! 69! Internet Law - Master Thesis Abstract This study explores and describes the discipline of Internet Law as well as the problems arising from applying its jurisdiction. Furthermore, it deals with liability limitation in the on-line world and presents various tendencies in the development of the Internet Copyright Law in the Czech Republic, USA and France. This study is divided into two main chapters. The first one deals with the theoretical and philosophical foundations of the Internet phenomenon and the second focuses on practical aspects of the on-line legal regulation. The tendencies in interpretation and application of the legislature are presented through important case studies. The research strategy for this thesis was data gathering followed by its analysis. Providing examples of local legislature (Czech, USA, French) together with presentation of corresponding case studies I was searching for the keys for interpretation and application strategies of this relatively young and dynamically developing field of law. The study's objective was to find answers to the following two questions: a) Is there a general need for the Internet legal regulation? And if so b) What should the legislative tendency within the Internet Copyright Law be? During the writing process I had to confront two opposite...

Ziel der Arbeit ist die Bewertung der Glaubwürdigkeit antiker schriftlicher Quellen zur Rekonstruktion der vier Kultbilder des Zeus von Olympia, der Hera von Samos, der Hera von Argos und der Artemis von Ephesos. Entgegen der vielfach praktizierten Methode, literarische Quellen ohne Ansehen ihrer philologischen Herkunft mit dem archäologischen Befund zu vergleichen, konzentriert sich die Dissertation auf eine Bearbeitung der Texte in Abhängigkeit von ihrer literarischen Gattung, um zu überprüfen, ob die schriftlichen Informationen überhaupt sinnvoll zu einer Rekonstruktion herangezogen werden können. / The aim of this work is to explore, weather or not the analyzed ancient literary sources can be used for the reconstruction of four ancient Greek cult images: the Olympian Zeus, the Samian Hera, Hera of Argos and Artemis of Ephesos. Therefor it is not sufficient just to compare the written texts with the archaeological results. The fundamental idea of the dissertation is that moreover it is necessary to concentrate on the literary genre of the texts. Thereby it is easier to find out if the information from the literacy can be used for reconstructions.

In dieser schattenwirtschaftlichen Kausalanalyse wurden entsprechend der Thematik aus der Sicht des Autors relevante Ursachen für eine expandierende Schattenökonomie in Russland vertiefend untersucht. Ein entscheidender Faktor bei der Begünstigung der Second Economy kann darin gesehen werden, dass es dem Staat im bisherigen Verlauf der Transformation nicht ausreichend gelang seine Rolle als Garant für die Schaffung und Einhaltung von festen Regeln einerseits sowie einen weitergehenden Rückzug aus unmittelbar wirtschaftlichen Abläufen andererseits in wünschenswertem maße zu realisieren. Mit den Zugängen sollte in einer fundierten Ursachenanalyse mehr Licht in das Dunkel expandierender schattenwirtschaftlicher, korrupter Erscheinungen fallen und dabei kausale Verknüpfungen zwischen den Zugängen ersichtlich werden. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Rahmenbedingungen, Motivation und der Entscheidungsbildung von Wirtschaftssubjekten wurde anhand 3 theoretischer Ansätze näher analysiert. Die aus den statistischen Schätzungen ersichtliche weit verbreitete Suche nach „unsozialen“ Vorteilen kann auch als eine Orientierungslosigkeit bezüglich der Akzeptanz gesetzlicher Regeln des gesellschaftlichenZusammenlebens durch die russische Bevölkerung angesehen werden. Ein Umdenken würde voraussetzen, dass die Gesetzgebung einer ständigen Begutachtung durch gewählte demokratische Gremien unterliegt und die Menschen weniger gegängelt, bevormundet werden wie in sowjetischer Periode. Viele der Vorschläge zur Reduzierung der russischen Schattenwirtschaft stellen ein Kurieren an Symptomen dar und sind auch als Reflex auf bestimmte Interessenpositionen anzusehen. Die Untersuchung zeigt, wohin eine Wirtschaft steuern kann, wenn sie nicht die erforderlichen Rahmenbedingungen erhält, die juristischen Gesetzesgrundlagen aus den genannten Gründen heraus zunehmend missachtet werden (eigene, ungeschriebene Regeln dafür gelten) sowie das Sozialsystem nicht bzw. nicht mehr erforderliche Mindestsicherheiten bieten kann. Deshalb erscheint es notwendig, die schattenökonomischen Vorgänge Russlands nicht als „fremde Phänomene“ eines „weit entfernten“ Landes zu betrachten. Vielmehr muss bei realistischer Betrachtung der Tatsache ins Auge gesehen werden, dass diese „russische Problematik“ einer expandierenden Second Economy außerhalb von Gesetz und Statistik in Deutschland und anderen westlichen Staaten nicht diese Dimension annahm. Mit zunehmender Wirtschaftskrise wird auch in der Bundesrepublik die Schattenökonomie als eine Antwort auf ungelöste Schwierigkeiten in der Wirtschafts-, Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik zu einem Problemfaktor heranwachsen, dem zukünftig mehr Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden sollte. / In this causal analysis of the shadow (black) economy, the relevant reasons for the expanding shadow economy in Russia have been looked into from the author’s point