京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(理学) / 乙第12912号 / 論理博第1548号 / 新制||理||1590(附属図書館) / 32122 / (主査)准教授 宮﨑 真一, 教授 平原 和朗, 教授 橋本 学 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21160号 / 農博第2286号 / 新制||農||1060(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5134(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 昌三, 教授 大澤 晃, 教授 北島 薫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

人口老化是全世界共同面對的問題，台灣對於國民的老年生活，該如何保障？除了目前正研議中的年金保險，高齡人口的醫療保健問題，更顯重要。近年來，台灣開始討論有關高齡者的長期照護問題，不過該以何種體制，尚未有所定論。觀諸先進國家之經驗，對於長期照護制度有多種建制方式。本論文以鄰近之日本為對象，研究以社會保險作為社會安全制度核心的日本，如何繼德國之後，將長期照護保險法作為其第五大社會保險制度。 本論文分為六章，約九萬字。第一章緒論，就問題緣起與研究範疇說明。第二章敘述日本實施長期照護保險法之經社背景及當時之社會安全法制背景。第三章針對日本建制長期照護保險法之過程中，論述其學術界之討論與行政上之規劃及其而後之立法過程及相關的過渡措施。第四章說明日本現行之長期照護保險制度，內容包括長期照護保險之適用對象、保險給付、保險財務、長期照護保險之組織、支付制度及長期照護保險爭議之處理。第五章為日本實施長期照護保險制度後之檢討與評估。第六章則先論述台灣目前之經社背景及長期照護體系，且說明其缺失。最後，以日本實施長期照護保險法之經驗，論述其對台灣之啟示。 在台灣，社會安全為憲法所明文規定之國家政策，並為政府歷次政策宣示所強調。從德國及日本陸續於原有之四大社會保險之外，另行實施長期照護保險，而擴增為五大社會保險，更顯示社會保險制度所獲之廣泛信賴與支持。據此發展，亦可見以社會保險為核心之社會安全制度，非但有退縮現象，甚且百尺竿頭更進一步。在2002年全國社會福利會議中，已提出以建立長期照護保險制度為目標，並於10年內完成之分組報告。台灣未來如何抉擇制度之走向，尚待觀察。

隨著邁入高齡化社會，高齡者之長期照護問題，由過去完全由家庭負起長期照護責任之型態，已經無法負荷龐大的照護需求，故漸漸轉為國家介入長期照護責任之狀態。各工業國家係透過制訂社會福利政策，無論是透過提供專業居家照護；建立機構式照護服務；發給照護者現金給付；提供家庭照護者喘息服務；甚至是透過社會保險制度之建立，由社會全體共同分擔照護責任，都可看出長期照護責任已經有了轉變，從個人、家庭到國家社會。 惟自實施國家經驗可知，自1980 年代以來，政府財政經費逐漸萎縮，當長期照護需求持續增加，即使透過減少給付項目、控制成本，甚至限制每年的預算等措施，仍然無法有效的降低政府的財政負擔，正式服務提供之擴展受限之情況下，可看出由國家擔負全部照護責任已然不可能，政策制定者以及學者皆開始重新審視家庭照護之能力，以及逐漸重視家庭照護者權益。 故於建立長期照護體制之同時，也承認部分個人責任，進一步思考家庭照護者之定位，以及要如何同時兼顧家庭照護者之權益。然而，目前我國對於家庭照護者之定位仍未有太多討論，而我國目前長照制度無論在經濟上支持或其他支持性服務方面，對於家庭照護者之保障仍十分不足。故本文希望透過研究採行長照保險制度之日本經驗，以作為我國未來長照保險法制建立之重要參考。 本文希望透過對日本長照制度之研究，了解對於在長期照護保險法制度之下，家庭照護者之定位為何？建立社會保險制度後，家庭照護情形如何？是否完全可以由社會保險制度替代？若非如此，則家庭照護者之權益是否受到保障？包含喘息照護服務、經濟性支持、專業人力確保政策方面，法制規定為何？希望透過研究日本長照制度，藉此肯定家庭照護之功能，以期對於我國未來長期照護保險法之制定能有所助益外，更能達到改善家庭照護者現況之效果。

自2003年起隨著台灣壽險業國外投資比率不斷提高，至2010年底國外投資比率已達34.47%，因此為了探討壽險業國外投資與績效並了解相關因素之影響，本研究檢視壽險公司之市占率和各險種保費收入比率與國外投資比率之間的關係，同時亦檢視美國政府十年期公債殖利率與投資報酬率之間是否具有正向關係。另一方面，探討已公開發行公司是否因需揭露財務報表而與未公開發行公司之間在國外投資比率和投資績效上有所差異。 本文以2004年至2008年台灣25家壽險公司的長期資料（longitudinal data），分析總合（pooled）、固定效果(fixed effects)和隨機效果（random effects）迴歸模型，並檢視模型之適合性檢定。另因反應變數之密度估計具長尾之特性，所以亦使用Koenker（2004）和Geraci and Bottai（2007）提出的長期資料分量迴歸（quantile regression for longitudinal data）分析作為探討。實證結果顯示，若壽險公司的市占率愈高，則其資產配置於國外的比重亦相對地提高，且壽險和年金險比率與國外投資比率之間呈現顯著地正相關；此外，公開發行公司的國外投資比率顯著高於未公開發行公司。在投資績效方面，美國政府十年期公債殖利率與投資報酬率之間為顯著的正相關。 長期資料分量迴歸分析實證結果顯示，當使用Koenker（2004）提出之方法時，則一般（ordinary）分量迴歸在50%、75%和90%條件分量下，隨著樣本期間年度的增加，壽險業的國外投資報酬率相對地上升；在10% 和25% 條件分量下，壽險公司市占率與國外投資報酬率之間是顯著的正相關。而使用Geraci and Bottai（2007）提出之隨機效果分量迴歸方法時，在50%條件分量下，國外投資比率與國外投資報酬率之間為顯著地正相關，再者匯率風險將降低台灣壽險業國外投資的意願，然而實行避險策略是有益於投資績效的提升。 / The foreign investment ratio for the life insurance industry in Taiwan has risen constantly since 2003 and reached 34.47% in 2010. In order to explore foreign investment and performance, and understand the impact of relevant factors in the life insurance industry, this study examines the relationship between the market shares of life insurance companies, types of premium income ratio and the foreign investment ratio. Simultaneously, this study also examines the relationship between the 10-year US Treasury Bond Yield Currency and investment return.On the other hand, we explore whether the difference between the publicly traded companies and non-publicly traded companies on the foreign investment ratio and the investment performance. In this dissertation, we analyze 25 Taiwanese life insurance companies between 2004 and 2008 using the pooled, fixed effects and random effects regression model. Due to the distribution of the response variable is characterized by the long tail, we explore the use of the quantile regression for longitudinal data by Koenker(2004)and Geraci and Bottai(2007). The empirical results show that the more market share of life insurance companies, the higher foreign investment ratio and there is significantly positive correlation between the life insurance, annuity ratio and the foreign investment ratio. In addition, the publicly traded company's foreign investment ratio is significantly higher than non-publicly traded company. In terms of investment performance, it’s significantly positive correlation between the U.S. 10-year Treasury Bond Yield Currency and return on investment. The empirical results about quantile regression for longitudinal data show that the return on foreign investment relatively enhance for the life insurance industry with the increase of the year during the sample period under the 50%,75% and 90% conditional qauntile when using the ordinary quantile regression proposed by Koenker(2004). There is significantly positive correlation between the market share and the return on foreign investment under the 10% and 25% conditional qauntile. When using the method proposed by Geraci and Bottai(2007), there is significantly positive correlation between the foreign investment ratio and the return on foreign investment under the 50% conditional qauntile. Furthermore, exchange rate risk will reduce the foreign investment willingness of the life insurance industry in Taiwan. However, the implementation of the hedging strategy is beneficial to enhance investment performance for the life insurance industry.

