Archaeological data have shown a notable decline of the population from the end of the monarchy to the time of E-N. And there is no evidence of many outsiders swarming into Judah. Therefore the returnees constitute only a minority in Persian Yehud. A study on biblical and other sources implies that the Persian regime shaped and formulated their policy on Yehud for the Empire's own interest. With the support of the central government, the Second Temple as well as its priests and Levites have been elevated, while the remainers are marginalized, discriminated against and accused by the returnees. / Both Jewish and Christian traditions as well as modern scholarship on the Hebrew Bible have shown great interest in the issue of identity with special focus on the situation of the Restoration period. However, many of the contributions tend to lay their emphasis on the negative side about how the marginalization takes place in the texts of Ezra-Nehemiah (E-N hereafter) and Chronicles, but there is little attention paid to comparing and measuring the complexities of both phenomenon: marginalizing and acceptance, and no previous study has yet dealt with the different groups in E-N and Chronicles so far. This study attempts to bring the focus on the different groups during that period. Based on the archaeological and extra-biblical data, which may help us to reconstruct the social fabric of Persian Yehud, it then zeros in to appreciate how the texts have portrayed different groups and analyzes how the biblical authors establish the identity and identification of selves and others. / Meanwhile, three groups emerge for the first time. The Nethinim, who have a foreign origin are considered Israelites and assigned the role of assistants to the priests and Levites to take part in the service of the Temple. Gatekeepers become a sub-military force in Yehud and are responsible for local administration and management of temple property. As for the singers, they substitute the pre-exilic prophets and became messengers bearing the ideology of the ruling class to the people. The latter two groups therefore earn high status and are portrayed by the Chronicler as descendants of the Levites despite their doubtful origin. This enables them to claim the identity of Israelites in the canon. / This study demonstrates that in the unique historical background of the Persian Period, the biblical authors of post-exilic historiography to a great extent determine the identity of "foreigners", "Israelites" and "Levites" according to the social reality of animosity between groups, rather than to the often assumed categories of ethnicity such as strict adherence to blood ties and faith. / This study is divided into two parts. Section I works on the historical background of the Persian Period, followed by Section II, which traces the marginalization of those who remained and the elevation of gatekeepers, singers, and the Nethinim. / 孟振華. / Adviser: Chi Chung Lee. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-08, Section: A, page: 3182. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-148). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Meng Zhenhua.

The centromeres of eukaryotes have a region on which the kinetochore is assembled, flanked by heterochromatin which provides cohesion between the sister chromatids during cell division. When centromeric heterochromatin is lost chromosomes no longer segregate evenly into the daughter cells during cell division. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe) RNA interference (RNAi) is responsible for maintaining this heterochromatin. The pathway is part of a feedback loop whereby siRNAs generated from non-coding centromere transcripts are loaded into an Argonaute complex. The siRNAs guide the complex to the homologous centromere repeats in order to recruit Clr4 which modifies histone H3 with the heterochromatin mark H3K9me. A previous screen to find factors affecting centromere silencing isolated 13 loci termed centromere: suppressor of position-effect (csp) 1-13. Several csp mutants have been identified to be RNAi components. In this investigation the csp6 locus has been identified to be the Hsp70 gene ssa2+. It has been demonstrated that Argonaute proteins from plants and flies require Hsp70/90 chaperone activity for loading of siRNA. It therefore seems likely that Hsp70 may play a similar role in fission yeast. Genetic and biochemical techniques have been used in this study to investigate if the csp6 alleles are affecting siRNA loading in S. pombe. RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) transcribes the pre-siRNA transcripts from the centromere repeats. csp3 was identified to be an allele of the RNAPII subunit rpb7+. rpb7-G150D was found to cause a silencing defect in the centromeric heterochromatin through a defect in transcription. Another RNAPII mutation, rpb2-m203, was found to have strong silencing defects caused by an unidentified non-transcriptional role in RNAi-mediated heterochromatin formation at the centromere. In order to gain more insight into the role of RNAPII in heterochromatin assembly I performed a screen in which the subunits rpb3 and rpb11 were subjected to random mutagenesis. Several mutants were isolated and characterisation of phenotypes regarding heterochromatin at the centromere has been carried out for nine of the mutants. As a result a novel phenomenon of RNAi-independent silencing at the centromere has been discovered.

