Tesis por compendio de publicaciones / Los alimentos artesanales son ampliamente reconocidos como una parte importante del patrimonio nutricional, gastronómico y cultural de los diferentes países. Sin embargo, muchos de estos productos artesanales, tales como los productos procesados de carne picada, a veces son percibidos como nutricionalmente desequilibrados, debido a su alto valor calórico y contenido de grasa. En la actualidad, el Pastel de carne de Murcia es un alimento típico de la gastronomía de la Región de Murcia, que se elabora diariamente en obradores artesanales, localizados en los propios establecimientos, donde se vende directamente al consumidor. En general, se tratan de pequeños negocios familiares o con un escaso número de trabajadores, que elaboran sus productos con materias primas naturales, mediante procesos manuales o con ayuda de pequeños utensilios y equipos. Según la información aportada por la Asociación de Empresarios de Pastelerías de Murcia (AREPA), del total de pastelerías asociadas a la misma (30), el 90% de éstas elaboran y venden diariamente el Pastel de carne de Murcia. Lógicamente, dependiendo del tamaño, de la localización y del prestigio de estas pastelerías, el número de unidades de Pastel de carne de Murcia vendidas a la semana varía ampliamente entre establecimientos (250-5.000 unidades/semana). Estas cifras pueden dar una idea de la importancia del consumo de Pastel de carne de Murcia en la Región de Murcia, que es más frecuente en días festivos y en diferentes celebraciones, y que se extiende entre los diferentes grupos de población, desde niños a personas mayores. Si bien, el Pastel de carne de Murcia es un alimento ampliamente conocido y muy valorado de la gastronomía murciana, actualmente no existen en la bibliografía científica, según nuestro conocimiento, estudios sobre el valor nutricional y energético de este producto. Debido a su contenido en proteínas de alta calidad (11%), este alimento podría sustituir a otros platos de carne, y ser incorporado en una dieta equilibrada. Sin embargo, su valor energético total, el contenido de energía de la grasa y el contenido de grasa saturada representan límites muy importantes para su consumo en una dieta equilibrada. La reformulación de los alimentos artesanales a través de la selección adecuada de uno o varios de sus ingredientes, con el objetivo de mejorar sus propiedades saludables, podría ser una estrategia efectiva para evitar la desaparición de algunos de estos productos tradicionales, que se han consumido durante siglos en diferentes partes del mundo. Otro aspecto de gran interés en la actualidad es el desarrollo de alimentos con propiedades funcionales, que le confieren al producto un valor añadido. Es por ello, que en el presente proyecto se ha incluido un estudio con el fin de seleccionar un ingrediente funcional, rico en fructooligosacáridos (inulina), que sea de utilidad para la elaboración de alimentos funcionales, a partir de un subproducto de alcachofa. El estudio demuestra que es posible mejorar las características nutritivas y saludables de los alimentos artesanales, mediante una mejor selección de alguno o algunos de sus ingredientes, tales como la carne de ternera picada y la manteca de cerdo, sin que dicha modificación suponga una reducción significativa de sus propiedades sensoriales originales. Por otro lado, el ingrediente funcional añadido en una concentración del 5%, sustituyendo a la harina de trigo en la base del pastel, representa una mejora factible en las características funcionales del alimento estudiado. Estas mejoras pueden contribuir, sin duda, a mantener este tipo de alimentos tradicionales y a evitar la pérdida en la cultura, identidad y herencia gastronómica de España en general y de la Región de Murcia en particular. / Artisan foods are widely recognised as an important part of the nutritional, gastronomic and cultural heritage of different countries. However, many of these artisan products are perceived as nutritionally unbalanced due to their high caloric value and fat content. Nowadays, the meat pie of Murcia is a typical food of the Murcia’s Regional gastronomy, which is elaborated daily in artisan workshops, where they are directly sold to the consumer. They are generally small family companies with few employees that elaborate their products with natural raw materials through hand processing or with the help of small tools and equipment. According to the information provided by the Murcia’s bakers association (AREPA) from the number of affiliated members, a 90% of artisan meat pies are made and sold daily. The number of pieces of Murcia’s meat pie sold weekly varies widely among establishments, depending on their size, location and reputation (250-5.000 units/week). Those numbers can give an idea of the importance of the consumption of the Murcia’s meat pie in the region, being more frequent during celebrations. Moreover it is consumed by any population group, from children to the elderly. Although the meat pie of Murcia is a food very well known and appreciated in the Murcia’s gastronomy, currently the scientific literature lacks studies on the nutritional and energy values of this product. Due to its content in high quality proteins (11%), this food could replace other meat dishes and can be incorporated into a balanced diet. However, its total energy value, energy from fat, and saturated fat content represent very important limits for their consumption in a balanced diet. The reformulation of artisan foods though the adequate selection of one or more of their ingredients with the aim of improving their healthy properties, is a possible effective strategy to avoid the disappearance of some of these traditional products, that have been consumed for centuries all over the world. Another aspect of interest currently is the development of foods with functional properties which confer an added value to the products. That is the reason for including in this Project a study with the aim of selecting a functional ingredient, rich in fructooligosaccharides (inulin) that could be useful for the elaboration of functional foods from a by-product of artichoke. This study demonstrates that it is possible to improve the nutritional and healthy characteristics of artisan foods, through a better selection of some of the ingredients such as the minced beef meat and the pork fat without a significative reduction on its original sensory properties. On the other hand, the functional ingredient added in a concentration of 5% (wheat flour basis) to the bottom part of the meat pie, represents a feasible improvement of the functional characteristics of this food under research. Those improvements could contribute undoubtedly to avoid a loss of the cultural identity to preserve this type of traditional foods avoiding the loss of cultural identity and gastronomic heritage in Spain and particularly in the Region of Murcia.

