人際經驗是個體發展他人形象與環境評估的關鍵因素。大部分尋求長期心理治療的個案，其困擾多與過去負面的人際經驗所帶來的關係議題有關。若個體在成長過程經常遭受拒絕，會發展出「世界不能控制、別人不可預測、不可信任」的他人觀點。因此，本研究旨在探討長期心理治療歷程個案他人表徵的差異，以及心理師如何協助個案改變原有的他人表徵，並創造新的人際關係經驗。 本研究以質性研究方式進行，總共以六位長期心理治療取向為主的資深心理師作為研究對象，以一對一的方式，與每位受訪者進行一次深度訪談。訪談內容著重探討個案他人表徵的改變，以及個案過去的重要他人形象如何重現在治療關係中；並深入了解長期心理治療關係對於個案發展新的人際關係經驗之影響。本研究透過現象學方式進行訪談資料的分析，呈現長期深度心理治療對改變個案人際關係經驗之成效。本研究結果發現如下： 一、他人表徵 治療前的他人表徵是模糊、沒有彈性、單一、負面的，因而無法辨認心理師真實的形象。經過長期心理治療，個案對他人形象的詮釋逐漸清晰、具體、有彈性、且納入更多正向的觀點。 二、長期心理治療歷程 先個案會將自己慣用的人際互動帶入與心理師的治療關係中。接著個案感受到心理師溫暖、支持的回應。由於治療關係不同於過去的人際經驗，使個案重新經驗穩定、安全的人際關係，進而開始辨認並建立新的他人形象。最後個案將學到的新人際互動方式帶到其他關係中，發展更適應的人際關係。 三、心理師的角色與功能 為了建立穩固的治療同盟，心理師需維持穩定的態度、提供溫暖支持的環境、尊重個案的自主性。同時心理師也可幫助個案覺察、理解自身的狀態，建立更彈性的想法、協助個案願意信任心理師及冒險。 / Interpersonal experience is the key factor for people to develop other- representation and to evaluate the environment. Most issues of long-term psychotherapy clients’ come from past negative experiences about interpersonal relationship. If people were frequently rejected by others as they grew, it is much easier for them to develop the viewpoints of other that the world is uncontrollable, and that people are unpredictable and untrustworthy. Hence, the main purpose of this research was to explore the difference of other-representation during the long-term psychotherapy period, and how counselors help the clients to change their old other-representation, in order to create new interpersonal relationship experience. This study used semi-structured interviews to collect data from 6 counselors who primarily conducted long-term psychotherapy for clients. Each psychologist was interviewed once, one by one. All interviews lasted for about one and half hour. The contents of the interviews focused on the change of other-representation, the reappearance of clients’ important interpersonal patterns in counseling relationships, and the influences of long-term counseling relationships on clients’ developing new interpersonal relationship experience. After data collection, verbatim transcription of each interviews were analyzed in a phenomenological approach. The study aims to obtain the effectiveness of long-term psychotherapy on the change of clients’ interpersonal relationship experience. The main findings of this study were as follows: 1. Other-representation The other-representation is indistinct, inflexible, single, and negative before long-term psychotherapy begins, and clients have difficulties to recognize the real image of counselor. After long-term psychotherapy, clients are able to interpret the image of others in a more distinct, specific and flexible way, and to include some positive view points in their other-representation. 2. Long-term psychotherapy process First, clients bring their habitual interpersonal interactive mode into counseling relationships. Second, they receive kind and supportive response from the counselor. Because of counseling relationship is different from their past interpersonal experience, clients re-experience a stable and, secure interpersonal relationship and start to recognize and establish a new image of other people. Third, clients learn new interpersonal interactive skill, and develop more suitable interpersonal relationship . 3. The role and function of a counselor In order to establish stable working alliance, counselors should keep stable attitude, provide a holding environment, and respect the autonomy of clients. At the same time, counselors also help clients to comprehend their predicament, expand their cognition with elasticity, and trust counselors.