As revistas de poesia dos anos 70 são importante objeto de estudo, busca-se através delas compreender como essa produção literária articula com o conteúdo histórico-cultural, mas principalmente como a análise dessa produção é fundamental para mostrar a maneira com a qual se articulavam e se misturavam as tendências poéticas da década de 70. Para observar esse panorama foram utilizadas as revistas de poesia Navilouca, Polem, Almanaque Biotônico Vitalidade, Código e Alguma Poesia, assim como foram abordadas as principais vertentes culturais atuantes na época como tropicalismo, concretismo, arte engajada e poesia marginal. Foi traçado um panorama cultural da década de 60 e 70 e foram adicionadas questões ligadas ao mercado editorial no período e como as revistas de poesia atuam na construção da literatura como uma possibilidade de circulação da atividade poética dessa época / The poetry magazines of the 70s are an important object of study, search through them to understand how this literary production articulates with the historical and cultural content, but mainly as a fundamental analysis of this production is to show how to articulate and mixed trends poetics of the '70s. To observe this panorama were used poetry magazines such as Navilouca, Polem, Almanaque Biotônico de Vitalidade, Código e Alguma Poesia, and was approached major cultural strands acting at the time as tropicalismo, concreteness, engaged art and poetry marginal. It traced a cultural panorama of the 60s and 70s, and were added market issues in the period such as editoral magazines of poetry in construction work of literature as a possibility of movement of poetic activity of the moment

Uppsatsens syfte är att utifrån lärarens egna perspektiv synliggöra faktorer som påverkar samhällskunskapslärarens arbetsmiljö vid tiden för Lgy 70. Med hjälp av Stockholms stadsarkiv undersöktes tre skolors ämneskonferenser i ämnet samhällskunskap. Ämneskonferensernas protokoll lästes och granskades i tre steg; helhet, kategoriserande och till sist utifrån mina forskningsfrågor: 1. Vad anser lärarna om elevernas påverkan på arbetsmiljön? 2. Vad anser lärarna om hur ledning (rektor, skolverket, läroplan osv.) påverkar arbetsmiljön? 3. Vad anser lärarna om andra ämnen/kollegors påverkan på arbetsmiljön? 4. Vad anser lärarna om hur resurser påverkar arbetsmiljön? 5. Vad anser lärarna om de yttre faktorerna (föräldrar, politik, media osv?)? Alltså faktorer utanför skolans murar påverkar arbetsmiljön? Forskningsfrågorna är inspirerade av ramfaktorsteorin som dessutom genomsyrar uppsatsens alla delar. Teorin går förenklat ut på att synliggöra lärares handlingsutrymme och elevers lärandeprocesser men är också vanligt i utvärderingsarbete, utbildningsplanering. Här används den till att synliggöra lärarens handlingsutrymme i frågor som berör arbetsmiljö. Uppsatsens undersökta tid är 1967 – 1970 och dess resultat kommer fram till att lärare anser sig vara mest påverkade av resursrelaterade faktorer i sin arbetsmiljö. Men även pedagogiskt-,organisations-, administrativt- som elevrelaterade faktorer synliggörs i min undersökning. Det viktigaste resultaten av undersökning uppvisar lärarens ensamhet och känsla av isolering till stor del beror på att läraren lämnas med ensamrätt i sitt klassrum.

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L'interpretazione della riforma del lavoro a termine è stata oggetto di un acceso dibattito dottrinale che ha portato a conclusioni diametralmente opposte relativamente a molti punti cardine della nuova disciplina, quali: la stipula di primo contratto a termine e la necessità di esigenze di natura temporanea; le norme antifrodatorie; le norme antidiscriminatorie; le clausole di contingentamento e più in generale il ruolo del sindacato. Da una attenta analisi della riforma che parta dal contenuto della direttiva emerge che nel nostro sistema normativo esiste ancora una regola importante, ma non più scritta: i contratti a tempo indeterminato rappresentano la forma comune dei rapporti di lavoro. Da questa regola discendono una serie di considerazioni: il primo contratto a termine non è libero ma subordinato all'esistenza di ragioni oggettive che si devono intendere anche temporanee; la proroga è ammessa solo a fronte di ragioni oggettive e sopravvenute; la successione di contratti a termine è vietata quando avviene in frode alla legge; in caso di illegittima stipulazione del contratto a termine il rapporto di lavoro si deve intendere a tempo indeterminato. Quanto al ruolo del sindacato questo è stato sicuramente innovato, ma il sistema predisposto dalla riforma del lavoro a termine in molte parti ricalca la disciplina previgente contenuta nella L. 56/87 tanto che non pare corretto parlare di mortificazione del ruolo della contrattazione collettiva ma solo di riduzione dei compiti ad essa affidati. / Interpretation of the fixed term work reform has given rise to lively doctrinal debate that has led to completely opposite conclusions. Conclusions reached refer to hinge points of this new doctrine and include: the drawing up of first fixed term contracts and the necessity for temporary working requirements, anti-fraud norms, anti-discrimination norms, clauses in the fixing of quotas, and in general, the role of trade unions. Careful analysis of the reforms, starting from the content of this directive, reveals that our normative system still contains an important rule, although it is no longer written, that is: open-ended contracts still represent the most common job relationship form. Several considerations can be derived from this rule: the drawing of first fixed term contracts is not free, but subject to objective circumstances that must be proved. Mainly, the repeated extension of fixed term contracts is forbidden when it takes place against the law, and if a fixed term contract is unlawfully drawn up, then the job relationship must be intended as an open-ended one. The job of trade unions has certainly been re-emphasised due to this reform but, since the new job relationship system established by the fixed term work reform continues to enforce Law 56/87, it is not correct to talk of de-evaluation as related to collective work negotiations. Rather, trade unions will have a lesser role, and responsibilities and tasks normally charged to the trade union will be reduced.