No description available.

Chapter One introduces molecular irnaging and the modalities available for oncological irnaging. The radioisotopes and imaging agents for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) are discussed together with the bifunctional chelator approach for radio labelling of biomolecules. Finally, the chemistry and radioisotopes of copper are described, and copper bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes introduced in the context of PET irnaging. Chapter Two describes the synthesis and characterisation of novel carboxylate- and maleirnide- functionalised bis(thiosemicarbazonates) and their conjugation to biologically active molecules. Radiolabelling of a chelator-bombesin conjugate demonstrated site-specific labelling at room temperature and preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed its potential as an imaging agent. Bioconjugation to a model protein and subsequent radiolabelling was also investigated. Chapter Three introduces molecular irnaging of hypoxia with a focus on CuATSM. An overview of the currently accepted mechanism of hypoxia selectivity is presented. The emphasis is placed on the relationship between oxygenation status, uptake and retention which display cell- and tumour- line dependency. Chapter Four presents the synthesis of copper bis(thiosemicarbazonates), radiolabelled either at the metal (64CU) or at the ligand e8F or 123n for mechanistic studies. The physicochemical characteristics of the copper complexes were measured and the complexes evaluated for their in vitro hypoxia selectivity. Chapter Five describes in vitro and in vivo studies of the orthogonally radiolabelled complexes, inclusive of control experiments with [64Cu]CuATS~, the radiolabelled proligand and [64CU]CU2+ salts. In vitro cellular assays, as well as in vivo biodistribution studies including dynamic PET and SPECT were performed. Stability studies contrasting the in vitro and in vivo behaviour were carried out. The collective data suggest that the currently proposed redox trapping mechanism might not provide a full understanding of the factors governing biodistribution and tumour uptake. Chapter Six contains full experimental details for the work described in this thesis.

Arias est un système de mémoire partagée répartie (MPR) réalisé dans le cadre du projet SIRAC, qui étudie les supports logiciels pour les applications distribuées. Une MPR facilite grandement la programmation de telles applications. Nous retraçons l'évolution des systèmes distributés qui ont abouti à cette idée, et caractérisons les diverses particularités de quelques projets antérieurs. Nous édictons nos objectifs propres et dégageons les spécifications qui sont souhaitables pour notre projet. Partant de là, et après avoir esquissé l'architecture générale d'Arias, nous nous concentrons sur les problèmes liés à la répartition de la mémoire. En particulier, l'allocation et la localisation de la mémoire dans une MPR à grand espace d'adresses posent des difficultés de réalisation qui ont des conséquences importantes dans la conception de l'interface logicielle avec l'application et le système d'exploitation sous-jacent. L'analyse de ces difficultés nous mène au module d'allocation et de localisation que nous décrivons. Une fois son implémentation décrite dans ses détails techniques, nous en explicitons les paramètres d'ajustement et soulignons leur impact à travers des mesures et des simulations. Nous montrons plusieurs configurations envisageables, dont certaines sont spécialement adaptées à certains types d'utilisation. Pour finir, nous concluons sur les leçons apprises de ce travail, tant du point de vue de ce qui a été réalisé que sur les travaux futurs et les perspectives générales des MPR.

