The Swedish school has the task of allowing all pupils to develop their ability to verbally communicate in the classroom. Through communicating verbally, the pupils will gain confidence in their linguistic ability in the social-science subjects. The purpose of this study is to investigate how a random selection with “ice cream sticks” can help to create a dialogic classroom, and how the participants perceive this type of teaching method, and if there is possible change in communicating verbally. The questions the study will answer are:  ·       How do the teacher's questions and responses to the student responses affect student participation? ·       To what extent does mutual respect arise from classroom dialogue? ·       How do pupils and class teachers experience the random selection at the beginning and end of a period of three weeks? ·       To what extent and in what way has the changed way of teaching contributed to a dialogical classroom in the social-science subjects?   This survey includes pupils and teachers from two classes in grade four and five. The qualitative methods used in this survey are observations and interviews. The material has been analyzed using theories about how dialogue is created in the classroom and how the teaching form with “ice cream sticks” can be organized. The result that emerged from this research is that with the help of the teaching style and the teachers' approaches, which is how they ask questions and how they respond to the students, the quantitative student participation has contributed to an increased classroom dialogue.

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In determinate circostanze, i giovani vulnerabili possono sperimentare inclusione sociale attraverso lo sport. Dal momento che la comprensione di tali circostanze rimane poco studiata, la tesi fornisce approfondimenti su questo argomento mostrando i risultati della valutazione dialogica di un programma sportivo italiano. I risultati mostrano che: I. Promuovere l'accesso allo sport attraverso tasse sportive agevolate, servizi burocratici e trasporti inclusivi sono presupposti fondamentali per introdurre i giovani allo sport; II. Introdurre professionisti che facciano da ponte tra le società sportive locali e le diverse agenzie che si occupano di giovani vulnerabili è una condizione fondamentale che fornisce maggiori risorse sociali ai giovani, soprattutto in caso di grave vulnerabilità sociale. III. Coinvolgere i club sportivi in una formazione mirata a migliorare la loro capacità di essere inclusivi è una condizione significativa da considerare poiché "competizione" e "inclusione" sono percepiti come valori opposti difficilmente integrabili nel lavoro degli allenatori sportivi. IV. L'esperienza di inclusione attraverso lo sport è collegata all'autoefficacia sportiva e all'interesse dei giovani verso certi sport. Il lavoro discute il ruolo dei processi dialogici nella traduzione della conoscenza scientifica alla pratica e viceversa. I risultati forniscono suggerimenti orientati alla pianificazione e la gestione dei programmi sportivi. / Under certain circumstances, vulnerable youngsters might experience social inclusion through sport. Since the understanding of such circumstances remains under-researched, the dissertation provides insights into this topic by showing the dialogic evaluation outcomes of an Italian sport-based programme. The results shows that: I. Promoting access to sport through subsidised sports fees, inclusive bureaucracy services and transport are fundamental preconditions to introducing youth to the sports; II. Introducing professionals who bridge the gap between local sports clubs and diverse agencies dealing with vulnerable youth is a fundamental condition that provides increased social resources to youngsters, especially in case of severe social vulnerability. III. Involving sports clubs in training aimed at enhancing their capacity to be inclusive is a meaningful condition to consider since “competition” and “inclusion” are perceived as opposite values that can hardly be integrated into sports coaches work. IV. The experience of inclusion through sport is connected to sport self-efficacy and the interest of youth toward certain sports. The work discusses the role of dialogic processes in the translation of scientific knowledge to practice and vice versa. Results provide action-oriented evidence for sport for development planning and management.

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Syftet med studien är att synliggöra den roll som dialogisk högläsning har i klassrummet. Frågeställningarna som har besvarats är: Hur beskriver lärare i årskurs F-3 att de arbetar med dialogisk högläsning i sin undervisning för att utveckla elevernas läsförståelse? Hur uppfattar lärarna att elevers läsförståelse påverkas av undervisning genom dialogisk högläsning? Studien har genomförts med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod och sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med lärare som arbetar i F-3. Studien har sociokulturell teori som utgångspunkt. Resultatet visar att samtliga lärare använder sig av dialogisk högläsning i undervisningen men att arbetssätten kan variera. Det visar sig även att lärarna upplever att den dialogiska högläsningen har en positiv påverkan för att utveckla elevers läsförståelse. I resultatet framkommer det även att motivationen hos eleverna under den dialogiska högläsningen kan variera. För att den dialogiska högläsningen ska ha en positiv effekt behöver läraren ha ett tydligt syfte med sin undervisning för att eleverna ska få en utökad läsförståelse. / The purpose of this study is to highlight the role of dialogic reading aloud in the classroom. The research questions addressed are: How do primary school teachers describe their use of dialogic reading in their teaching to develop students' reading comprehension, and How do teachers perceive that students' reading comprehension is affected by dialogic reading instruction. The study was conducted using a qualitative method, including six semi-structured interviews with primary school teachers. The sociocultural theory was used as the basis for the study. The results show that all teachers use dialogic reading in their teaching, but that the methods can vary. The teachers also expressed that dialogic reading has a positive impact on the development of students’ reading comprehension. However, the motivation of students during dialogic reading can vary. For dialogic reading to have a positive effect, the teacher needs to have a clear purpose for their teaching for students to achieve an enhanced reading comprehension.

Reading aloud is something that is considered important for children's language development,I have noticed that this is quite common, especially in the younger ages. My experience ofreading aloud had me curious to study what the attitude towards reading aloud as a languagedevelopment activity looks like among selected teachers at primary school junior years 1-3.The purpose of my thesis is to investigate how teachers view reading aloud as a languagedevelopment activity. I also want to investigate how reading aloud is planned into theschedule in relation to the curriculum. My selection to gather information is based on selectedquestions through semi-structure interviews in which eight teachers from grades 1, 2 and 3participated. All educators use reading aloud, but the scope and purpose vary. All participantsshare the same view of reading aloud, they say it is important and meaningful. The result isclear; all educators who participated in the study use reading aloud as an activity in theirteaching for language learning, but in varying forms for their students. My personalexperience does not differ at all from the results of the study.

Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur lärare beskriver högläsning och dialogisk högläsning i klassrummet och hur de anser att det kan påverka elevers språkutveckling. Syftet är även att ta reda på hur lärare arbetar med högläsning och dialogisk högläsning samt dess möjligheter och utmaningar. Studien är genomförd med en kvalitativ metod där semistrukturerande intervjuer genomförts. Respondenterna i studien utgörs av fem behöriga grundlärare som arbetar i årskurserna F-3. Studiens resultat visar att samtliga lärare uppfattar att högläsning och dialogisk högläsning har en positiv effekt på elevers språkutveckling, bland annat på ordförrådet och deras förmåga att uttrycka sig. Studien baseras teoretiskt på det sociokulturella perspektivet med ett särskilt fokus på den proximala utvecklingszonen. / The purpose of this study is to find out how teachers describe reading aloud and dialogic reading in the classroom and how they believe it can affect students' language development. The purpose is also to find out how teachers work with reading aloud and dialogic reading, as well as its opportunities and challenges. The study was carried out using a qualitative method where semi-structured interviews were made. The respondents in the study are five qualified primary teachers who work in grades F-3. The results show that all teachers perceive that reading aloud and dialogic reading have a positive effect on students' language development, including vocabulary and their ability to express themselves. The study is theoretically based on the sociocultural perspective with a particular focus on the proximal development zone.

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