在創投的資金後，通常會影響被投資公司經營的自主權，甚至大規模地置換公司董事與經營團隊。因此本研究透過台灣上市櫃公司內部董事與外部董監事席次的變化，探討對被投資公司上市櫃後長期經營績效的影響。資料期間涵蓋未上市與成功上市櫃後，並考量內部董事與外部董事之間必然存在資訊不對稱的情況，故進一步加入教育連結網絡，控制資訊不對稱干擾效果，以利更深入地檢視董監事的置換對於公司長期經營績效的影響。本研究實證結果發現董監事的置換對於被投資公司的經營績效存在負向的關係。並進一步發現董監事置換的對象以被投資公司的內部董事最為顯著，因此當公司內部的董監事明顯發生更動時，對於公司經營績效而言可能是一個不佳的訊號。而在考量教育連結網絡下，董監事的置換對於公司長期經營績效的表現亦呈現負向關係，表示降低資訊不對稱下，董監事的改變同樣無法能夠對長期經營績效有正向的影響。本研究結果顯示，公司董事會與經營團隊的穩定性，有助公司經營決策上的一貫，使公司經營績效能夠更優異。 / In this research, board turnover is hypothesized as key factors to influence performance of startups. Based on a uniquely contructed dataset recording key information of invested companies, ventural capitals and National Development Fund(NDF) in Taiwan, we create some new variables to this dataset, board turnover, and quantify the effect of board turnover on invested companies’ long-term performance. Our empirical results show that board turnover acts negatively towards invested companies’ long term performance. Besides, by using educational linkage between invested companies and venture capitals as control variables, there is also strong negative relation between board turnover and long-term performance. We thus conclude unstable board members will influence companies’ long-term performance despite of alleviating information asymmertry.

本論文是依據每一行業之財務結構均有一最適財務結構存在的假設前提下, 進行對國 內一些行業財務結構長期目標與調整速率之實證研究 於此論文中, 我們從一行業的融資和股利政策之財務行為, 來探討一行業之規模與資 本市場之條件( 如利息率和股價 ), 對其調整速率是否有關? 而為了對一行業於其財 務結構之長期目標下, 其部分調整過程的現行驗證描述之方便, 我們做了兩個簡化假 設: 一、投資決策被視為外生變數; 二、其目標以賬面價值來表示之。 於此研究中, 我們得到一些結論: 一、財務結構中的各種財務決策是相互依賴影響的。 二、行業之規模, 融資利息率之條件股票價格都會影響各行業對其財務結構長期目標 之調整速率。

內容大要如次: 第一章論:介紹研究動機與目的, 研究方法與限制, 並描述本文結構。 第二章世界各國政府對中小企業之輔導: 中小企業之範圍及貢獻與其特質, 世界各國 與我國對中小企業輔導協助之詳情。 第三章中長期資金籌措方法: 敘述中長期資金之意義與重要性, 並從大型企業籌措之 方法, 配合中小企業特質, 以研究中小企業可採行的方法。 第四章中長期財務規劃模式: 研究規劃之問題, 與有關財務規劃模式, 以設計財務規 劃模式結構, 和中長期資本結構。 第五章我國中小企業中長期資金籌措問題: 利用問巷統計資料, 探討我國現有問題 , 與各有關輔導機關及金融機構之現況。 第六章結論與建議。