Graduation date: 2006 / We hypothesized that calpain activity is elevated in response to muscle damage. To test this hypothesis, we examined the degradation of α-fodrin into its 150 and 145 kDa fragments following either 20 eccentric or isometric contractions. In addition, experiments were performed in the presence or absence of E-64-d, a calpain inhibitor. Both EDL and SOL muscles displayed significant differences (p<0.003 and p<0.002 respectively) between the raw and normalized 150 and 145 kDa α-fodrin fragments of the DMSO + E-64-d compared to the other bath treatments. Based on our model of exercise-induced muscle damage, we expected to see greater levels of 150 and 145 kDa α-fodrin fragments in those muscles that performed the eccentric protocol. However, there was no evidence that eccentric muscle damage increased the levels of 150 and 145 kDa α-fodrin fragments over the levels observed in the isometric trials. These findings suggest that the magnitude of damage was insufficient to activate calpains.

La mayor parte de los trabajos realizados sobre envíos de dinero han abordado la vertiente económica del fenómeno. Estos trabajos frecuentemente desvinculan las remesas de las dimensiones sociales que éstas presentan en los espacios sociales transnacionales. Igualmente, son escasos los trabajos que han abordado el estudio de las remesas en el marco más amplio de las estrategias económicas seguidas por los migrantes, y su relación con el espacio hacia el que los migrantes proyectan su movilidad social.En esta tesis doctoral se realiza un análisis del papel que las remesas juegan en el marco de las estrategias seguidas por los migrantes en la búsqueda de su movilidad social desde una perspectiva etnográfica. El marco de fondo de todo este abordaje parte de la premisa de considerar las remesas como un proceso económico que está incrustado en procesos sociales y culturales más amplios, con la intención de mostrar la complejidad y variedad de factores que están interrelacionados en torno a estos envíos. / Most of the researches carried out on the subject of money transfers has approached the economic side of the phenomenon. Most of these works dissociate from the social dimensions that they present in the social transnational spaces. Similarly, few works have approached the study of remittances in the wider frame of the economic strategies followed by migrants, and their connexions with the place where migrants are planning their social mobility.In this doctoral thesis an analysis is made, from an ethnographic perspective of the role that remittances play in the framework of the strategies adopted by migrants in search of social mobility. Therefore, in this thesis remittances are studied starting from the premise that remittances are part of an economic process, and they are embedded in more wide social and cultural processes. The aim is to show the complexity and variety of factors that are interrelated concerning remittances.