of view and in accordance with the topic. A crucial factor in favouring the Second Economy can be seen in the fact that during the previous course of the transformation the state hadn''t succeeded in realizing its part as a guarantor of the creation and observance of the solid rules on the one hand, and as a guarantor of the largely reduction of the regulated economic relations to an acceptable extent on the other hand. Examining the aspects in this causal form should help to cast more light into the shadows of the expanding black economy and its corruptive forms making the causal connections between them more obvious. The connection between the basic conditions, the motivation and the way of decision forming by the economists was thoroughly analyzed on the basis of three theoretical points. The widely spread search for the “unsocial” advantages, which is obvious from the statistical estimations, can be considered also as the lack of direction (Orientierungslosigkeit) in regard to the acceptance of the lawful rules in social live by the Russians. Rethinking would presuppose that the legislation should be subject to the regular examination through the chosen democratic committees and the people not be kept tied and patronized, like in the Soviet period. Many of the suggestions on the reduction of the Russian shadow-economy suppose the cure of the obvious symptoms and are to be regarded also as a reflex on the certain positions of interest. The above study gives the insight into such aspects as: where the national economy can steer 1) if it has no basic conditions; 2). if the fundamental legal principles by the mentioned reasons are increasingly disregarded but some unwritten rules are accepted; 3). if the social system can not offer the necessary minimum security any longer. Therefore, it appears to be necessary not to consider the shade-economic processes of Russia as the foreign phenomena of a "far distant " country. More than that, one must contemplate the fact that this "Russian problematic system" of the expanding Second Economy outside the law and statistics couldn’t reach such enormous dimensions in Germany and other Western states. In the conditions of the growing economic crisis the shadow-economy would certainly become a problem factor also in the Federal Republic of Germany being a reaction on unsolved difficulties in its economic, labour market and social policy. More attention should be dedicated to this problem in future.

Le Dictionnaire des hapax dans la poésie grecque archaïque, d'Homère à Eschyle vise à inventorier les hapax absolus (mots uniques) de la poésie archaïque. Chaque entrée du dictionnaire offre une traduction du lemme, son analyse morphologique et lexicale ainsi que sa situation en contexte, pour expliquer son sémantisme et son étiologie. Des remarques métriques viennent compléter ces explications. Ce dictionnaire peut servir de référence ouverte à tous ceux qui s’intéressent à la création lexicale de près ou de loin, à la fois pour des travaux stylistiques et métriques, mais aussi des travaux de traduction, de papyrologie ou d’épigraphie. Il représente un outil précieux pour favoriser la recherche sur la création lexicale pour tous les linguistes. Il peut être utile aux spécialistes de littérature dans toutes les langues car il constitue une base de travail pour une véritable réflexion sur la création poétique. Un volume de commentaire au dictionnaire, Hapax legomena dans la poésie archaïque, offre une définition précise et une réflexion sur la notion d’hapax absolu, une analyse des caractéristiques majeures de la création deshapax chez les auteurs archaïques, un inventaire thématique des principaux morphèmes préfixaux et suffixaux mais aussi des lexèmes les plus récurrents en composition. Enfin, la question de la réception des hapax en synchronie, par les spectateurs ou auditeurs anciens mais aussi par les scholiastes et lexicographes, comme en diachronie, à cause des difficultés d’interprétation de certaines leçons dans les manuscrits, est traitée. / The Dictionary of hapax legomena in early Greek poetry, from Homer to Aeschylus, aims to inventory the absolute hapax unique words) in archaic poetry. Each entry in the dictionary offers a translation of the lemma, its morphological and lexical analysis as well as its situation in context, to explain its semantics and etiology. Metric remarks complete these explanations. This dictionary can serve as an open reference for all those interested in lexical creation from near and far, both for stylistic and metrical work, but also works of translation, papyrology or epigraphy. It is a valuable tool for promoting lexical creation research for all linguists. It can be useful to literary specialists in all languages as it provides a basis for a real reflection on poetic creation. A volume of commentary on the dictionary, Hapax legomena in early poetry, offers a precise definition and a reflection about the notion of absolute hapax, an analysis of the major features of hapax creation in archaic authors, a thematic inventory of the main prefix and suffixal morphemes, but also the most recurrent lexemes in composition. Finally, the question of the reception of the hapax is treated, first in synchrony, by the spectators or listeners but also by scholiasts and lexicographers, then in diachronic, because of the difficulties of interpretation of some lessons in the manuscripts.