摘要 本研究主要在Pierre Bourdieu的文化資本（Cultural Capital）理論架構下，使用「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」（Taiwan Education Panel Survey）2001年到2005年三波的追蹤樣本，研究學生的「學生文化資本」、「父母文化資本」以及「親子文化資本」對高中職、五專生的學習成就之影響。學生文化資本是以學生本身的文化活動參與和學校文化社團參與為指標；父母文化資本是以父母的教育程度為指標；而親子文化資本是以學生才藝課程和親子文化活動參與為指標。本研究檢證各發展階段（國小、國中、高中）中不同文化資本的動態模式，以及和學生學習成就的關係，以瞭解文化資本在台灣教育體制中所扮演的角色。研究結果如下： 1.在控制了人口與家庭背景因素之後，發現「學生文化資本」比「親子文化資本」對學習成就的影響力較大，高中階段的「學生文化資本」對學習成就的效果最大。 2.在性別方面：女生相較於男生，受到「父母文化資本」的影響較大。女生的「學生文化資本」都很高且多元，但對學習成就的影響較小；男生的「學生文化資本」不受家庭低收入的負向影響，且對學習成就影響比較大。 3.當父母為低教育程度的情況下，學生可藉由「文化資本」提升學習成就，但所提升的學習成就仍不及父母為高教育者的學習成就平均數，這意味著「文化向上流動模式」僅能達到向上微調的效果，但仍無法擺脫大環境的限制。 / Abstract This thesis examines the relationship between cultural capital and high school students’ achievement based on the cultural capital theory of Pierre Bourdieu. This thesis operationalizes the concept of cultural capital into three types: parents', students', and intergenerational cultural capital. Parents’ cultural capital is defined by parents’ education; Students’ cultural capital is defined by participating in students’ cultural activities and the cultural organizations in school; Intergenerational cultural capital is defined by students’ cultural skills class and parents-children’s cultural activities. Using data gathered by the Taiwan Education Panel Study (TEPS) in 2001, 2003 and 2005, the research estimates the effects of these three types of cultural capital on high school student's academic achievements in three stages of schooling (elementary, junior high, and senior high). The major findings of the thesis are: 1.Controlling demographic and family background factors, “student’s own cultural capital,” in particular at the stage of senior high, has more impact on academic achievement than “intergenerational cultural capital” does. 2.In comparison with male students, female students have a higher level of cultural capital, which is also more diversified. The cultural capital of female students is influenced more by their parents’ cultural capital. However, the cultural capital of female students has a fairly small effect on their academic achievement. In contrast, the cultural capital of male students, which is not negatively affected by family’s low income, has a greater effect on their academic achievement. 3.The students with parents of lower levels of education could improve their academic achievement with their own cultural capital. This improvement, however, is not enough to make up the achievement gap between disadvantaged and advantaged students.

本研究運用台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫（Taiwan Education Panel survey）之2001年與2003年針對同一批國中生（N=16,530）蒐集的資料，檢證James Coleman代間封閉性網絡有助於學生學習成效之理論。對於Coleman的理論，過往實證的研究發現並不一致。台灣亦有研究顯示，在升學制度的壓力下，家長間網絡不見得出現效力。本研究旨在檢證兩種不同家長網絡形式在學校與個體層次對學生學習成效的影響，研究結果發現：（1）個人層次方面，僅校外家長連帶有益於學習成效，但社會經濟地位具有間接影響力；（2）學校層次方面，則僅代間封閉性網絡具影響力，封閉性越高越有益於學生學習成效，且其影響力與社會經濟地位無關。

長期性資料(longitudinal data)，是指對同一個觀察個體(subject)或實驗單位(experiment unit)，在不同時間點上重複觀察或測量一個或多個變數。雖然觀察個體之間互相獨立，但就同一個個體而言，不同時間的觀察或測量常常是有相關性的。且觀察的個體之間可能由於一些無法測量的環境因素造成個體之間有差異，因此在傳統橫斷面分析中，假設其有相同迴歸係數的邊際模型可能不合理。隨機效果模型可以解決長期資料分析的相關，並假設每個個體的迴歸係數不同；此模型不但可以說明橫斷面資料的cohort效果，也可直接解釋長期資料的age效果；更可以區分個體之間與個體之內的變異。 本研究以1995年至2000年台灣11個產業中的100家公司之每股盈餘與各財務比率，作為實證分析的資料；分別配適每股盈餘與時間、產業別、時間產業別交互作用及財務比率及排除每股盈餘有異常值後之邊際效果模型(一般迴歸分析)及隨機效果模型，並比較其參數估計之異同。實證結果顯示，一般迴歸分析與假設誤差不相關且等變異下的隨機效果模型參數估計相似，但後者能區分變異為個體之間(between-subjects)與個體之內(within-subject)的變異。而假設誤差不相關且不等變異與假設誤差服從AR(1)且不等變異下的隨機效果模型估計相近。實證結果並顯示，在排除異常值後的模型參數估計，一般迴歸分析不論是估計值及顯著性大多沒有很大差別；而隨機效果模型的估計在排除異常值前後較有差別。特別是現金流量比率(CFR)原本為不顯著變數，在排除異常值後的模型配適全部變顯著性變數。 / The defining characteristic of a longitudinal study is that individuals are measured repeatedly through time. Although it is independent between subjects, the set of observations on one subject tends to be inter-correlated. Because there is some natural heterogeneity due to unmeasured factors between subjects, it is not corrected to assume they have the same regression coefficients. A random effect model is a reasonable description about the different regression coefficients, and it can resolve the inter-correlation of the observations on one subject. The major advantages of the random effect model are its capacity to separate what in the context of population studies are called cohort and age effects, and it can distinguish the variations between subjects and within subjects. This study describes the marginal model and random effect model, and shows their difference by real data analysis. We apply these models to the earnings per share (EPS) and other financial ratios of one hundred companies in Taiwan, which are distributed in eleven industries. The results show that the parameter estimates of the marginal model and random effect model are similar when error structure is independent and of equal variance. Furthermore, the latter can distinguish the variations between subjects and within subjects. However, the residual analysis reveals that the error structure may not be constant. Therefore, we consider heteroscedasticity error in random effect model. We also assume that error follows an autoregressive process (e.g. AR(1) model), which leads to the optimum among our results in terms of residual analysis. There are some observations that appear to be outlying from the majority of data. The results show little difference in the marginal models no matter whether those outliers are included. However, we obtain different results in the random effect models. Especially, the variable of “cash flow ratio” becomes significant once those potential outliers have been excluded, while it is not significant when all cases are fitted in the model.