La explosión de alojamientos rurales deja al descubierto un problema, el de las mujeres en el medio rural. Mujeres que se convierten en un "problema", en la medida en que "no están", o quieren estar de una manera diferente a la tradicional. Este "problema" ha motivado la incorporación de la variable género en la creación de bienes y servicios de turismo rural, ya que pretendemos captar los factores sociales que se vinculan con la temática de creación de alojamientos rurales y si pone en crisis los modelos tradicionales de vinculación femenina a las explotaciones agrarias, es decir, el esquema del varón proveedor y de la mujer centrada en el ámbito doméstico. De ahí el interés que tenemos en enfocar la creación de casas rurales desde una perspectiva de género, asumiendo que el capitalismo hace uso de las desigualdades de género existentes y ubica a la mujer en posición subordinada a distintos niveles de interacción entre la clase social y el género. Por otro, las casas rurales hay que situarlas en el ámbito del consumo turístico y que puede interpretarse como un conjunto de prácticas sociales y culturales que sirven para establecer diferencias entre grupos sociales.Nuestro trabajo de investigación se compone de una introducción y dos partes, con las correspondientes conclusiones y bibliografía. En la introducción se expone la pregunta y los objetivos de la investigación, destacando, por un lado, la relevancia teórica de la variable género para el análisis de la creación de casas rurales. Variable ausente en el análisis de la función empresarial.En la primera parte se desarrolla extensamente el marco teórico abordando la evolución turística y el debate sobre la sostenibilidad y competitividad del sector turístico. Un sector que supone el desarrollo de la capacidad de entender y responder a los símbolos que rodean el consumismo moderno Así como también, abordamos la actividad empresarial vinculada a los alojamientos rurales con el análisis de las teorías de la división sexual del trabajo y el desarrollo de la actividad empresarial. En este sentido, la división sexual del trabajo explica que se siga asumiendo que el trabajo familiar doméstico es trabajo de mujeres. Asunción que refuerza el actual contrato social entre los géneros. Por último se detallan las hipótesis, la estrategia de la investigación, las dimensiones e indicadores. Seguidamente, en la segunda parte, se efectúa el análisis de la información recabada en el trabajo de campo. Esta segunda parte se ha organizado en los siguientes dos bloques: 1) creación de alojamientos rurales, estrategias patrimoniales y género; 2) La dimensión de género en los establecimientos rurales y en la 3ra) el producto: calidad y experiencia de turismo rural. / The explosion of rural lodgings leaves in the open a problem, the one of the women in rural means, who become a "problem" in the measurement in which they are not or they want to be of a way different from the traditional one. This "problem" has motivated incorporation of variable sort in creation of goods and services of tourism rural, since we try to catch the social factors that tie with the thematic one of creation of rural lodgings and if it puts in crisis the traditional models of feminine entailment to the agrarian operations, that is to say, the scheme of the man supplier and the woman centred in the domestic scope. Of there the interest which we have in focusing the creation of rural houses from a sort perspective, assuming that Capitalism makes use of the existing inequalities of sort and locates to the woman on guard subordinated at different levels from interaction between the social class and the sort. On the other hand, the rural houses it is necessary to locate them in the scope of the tourist consumption and that can be interpreted like a set of social practices and cultural that serves to establish differences between social groups. Our work of investigation is made up of an introduction and two parts, with the corresponding conclusions and bibliography. In the introduction, we expose the question and the objectives of the investigation, emphasizing, on the one hand, the theoretical relevance of the variable sort for the analysis of the creation of rural houses. Sort is a variable absentee in the analysis of the enterprise function. In the first part the theoretical frame is developed extensively approaching the tourist evolution and the debate on the sustainability and competitiveness of the tourist sector. A sector that supposes the development of the capacity to understand and to respond to the symbols that surround the modern consumption As well as, we approached the tie enterprise activity to the rural lodgings with the analysis of the theories of the sexual division of the work and the development of the enterprise activity. In this sense, the sexual division of the work explains that it is continued assuming that the domestic familiar work is work of women. This Asuncio'n reinforces the present social contract between the sorts. Finally the hypotheses, the strategy of the investigation, the dimensions are detailed and indicators. Next, in the second part, the analysis of the information successfully obtained in the work of field takes place. This second part has been organized in following the two blocks: 1) patrimonial creation of rural lodgings, strategies and sort; 2) the dimension of sort in the rural establishments and 3ra) the product: quality and experience of rural tourism.

Continuous scaling of the transistor size and reduction of the operating voltage have led to a significant performance improvement of integrated circuits. However, the vulnerability of the scaled circuits to transient data upsets or soft errors, which are caused by alpha particles and cosmic neutrons, has emerged as a major reliability concern. In this thesis, we have investigated the effects of soft errors in combinational circuits and proposed soft error detection techniques for high speed adders. In particular, we have proposed an area-efficient 64-bit soft error robust logarithmic adder (SRA). The adder employs the carry merge Sklansky adder architecture in which carries are generated every 4 bits. Since the particle-induced transient, which is often referred to as a single event transient (SET) typically lasts for 100~200 ps, the adder uses time redundancy by sampling the sum outputs twice. The sampling instances have been set at 110 ps apart. In contrast to the traditional time redundancy, which requires two clock cycles to generate a given output, the SRA generates an output in a single clock cycle. The sampled sum outputs are compared using a 64-bit XOR tree to detect any possible error. An energy efficient 4-input transmission gate based XOR logic is implemented to reduce the delay and the power in this case. The pseudo-static logic (PSL), which has the ability to recover from a particle induced transient, is used in the adder implementation. In comparison with the space redundant approach which requires hardware duplication for error detection, the SRA is 50% more area efficient. The proposed SRA is simulated for different operands with errors inserted at different nodes at the inputs, the carry merge tree, and the sum generation circuit. The simulation vectors are carefully chosen such that the SET is not masked by error masking mechanisms, which are inherently present in combinational circuits. Simulation results show that the proposed SRA is capable of detecting 77% of the errors. The undetected errors primarily result when the SET causes an even number of errors and when errors occur outside the sampling window.