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ALMEIDA, Vanessa Silva. Lamento e luto na tradução de Suplicantes de Eurípides. 2017. 209f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos da Tradução , Fortaleza (CE), 2017. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-08T11:59:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_vsalmeida.pdf: 1983611 bytes, checksum: bb7d96031c1b7830508d11c94acfb216 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-08-08T14:19:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_vsalmeida.pdf: 1983611 bytes, checksum: bb7d96031c1b7830508d11c94acfb216 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T14:19:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_vsalmeida.pdf: 1983611 bytes, checksum: bb7d96031c1b7830508d11c94acfb216 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / This work aims at analyzing the mourning and funeral lamentations of the characters in Euripides’ Suppliants in the context of the Greek theater, religion and politics. For this, I propose the translation of the mentioned play into Brazilian Portuguese, observing throught it the way the aspects regarding to mourning in Ancient Greece can be comprehended by us. The proposed translation starts from the Greek text edition established by Paley (2010), and is supported by translations into modern languages, such as the Spanish one by José Luis Calvo Martínez (1995), the Brittish one by David Kovacs (1998), the Portuguese one by José Ribeiro Ferreira (2012), among others. The first chapter presents some general notions of Theater and discusses the theater translator’s role in light of these definitions; the second one regards more specifically to the Greek Theater itself; the third one brings the proposed translation with the notes and a brief presentation of the Suppliants; the fourth one presents the study of the play regarding to the characters’ actions in scenes of lamentations, mourning and funeral rituals in its theatrical, religious and political implications. In this chapter, I am mainly based on Lourax (1994), Alexiou (2002) and Storey (2008). Finally, I conclude with a reflection upon the translation process as well as the contribution of the translation of the play to the Classical and Translation Studies in Brazil / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o luto e as lamentações fúnebres das personagens da tragédia Suplicantes, de Eurípides, no contexto do teatro, da religião e da política grega. Para isso, proponho a tradução da peça citada para o português brasileiro, observando, por meio dela, o modo como os aspectos concernentes ao luto na Grécia antiga podem ser compreendidos por nós. A tradução proposta é feita a partir da edição do texto grego estabelecido por Paley (2010), e apoiada em traduções existentes em línguas modernas, como a portuguesa de José Ribeiro Ferreira (2012), a inglesa de David Kovacs (1998), a espanhola de José Luis Calvo Martínez (1995), entre outras. O primeiro capítulo apresenta algumas definições gerais de teatro e discute o papel do tradutor de teatro em face dessas definições; o segundo trata de modo mais específico do teatro grego em si; o terceiro traz a tradução proposta com as notas e uma breve apresentação de Suplicantes; e o quarto apresenta o estudo da peça-objeto no que tange às ações dos personagens nas cenas que mostram as lamentações, o luto e os ritos fúnebres em suas implicações teatrais, religiosas e políticas. Baseio-me, principalmente, em Loraux (1994), Alexiou (2002) e Storey (2008). Por fim, concluo com uma reflexão sobre o processo de tradução e sobre a contribuição da tradução da peça-objeto para os Estudos Clássicos, bem como para os Estudos da Tradução no Brasil.

