till now, the academic circle has seen Gazprom as an instrument of Russian foreign policy, but after tracing back the historical background of gas relations between Gazprom, host country, and Russia, we can figure out Gazprom can’t be simply regarded as the policy instrument, in fact, the Russia-Ukraine and Russia-Belarus gas disputes between are the complex of Russian foreign policy consideration and Gazprom commercial actions. For Gazprom, Russian government is an instrument as well to influence host country’s policy in gas sector. More correctly, Gazprom and Russian government use each other for their own purposes. To break through the existing “instrument of foreign policy” research direction, this paper uses obsolescing bargaining model as the basic framework, regarding Gazprom as the main subject, changing the traditional one-tier bargaining model into two-tier, including bargaining relationship between home government and host government, then analyzes the correlation between the governmental bargaining results and Gazprom’s bargaining power for the practical case study needs.