在本篇文章中，我們採用長期記憶模型來估計S&P500、Nasdaq100和Dow Jones Industrial Index三個股票指數期貨的日收盤價的風險值。為了更準確地計算風險值，本文採用常態分配、t分配以及偏斜t分配來做模型估計以及風險值之計算。有鑒於大多數探討風險值的文獻只考慮買入部位的風險，本研究除了估計買入部位的風險值，也估計放空部位的風險值，以期更能全面性地估算風險。實證結果顯示，ARFIMA-FIGARCH模型配合偏斜t分配較其他兩種分配更能精確地估算樣本內的風險值。基於ARFIMA-FIGARCH模型配合偏斜t分配在樣本內風險值計算的優異表現，我們利用此模型搭配來實際求算樣本外風險值。結果如同樣本內風險值一般，ARFIMA-FIGARCH模型配合偏斜t分配在樣本外也有相當好的風險預測能力。 / In this thesis, we estimate Value-at-Risk (VaR) for daily closing price of three stock index futures contracts, S&P500, Nasdaq100, and Dow Jones, using the double long memory models. Due to the existence of a long-term persistence characterized in our data, the ARFIMA-FIGARCH models are used to compute the VaR. In order to investigate better, three kinds of density distributions, normal, Student-t, and skewed Student-t distributions, are used for estimating models and computing the VaR. In addition to the VaR for the long trading positions which most researches focus on to date, the VaR for the short trading positions are calculated as well in this study. From the empirical results we show that for the three stock index futures, the ARFIMA-FIGARCH models with skewed Student-t distribution perform better in computing in-sample VaR both in long and short trading positions than symmetric models and has a quite excellent performance in forecasting out-of-sample VaR as well.

本研究旨在瞭解家庭面臨親人罹患阿滋海默症的家庭動力，以及此家庭動力對於家人的影響。研究者採質性訪談的方式，以半結構式訪談大綱，深度訪談一個阿滋海默症患者的家庭，並輔以Olson環繞模式來瞭解家庭各次系統的凝聚力、適應性及溝通。茲將研究結論摘錄如下： 一、家庭面臨親人罹患阿滋海默症的家庭動力 （一）患者與配偶間的夫妻關係受到最大的衝擊：兩人情緒趨向疏離、患者配偶的角色變得領導與控制、夫妻關係轉為母子關係型態、難以雙向溝通、彼此衝突增加且溝通品質下降。 （二）父子關係也受到疾病的影響：父子間難以情緒交流與互動，父親無法提供穩定的領導，反而是孩子變得親職化以照顧父親，角色界限模糊不清。此外，父子關係也受到孩子進入青少年發展階段的影響而更趨向分離。 （三）母子關係因父親罹病而更加親密：母子間彼此相互依賴、情感也更加親密、母親由於外出工作時間增加，提供給孩子更多自主管理的彈性。 （四）未成年子女的手足關係未受父親罹病的影響。 二、阿滋海默症患者家庭動力對於家人的影響 （一）患者原生家庭的動力影響配偶如何面對先生罹病的認知、情緒與行為三個層面。 （二）夫妻關係中無效的溝通加劇配偶照顧者對疾病的適應困擾。 （三）父母子三角關係：夫妻間角色功能不平衡，影響孩子對父親的觀點，也拉攏了母子關係，孩子變得較為親職化。 除上述研究結論外，訪談中還發現當子代面對上一代的奉養責任時，願不願意擔負照顧責任常與原生家庭動力有關。若內心不願照顧卻擔負照顧責任者，會面臨內在衝突與矛盾、呈現較多的抗拒、影響疾病適應。 本研究根據上述的研究結論提出討論，並提出具體建議，以供臨床醫療工作者、心理諮商工作者、衛生福利政策制訂及未來研究的參考。

「長期照顧」係指對具有長期身體功能失常或有重大疾病者，提供一段持續性的協助。臺灣社會的整體人口結構已逐漸朝向高齡化，根據推估，臺灣目前65歲以上的老年人口約208萬人，約占總人口的9.2%，但是因為戰後嬰兒潮即將邁入老年，因此只要再過25年，我國老年人口所占的比率將超過20%。再以身心障礙者為例，2005年底領有身心障礙手冊者達93萬8千人，其中屬於重度與極重度障礙者占29萬人。相對於老人對長期照顧需求的逐漸增加，目前更有大量的身心障礙者需要長期照顧服務的介入協助。臺灣社會對於長期照顧服務的迫切需求不言可喻，因此國家若忽視這類的需求，所造成的不單是個人或個別家庭的困境，更將是整體的社會問題，因此國家身負無可回避的責任。 臺灣社會的長期照顧服務一直高度依賴外籍家庭看護工，為減緩此一情況，國家試圖以投入大量資源扶持機構式照顧服務，與逐步充實社區式與居家式照顧服務等方式改善，但是外籍家庭看護工在台人數卻是不減反增，顯見國家長期照顧政策並未獲得失能者家庭的認同。臺灣外籍家庭看護工現象，其實是一種相當複雜的社會建構過程，是「父權」的家庭文化、「私化」的國家政策與「家庭負擔能力」的鉗制，三者交互影響而建構出失能者由家庭照顧為主的處境。如此過程是值得深入去了解的。 本文以文獻回顧與整合研究法，作為主要的研究方法。本文研究後認為，臺灣現存的整體照顧資源，會與現有文化觀念交互影響，進而強化家庭對「家人照顧」與「照顧行為女性化」的偏好。當女性照顧者面臨愈來愈強的照顧負荷與危害時，終將在國家政策、經濟能力、傳統文化與父權主義的交互影響下選擇具替代性的照顧服務，即便對失能者及其家庭而言並非最佳選擇。很明顯的，臺灣選擇以「外籍家庭看護工」做為傳統長期照顧方式的主要替代照顧方案，即便國家大幅改革長期照顧政策（照顧服務福利及產業發展方案），情況依舊未獲得改善。因此，臺灣如要建構一套完整的長期照顧政策，就必須先理解失能者家庭在選擇照顧服務時，是同時面對「經濟能力」和「文化輿論」等照顧困境。因此，一般的女性照顧者應從「無償照顧者」的社會弱勢角色，轉變為長期照顧政策的思維中心與主導者之一；而外籍家庭看護工的角色與價值更應該被重新定位與肯定，更應尋求將其融入臺灣整體照顧政策的可能性。 / Long-term care service in Taiwan depends on foreign nursing labor for a long time. In order to improve this situation, The government has provided more resources for institutional care services, and community care services and home care services. but foreign nursing labor in Taiwan still increased slowly. It means disabled person’s family can’t relate to The Long-term care service in Taiwan. In fact, foreign nursing labor in Taiwan is a social construction, and was affected by Patriarchy, private policy and home capacity. Finally, disabled person still in their home. This situation need to research. This research is based on document analysis. According to the result of this research, the resource of caring and the traditional culture concept have influenced to each other and emphasized. When female caregivers face heavy pressure of family care, they would choose other caring Long-term care service in Taiwan has been dependant on foreign nursing labor for a long time. In order to improve this situation, The government has provided more resources for institutional care services, community care services and home care services as well. but foreign nursing labor in Taiwan still increased slowly. It means the disabled person’s family can’t relate to The Long-term care service in Taiwan. In fact, foreign nursing labor in Taiwan is a social construction, and is affected by patriarchy, private policy and home capacity. Finally, disabled person is still in their home. This situation need to research. This research is based on document analysis. According to the result of this research, the resource of caring and traditional culture concept have influenced each other. When female caregivers face heavy pressure of family care, they would choose other caring service, and even it’s not the best one. Obviously, Taiwan chose foreign nursing labor as an alternative route, although the Government have launched a new program of long-term caring (Caring Service welfare & Industry development program). If Taiwan plans to establish a sound caring policy, it must understand the patriarchy, private policy and home capacity. The female caretaker should change from the one who used to be unpaid family caretaker to become the center of the long-term care policy. In addition, we should improve the role and value of foreign nursing labor, and Long-term care service in Taiwan should take foreign nursing labor as its regular as well as essential component. Key Words：long-term care, Foreign Nursing Labor

本研究所探討的對象為數位內容產業下的數位遊戲產業，遊戲產業是一個新興產業，相對於其他產業尚屬年輕。因此可搜集分析的資料較少，本文利用台灣經濟新報資料庫裡的財務資料，用計量軟體Limdep做長期追蹤調查資料(Panel data)分析，並估計其固定效果。研究發現，在樣本期間內，擁有較佳獲利的公司為鈊象、泰偉及網龍三家。鈊象與泰偉偏向大型商用、博羿機台收入為主，網龍則是主打線上遊戲，下較多功夫在廣告、通路及行銷上，另外遊戲產業的獲利特性呈現景氣循環狀態。負債比率對於廠商流動性高的遊戲業獲利有顯著負影響，資產成長率及固定資產比的增加則對獲利有顯著正影響。顯示國內廠商固定資產尚未達到最小有效生產規模(MES, Minimum Efficient Scale)，尚處於經濟規模階段，但在西進大陸投資則須謹慎。便宜的勞工成本，在知識密集性高的遊戲產業並不一定會帶來相當的報酬。另外本研究也討論了自製及代理遊戲的問題，研究結果指出，自製與代理遊戲所獲得的利潤差距並不明顯。雖然自製遊戲並不代表獲利較佳。但以長遠的眼光來看，遊戲公司應持續培養自己的遊戲團隊，否則將無法以自製產品在國際上與各國廠商競爭。

隨著高齡社會的來臨、85歲以上之「老老人」人數增長，具有長期照護需求者亦隨之增加；在眾多長期照顧資源中，目前以小型養護機構的所提供的服務量最為多，可見此種機構類型在長期照顧領域中的重要性。由於長期照顧機構間競爭激烈及評鑑期待等因素，使得服務品質成為目前小型養護機構發展的目標；社工員專業功能的發揮對於機構服務品質提升多有助益，但社工員的任用或許因為法源不足、成本考量、機構人員認識不足等因素沒有受到同等的重視，亦形成社工員高流動率與聘僱不易等問題。目前對於此研究對象的相關研究甚少，無法對於此種現象進行瞭解，且不能解答筆者過去一年多兼職工作經驗中所產生的疑慮，因而本研究以小型養護機構社工員為研究對象，探討其專業角色的發展歷程。本研究之目的如下：（1）試圖了解小型養護機構社工員在機構內的工作職責；（2）這些角色如何學習、建構與發展之歷程；（3）社工員的角色認知與其它工作人員角色期待磨合的過程；（4）此段過程中的各式影響因素；（5）期待本研究能使政策制定者、社工教育的學者及實務工作者關注社工員在小型養護機構內奮鬥的辛酸，並提出改善社工員所處情境之建議。 本研究因為過去相關研究甚少、據探索性研究特質、以生命經驗作為探索焦點及重視研究參與者觀點等因素採用質性研究典範，使用深度訪談方式蒐集資料，並以樣版式方法進行分析，在研究過程中亦有處裡研究倫理及信、效度等議題。本研究之研究結果為：（1）社工員於小型養護機構內的工作職責為「與個案一起工作」、「與家屬一起工作」及「與機構一起工作」；（2）專業角色發展歷程大致可歸納為兩主軸，其一為「角色不明確->學習」，初入機構時，多數社工員會感到角色不明確，而出現不知所措、挫折感、壓力、沒有成就感與緊張害怕等情緒，其運用正式教育訓練與非正式觀察模範、蒐集資訊、反思學習等方式進行社工員角色扮演、認識角色組成員、病理知識、組織運作資訊等相關學習，但由於機構內正式訓練不足、非正式學習並無相同專業之指導者，所以社工員紛紛表達需求督導支持；（3）專業角色發展歷程的第二主軸為「角色衝突->因應」，社工員對自己專業角色有所認知，進入機構後，部份機構主管因為對社工員專業角色認識不清、人力聘用不足、較不熟悉電腦操作等因素，對社工員有較高的行政角色期待，而引發角色衝突困境，令社工員感到抗拒、排斥、不滿、專業角色不被重視、想要離職、掙扎或對主管的角色期待產生疑惑等負面情緒，若干社工員以工時不足為由與機構主管溝通協調捍衛自己對於專業角色的認知，但多數仍不敵機構主管的期待而妥協接受機構主管角色期待，成為機構內的行政人員或社工兼任行政人員，在同時扮演兩種角色或捨棄原有專業角色轉而扮演自己不熟悉的角色之情況下，社工員會出現角色負荷過度的問題，並對自己專業成長沒有信心、付出收益不等值及引發自責等負面情緒。