This dissertation of limited scope, part of a Course-work Master’s in Ancient Languages and Cultures, consists of five chapters which deal with issues relating to the perception and literary treatment of non-human animals in African and Classical traditional stories involving animal characters. The focus of the research was placed upon arguing that: human characteristics were attributed to animal creatures in the myths/traditional stories from both cultures; both cultures made attempts to explain how certain animals became domesticated and how others remained wild; mythical thinking is not a preserve of one culture, it is rather part of human nature; mythical monsters are present in both cultures and that they have always to be destroyed by man, though not easily; myths served several functions for both cultures, ranging from educational entertainment to socializing purposes, to making attempts to explain ancient man’s environment and its happenings. The study was undertaken in the hope of enabling certain recommendations to be formulated, on the basis of the findings, to effect a better and more informed strategy for teaching Classical Mythology and Classics, in general, in the Mawian/African context. / Classics & World Languages / M. A. (Specialisation in Ancient languages and culture)

Cette étude porte sur l'emploi d'adjectifs neutres en fonction adverbiale en grec ancien, sur un corpus constitué de l'ensemble de la poésie archaïque, d'Homère à Pindare. Les données recueillies ont été, autant que possible, confrontées aux données des auteurs classiques et des poètes alexandrins, et replacées dans la perspective de la linguistique indo-européenne. Une étude morphologique montre le caractère récent des adverbes en ως en grec homérique, alors que le neutre adverbial semble constituer un procédé d'adverbialisation ancien et courant. Un examen sémantique des neutres adverbiaux et des adverbes en ως fait apparaître que ces derniers présentent des traits sémantiques typiques d'une catégorie d'adverbes en cours de développement, puisqu'il s'agit presque exclusivement d'adverbes de manière, alors que les neutres adverbiaux apparaissent, chez Homère, dans presque toutes les catégories d'adverbes, ce qui est le propre d'un procédé d'adverbialisation qui a déjà connu une forte productivité. Enfin, une étude syntaxique souligne les limites de la thèse traditionnelle qui voit dans nombre d'adjectifs neutres employés comme adverbes des accusatifs d'objet interne : cette hypothèse ne tient pas compte de l'existence de nombreux neutres adverbiaux qui ne sauraient s'expliquer ainsi, et elle suppose que l'on ait pu substantiver sans restriction des adjectifs au neutre singulier, ce qui n'est pas le cas chez Homère. Cette étude syntaxique met enfin en lumière les étapes du développement des adverbes en ως : ceux-ci sont d'abord apparus dans des contextes où le sujet avait un contrôle sur l'action, ainsi que dans des contextes où l'adverbe est orienté vers le sujet. / The object of this work is to describe and explain the use of neuter adjectives as adverbs in Ancient Greek. It is based on a corpus comprising all archaic Greek poetry, from Homer to Pindar. Whenever possible, this data is compared with the data of the Classical and Hellenistic periods, and put into an Indo-European perspective. The examination of the morphology of adverbs in archaic Greek shows that the adverbs in ως are a recent development in Homer, whereas adverbial neuters seem to have been the default way of deriving an adverb from an adjective shortly before the archaic period. The semantics of the adverbs in ως displays typical features of a relatively new adverbial formation: in Homer, the suffix ως is only found in adverbs expressing manner. On the other hand, neuter adjectives used as adverbs are found in almost every adverbial function, which is the expected behaviour of a very productive adverbial formation. Finally, a syntaxic study of the adjectives in archaic Greek shows that the use of neuter adjectives as adverbs cannot be explained as a special case of internal accusative: this hypothesis is unable to account for numerous neuter adjectives used as adverbs, and implies that neuter adjectives could be used as substantives in singular without any restriction, which is not the case in Homer. This syntaxic study also sheds light on the development of the adverbs in ως: they first appeared in contexts where the subject controlled the process, and in contexts where the adverb is subject-oriented.