許多社會科學及醫學上的長期追蹤研究上，常會根據研究之需要，而針對某一群人在一段時間內重覆地收集其有關變項（包括類別型反應變項及解釋變項）的資料。這種重覆觀察的資料在統計的文獻上稱為長期追蹤研究資料。在這些長期追蹤研究上，研究者常利用迴歸模型建構的技巧來探討反應變項及解釋變項之間的關係。 一般常用的模型，著重於評估解釋變項對反應變項的當時及短期效應，當解釋變項比反應變項更頻繁地被觀測時，這些模型則不適用。當反應變項可在不同類別間變動時，我們通常有興趣去探討解釋變項如何去影響反應變項的演變或未來走向的趨勢，這種研究可稱之為類別型長期追蹤研究資料的未來趨勢分析。本論文提出了以馬可夫離散時間過程來建立類別型長期追蹤研究資料的模型。此模型不但可以捕捉到解釋變項對反應變項的未來趨勢效應；而且當解釋變項較反應變項更頻繁地被觀測時，本模型也可以利用解釋變項的完整訊息來做出更正確的統計推論。 / Many longitudinal studies in social science and medical science take repeated observations of an categorical outcome, along with several covariates, from follow-up subjects over a certain period of time. Such repeated observations are called longitudinal or panel data in the statistical literature. It is often of interest in these studies to investigate the relationship between the outcome and the covariates through regression modeling techniques. Commonly used models often focus on assessing the contemporary or short term effect of the covariate on the outcome, and can't incorporate time-varying covariates that are observed more or less frequently than the rate we observe the outcome. When the outcome fluctuates among different categories, it is often of interest to assess how covariates effect the evolution or trend of the underlying outcome process. Such assessment can be termed trend analysis of categorical panel data. In this thesis, we propose a Markov chain based regression model for analyzing nominal categorical panel data that are generated by a discrete time outcome process. The proposed model focuses on assessing the trend effect of the covariate on the categorical outcome, and is able to utilize the complete information of the covariates that are observed more or less frequently than the outcome.