但仍有些社工員能運用說服的技巧、堅定拒絕的態度、事先避免等策略來堅持自己所認知的專業角色；（4）在上述的兩個主軸的影響因素中，社工員個人的人力資本、社會支持與自我認同會使得社工員較能堅持專業角色，同樣地組織內機構主管的學習經驗、接觸社工員的經驗也會讓機構主管較為清楚了解社工員的工作角色；但社工員重視人際合諧、畏懼權威等個人特質，會讓社工員妥協接受機構主管的角色期待，而機構內學習資源不足、社工員兼職工作身分等因素會阻礙社工員資訊之取得，機構內無行政專責人員、機構專業分工不清之文化，則會令機構主管對於社工員產生角色期待；除了個人與組織層次之助、阻力之外，社會環境層次中，規範小型養護機構的法規及評鑑項目等亦對於社工員專業角色發展有所影響；（5）學習是小型養護機構社工員專業角色發展歷程之核心機制，貫穿了「角色不明確->學習」主軸，也與角色衝突、因應策略息息相關，更是左右此歷程發展之重要因素。最後，研究者亦有針對上述研究結果之相關議題進行深入討論，並提出數點建議期待研究成果有較為實質的貢獻。 / With the approach of aged society and the growing number of senior citizens over 85, people with the needs of long-term care is also on the increase. Currently, among all the long-term care resources, the amount of service provided by small-scale nursing home is the largest. Therefore, we can realize the significance of such type of facilities in the field of long-term care. However, due to factors like the keen competition and the expectations of evaluation among long-term care facilities, the quality of service has become the goal of small-scale nursing home. The realization of social workers’ professional roles is beneficial to the enhancement of the service quality of facilities. Nevertheless, probably because of reasons such as the insufficient laws, the consideration of cost, and the insufficient knowledge of staff, the employment of social workers is not equally emphasized, and thus causes problems like the high mobility of social workers and the difficulty in hiring social workers. Since there are few related studies on social workers, I could not understand such phenomena and there is no answer to the problems raised from my part-time experience. Hence, studying social workers, this study aims to explore the developing process of the roles. The purposes of this study are as follows: first, understanding the duties of social workers in small-scale nursing home; second, the way social workers learn and construct roles as well as their developmental process; third, the role identification of social workers and the process they conciliate with the role expectations from other staff; fourth, the various influencing variables during the process; fifth, the hope that this study could make policy-makers, scholars in social worker education field and practician concern the hardship and struggle that social workers encounter in small-scale nursing home, and provide suggestions for improving the conditions of social workers in these workplaces. As a result of elements like few related studies, studies with exploratory features focusing on life experience and on the viewpoints of participants, this study adopts the qualitative paradigm, collects data with in-depth interviewing, and explains with the template analysis style. The study also deals with certain issues like ethics, reliability, and validity during the process. There are 5 findings in this study. First, the duties of social workers in small-scale nursing home include “working with the client,” “working with the family,” and “working with the facility.” Second, the developmental process of professional roles can generally be divided into 2 categorizes. One is “from uncertain role to learning.” At the beginning, most social workers feel uncertainty about the role and emotions like loss, frustration pressure, lack of achievement, nervousness and fear occur. With formal educational training, informal observing