Cette étude vise à développer un système d’aide au diagnostic (CAD) pour la détection de lésions épileptogènes, reposant sur l’analyse de données de neuroimagerie, notamment, l’IRM T1 et FLAIR. L’approche adoptée, introduite précédemment par Azami et al., 2016, consiste à placer la tâche de détection dans le cadre de la détection de changement à l'échelle du voxel, basée sur l’apprentissage d’un modèle one-class SVM pour chaque voxel dans le cerveau. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de développer des mécanismes d’apprentissage de représentations, qui capturent les informations les plus discriminantes à partir de l’imagerie multimodale. Les caractéristiques manuelles ne sont pas forcément les plus pertinentes pour la tâche visée. Notre première contribution porte sur l'intégration de différents réseaux profonds non-supervisés, pour extraire des caractéristiques dans le cadre du problème de détection de changement. Nous introduisons une nouvelle configuration des réseaux siamois, mieux adaptée à ce contexte. Le système CAD proposé a été évalué sur l’ensemble d’images IRM T1 des patients atteints d'épilepsie. Afin d'améliorer la performance obtenue, nous avons proposé d'étendre le système pour intégrer des données multimodales qui possèdent des informations complémentaires sur la pathologie. Notre deuxième contribution consiste donc à proposer des stratégies de combinaison des différentes modalités d’imagerie dans un système pour la détection de changement. Ce système multimodal a montré une amélioration importante sur la tâche de détection de lésions épileptogènes sur les IRM T1 et FLAIR. Notre dernière contribution se focalise sur l'intégration des données TEP dans le système proposé. Etant donné le nombre limité des images TEP, nous envisageons de synthétiser les données manquantes à partir des images IRM disponibles. Nous démontrons que le système entraîné sur les données réelles et synthétiques présente une amélioration importante par rapport au système entraîné sur les images réelles uniquement. / This work represents one attempt to develop a computer aided diagnosis system for epilepsy lesion detection based on neuroimaging data, in particular T1-weighted and FLAIR MR sequences. Given the complexity of the task and the lack of a representative voxel-level labeled data set, the adopted approach, first introduced in Azami et al., 2016, consists in casting the lesion detection task as a per-voxel outlier detection problem. The system is based on training a one-class SVM model for each voxel in the brain on a set of healthy controls, so as to model the normality of the voxel. The main focus of this work is to design representation learning mechanisms, capturing the most discriminant information from multimodality imaging. Manual features, designed to mimic the characteristics of certain epilepsy lesions, such as focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), on neuroimaging data, are tailored to individual pathologies and cannot discriminate a large range of epilepsy lesions. Such features reflect the known characteristics of lesion appearance; however, they might not be the most optimal ones for the task at hand. Our first contribution consists in proposing various unsupervised neural architectures as potential feature extracting mechanisms and, eventually, introducing a novel configuration of siamese networks, to be plugged into the outlier detection context. The proposed system, evaluated on a set of T1-weighted MRIs of epilepsy patients, showed a promising performance but a room for improvement as well. To this end, we considered extending the CAD system so as to accommodate multimodality data which offers complementary information on the problem at hand. Our second contribution, therefore, consists in proposing strategies to combine representations of different imaging modalities into a single framework for anomaly detection. The extended system showed a significant improvement on the task of epilepsy lesion detection on T1-weighted and FLAIR MR images. Our last contribution focuses on the integration of PET data into the system. Given the small number of available PET images, we make an attempt to synthesize PET data from the corresponding MRI acquisitions. Eventually we show an improved performance of the system when trained on the mixture of synthesized and real images.

Nombre d’œuvres d’époque impériale montrent que Xénophon était considéré comme un modèle littéraire éminent. La présente thèse offre une analyse de la réception de Xénophon dans les discours de l’orateur Ælius Aristide, lesquels n’ont pas encore été traités sous cet angle. Les œuvres aristidiennes examinées sont : les Discours platoniciens (or. 2-4), le discours Sur la digression (or. 28), la déclamation En faveur de la paix avec les Athéniens (or. 8), l’ensemble des cinq Discours leuctriens (or. 11-15), les témoignages sur la déclamation perdue Callixène, le Panathénaïque (or. 1) et l’éloge À Rome (or. 26). L’histoire grecque a une importance cruciale dans cette enquête : Aristide s’est particulièrement intéressé aux événements de l’après Leuctres. L’analyse des références historiques aux Helléniques met en avant l’érudition de l’orateur et son intérêt pour les discours contenus dans cet ouvrage de Xénophon. L’examen du travail littéraire d’Aristide sur le texte de Xénophon pourra contribuer à améliorer l’exégèse des discours aristidiens analysés, et fournira un nouveau volet aux recherches sur la réception de Xénophon. / Several ancient literary works show that Xenophon was considered during the Imperial period as a preeminent model. The present study analyses the reception of Xenophon in Ælius Aristides’ speeches, which have never been explored from this perspective. The works taken into account are the Platonic speeches (or. 2-4), the speech Concerning a remark in passing (or. 28), the declamation On making peace with the Athenians (or. 8), the group of the five Leuctran orations (or. 11-15), the evidence of the lost declamation Callixenus, the Panathenaicus (or. 1) and the speech To Rome (or. 26). Greek history has a crucial importance in this investigation: Aristides was particularly concerned by the events following the battle of Leuctra. The examination of the historical allusions to Xenophon’s Hellenica reveals Aristides’ erudition and his interest in the speeches included in this work. Looking at Aristides’ use of Xenophon’s texts can contribute to improving the exegesis of the Aristidian works and open a new path into research on Xenophon’s reception.