本論文是從外部環境的觀點，探討金融環境與總體經濟因素對企業長期融資的影響。鑑於近年來國際化、自由化的腳步不斷加快，國內金融環境產生了相當大的變遷，企業最常使用的長期融資方式，不外乎股票增資、發行公司債及銀行中長期借款三種，因此本論文先整理三種長期融資方式的特性，並就個別發行成長率和佔相對融資比例加以分析，且採股票增資成長率、發行公司債成長率及銀行中長期借款成長率為因變數，利用多元迴規模型，分別以「全部選取法」及「逐步選取法」為三種長期融資方式建立多元迴歸模型，並經由檢定結果找出具顯著影響的金融環境與總體經濟因素。 實證結果發現：股價指數報酬率對企業股票增資成長率具顯著正向關係之解釋能力；民國八十四年起債券型基金的蓬勃發展對企業發行公司債成長率具顯著正向關係之解釋能力；而基本放款利率、逾放比率以及民國八十一年起銀行法修正後新銀行紛紛開業的競爭狀況皆對企業中長期借款成長率具顯著負向關係之解釋能力。 研究發現外部金融環境與總體經濟因素的確對企業長期融資有著不可輕忽的影響力，因此也建議政府應研擬適宜、有效的相關政策並修改法令創造一個健全、多元的資金籌措環境；另由於金融逆中介情況逐漸深化，亦建議銀行可逐漸從事投資銀行路線，積極參與證券市場；而企業從事融資決策時，則應多考慮外在金融環境的變遷，瞭解各種融資工具特性並妥善運用。 / Abstract The purpose of the thesis is to state the effect of finance and macroeconomic factors on long-term financing and analyze the cause and factor for three funding methods. The source of fund empirically is defined by Bank Acceptance, Corporate Bond , and Stock Issue . Dividing them into stock quantities and flow quantities and estimitating by normal and stepwise OLS is to analyze the reason of the low increasing rate by loan and rapid growth by bond or stock in recent years. Empirical Results predict high over loan rate and some revolution in external Financial environment. Despite the ex-post analysis of thesis is consistent with financial situations well but there are some biases in source of data. In addition, result also tell what should commercial bank go and the best financing tools of enterprise.

儘管實務上創業活動屢見不鮮，但是有關創業的範疇在學術上之研究仍有待開拓。本研究建構出一高科技新創企業之合作網絡模式，一方面期能突破現有理論的藩籬，另一方面希望對實務現象提供有效的描繪和詮釋。此模式共區分成三部分，第一部分說明高科技企業在草創期之合作網絡模式，第二部分說明高科技企業在成長期之合作網絡模式，第三部分說明草創期和成長期合作網絡模式的關聯性。此外，本研究也發展出衡量高科技新創企業競爭力的方式，並對高科技創業實務提供具體建議。 　　本研究發現，高科技企業於草創期，可透過創業家個人的人際網絡，吸引如創業團隊成員及其他廠商的投入合作（如供應商、經銷商、創投），以獲得重要或互補資源。這些草創期合作夥伴的「合作意願」主要與「信任」創業家有關，而與創業家個人擁有的資源多寡無關，這顯示「關係和情感」是主導草創期夥伴投入合作的一項最重要考量因素。這同時也說明，在草創期合作網絡的關係內涵中，「情感信任」的比重較「經濟利益」重要。 　　在成長期合作網絡中，本研究發現，透過「信任」可吸引新的高階主管及其他新的廠商投入合作（如新的供應商、經銷商、創投等），據以取得重要或互補資源，顯示處於成長期的高科技企業，運用人脈關係仍是企業營運的一項重要策略。此外，成長期之「夥伴合作意願」會受到「信任」、「企業草創期競爭力」的影響，而與「企業資源」的多寡無關。這表示在成長期才加入的合作夥伴，除因信任創業家而強化合作的投入，新創企業在草創期所展現的競爭力，同樣也是引發夥伴合作意願的主因。因此，在成長期的合作網絡關係內涵中，「情感信任」與「經濟利益」皆重要，不可偏廢。 　　在高科技企業草創期與成長期的關聯性部分，本研究發現「創業家資源」會影響「企業資源」、「企業草創期競爭力」會影響「企業資源」、「企業草創期競爭力」會影響「企業成長期競爭力」、「企業草創期競爭力」會影響成長期之「夥伴合作意願」。因此，根據路徑相依理論，高科技新創企業可透過學習，累積資源與競爭力，藉以獲取與維繫競爭優勢。 　　針對高科技新創企業競爭力的衡量，本研究發現，「企業草創期競爭力」可使用「創業方向」、「研發能力」和「創新能力」等三項指標加以衡量；「企業成長期競爭力」可利用「創新速度」、「迅速回應市場能力」、「產品品質」、「研發能力」和「組織成員凝聚力」等五項指標加以衡量。使用此種方式衡量高科技新創企業的競爭力，較能區別出不同高科技新創企業的實際績效。