model, collecting data, and reflective learning, they learn through the role play of the social workers, knowing group members, pathological knowledge, and information about the running of organizations. Nevertheless, owing to insufficient formal training in the facility and no advisor with the same expertise for informal learning, social workers turn to supervisors for help one after another. Third, the other category is “from role conflicts to solutions.” After social workers realize their professional roles and work in facilities, due to facts like insufficient understanding of the professional roles of social workers, insufficient staff, and unfamiliarity of using computers, part of managers in facilities hold higher expectations of administrative roles on social workers, and thus causes social workers the dilemma of role conflicts and negative emotions like resistance, refusal, disaffection, despise of professional roles, resignation, struggle, or doubts about the role expectations from managers. Several social workers negotiate with the managers for the reason of insufficient working time to defend their recognition on professional roles. However, most of them still compromise and accept such role expectations. They become the administrative staff or social worker and part-time administrative staff. Under the circumstances of playing 2 roles at the same time or giving up the previous professional roles and turning into a less familiar role, social workers suffer from overload, become not confident in their professional development, feel inequality between devotion and reward, and have negative emotions like reproving themselves. Yet, some workers employ strategies like techniques in persuasion, firm refusing attitude, and prevention in advance to insist on the professional role in their mind. Fourth, among the variables in the 2 categories, the personal human capital of social workers, social support, and self-identification enable social workers to persist in their professional roles. By the same token, the learning experience of institute managers and their experience of contacting social workers also make managers understand the role of social workers better. Nonetheless, characteristics like emphasis on interpersonal harmony and fear of authority lead social workers to compromise and accept the role expectations of facility managers, while factors like lack of learning resources in the facility and the part-time role of social workers prevent social workers from access to information. The lack of full-time administrative staff and the culture of vague division of work in the facility cause facility managers to hold role expectations on social workers. In addition to the encouragement and obstruction from the personal and organizational level, in terms of social environmental level, the laws and evaluation items that regulate small-scale nursing home also affect the social workers professional role development. Fifth, learning is the core mechanism of the process of social workers’ professional role development in small-scale nursing home. It not only penetrates the category of “from uncertain role to learning,” but also is closely related to role conflicts and responding strategies. Moreover, it is the important element that affects the development of this process. At last, the researcher also has a deep discussion in terms of related issues about the results and proposes several suggestions in the hope that the results could have practical contributions.