Continuous scaling of the transistor size and reduction of the operating voltage have led to a significant performance improvement of integrated circuits. However, the vulnerability of the scaled circuits to transient data upsets or soft errors, which are caused by alpha particles and cosmic neutrons, has emerged as a major reliability concern. In this thesis, we have investigated the effects of soft errors in combinational circuits and proposed soft error detection techniques for high speed adders. In particular, we have proposed an area-efficient 64-bit soft error robust logarithmic adder (SRA). The adder employs the carry merge Sklansky adder architecture in which carries are generated every 4 bits. Since the particle-induced transient, which is often referred to as a single event transient (SET) typically lasts for 100~200 ps, the adder uses time redundancy by sampling the sum outputs twice. The sampling instances have been set at 110 ps apart. In contrast to the traditional time redundancy, which requires two clock cycles to generate a given output, the SRA generates an output in a single clock cycle. The sampled sum outputs are compared using a 64-bit XOR tree to detect any possible error. An energy efficient 4-input transmission gate based XOR logic is implemented to reduce the delay and the power in this case. The pseudo-static logic (PSL), which has the ability to recover from a particle induced transient, is used in the adder implementation. In comparison with the space redundant approach which requires hardware duplication for error detection, the SRA is 50% more area efficient. The proposed SRA is simulated for different operands with errors inserted at different nodes at the inputs, the carry merge tree, and the sum generation circuit. The simulation vectors are carefully chosen such that the SET is not masked by error masking mechanisms, which are inherently present in combinational circuits. Simulation results show that the proposed SRA is capable of detecting 77% of the errors. The undetected errors primarily result when the SET causes an even number of errors and when errors occur outside the sampling window.

- / The treatment techniques applied in the chest area (breast and lung cancer) in radiotherapy, increase the lung toxicity leading to the development of pulmonary complications. The aim of this study is to compare the predictive strength of different radiobiological models in the evaluation of radiation pneumonitis, correlate the absorbed dose with the severity of the clinical outcome and examine biological factors that may affect or induce complications after irradiation. Furthermore, due to the fact that the value of each parameter is accompanied by its confidence interval, every model is represented by a group of dose-response curves that create a range in which each radiobiological model can vary. The range of each model is very important when selecting the values of parameters used, due to the existence of coincendence areas between the models. The study was based on 179 breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Dose volume histograms and the clnical treatment outcome for every patient were available. 24 patients scored radiation pneumonitis grade 2 and 65 showed milder symptoms of grade 1. Normal tissue complication probabilities were computed for every model for each patient. Moreover, statistical analysis was applied to investigate whether the absorbed dose is the only factor that influeces the development of radiation pneumonitis in breast cancer radiotherapy (x2 test) and the ability of the radiobiological models used to discriminate cases that developed radiation pneumonitis from those that did not (ROC curves). The Relative Seriality model described with greater accuracy the clinical outcome in contrast to the LKB and Parallel model. The statistical results showed that radiation pneumonitis in the case of breast cancer radiotherapy does not depend only on the absorbed dose but on other radiobiological factors that induce the development of complication, such as the intrinsic radiosensitivity of each patient. ROC curves pointed out the weakness of the models to discriminate cases of complication from cases of non-complication. Finally, this study accented the importance to use parameter values extracted from patients groups with similar clinical characteristics as the ones examined in order to avoid the coincidence areas between the models.