This paper aims to study, from a legal dogmatic method, the Swedish legislation on fixed-term work related to the EU directive 99/70/EC 1. In particular, the directives demand to prevent abuse of frequent temporary employment. An employer may, in agreement with the Swedish legislation combine different types of temporary employment, to prolong the time in the temporary employment. In this proceeding an employer can avoid employing an employee in a permanent position. For example, an employee can be employed in a probationary period of six months, in a general temporary employment for a maximum of 24 months, and thereafter in a temporary position for a maximum of 24 months before the employment turns into a permanent position. This provided that the employments were made by the same employer, and within five years. The EU Commission has requested Sweden to change its legislation in harmony with the fixed-term work directive requirements to prevent abuse of repetitive fixed-term contracts. Sweden now has two months to implement the Directive otherwise the Commission may bring an action against Sweden at the European Court of Justice. The Ministry of Employment and the TCO have presented a legislative draft on how the Swedish law should instead be designed. In 2012 there were 661,000 people with fixed-term contracts in Sweden, 288,000 of them were men and 373,000 were women. There are mostly women who have fixed-term employments. This may result in women being more vulnerable than men in terms of for example the economy. Fixed-term employments can cause difficulties in obtaining loans or gaining access to the housing market. For society, temporary jobs lead to higher costs compared to permanent employment. If fixed-term employments are increasing, it will lead to more short periods of unemployment and rising costs including unemployment insurance.

At the cellular level, the stress response involves the synthesis of a highly conserved family of heat shock proteins (Hsps). These proteins are essential for maintenance of cellular homeostasis, both in times of stress and in normal cell functioning. Some of the most abundant forms of Hsps in the cell are members of the 70 kDa family. Intracellular heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression in response to proteotoxicity is a highly conserved cellular stress response, but little is known about the role of extracellular Hsp70 (eHsp70) in fish. In order to begin characterizing eHsp70 in fish, the hypothesis that an acute stressor will elevate plasma Hsp70 levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was tested. Subsequent in vitro studies examined whether eHsp70 level was modulated by cortisol and if this involved the action of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor. The effect of cortisol on the eHsp70 response is important to consider because this steroid is elevated as a result of stressor exposure to allow for short-term allocation of energy stores to cope with stress. Cortisol is the primary corticosteroid in fish and exerts its main effects by binding to either GR or mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). Furthermore, eHsp70 has been previously implicated as having important immunoregulatory roles in mammalian models, but nothing has yet been reported in fish. To this end, a hypothesis tested here was that eHsp70 levels will increase after exposure to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and that this response is modulated by cortisol. Finally, research on the effects of exogenous Hsp70 has not been reported in lower vertebrates; however, the relevance of this protein in intercellular signaling, especially in regards to immune regulation, is gaining increasing importance in mammalian models. Therefore, an experiment to determine whether Hsp70 would elicit upregulation of key immunoregulatory cytokines was also conducted. To accurately measure the low levels of Hsp70 in the plasma, a competitive antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. In the in vivo study, fish exposed to an acute heat shock (1h at 10°C above ambient temperature) exhibited a significant elevation in red blood cell Hsp70 levels over a 24 h period. There was also a significant increase in plasma Hsp70 levels at 4 h, but not at 24 h post-heat shock. To more specifically determine how cortisol affected the release of Hsp70, in vitro studies using primary cultures of hepatocytes demonstrated that cortisol significantly decreased eHsp70 levels in the medium at 24 h when compared with untreated controls, and this response was abolished in the presence of a GR antagonist, mifepristone (RU486). This result for the first time established a link between cortisol signaling and eHsp70 release in any animal model. When hepatocytes were exposed to LPS in vitro, eHsp70 levels were significantly lower in the LPS (30 µg/ml) group; however, heat shock abolished this effect at 24 h. Though eHsp70 levels in the heat shocked hepatocytes treated with low-dose LPS (10 µg/ml) was similar to untreated control levels, high-dose LPS treated hepatocytes showed significant elevation of eHsp70 levels above the low dose group. The ability of LPS to modulate eHsp70 release was not observed to be further regulated by cortisol. While this work suggests the modulation of eHsp70 by LPS, the physiological role remains to be elucidated. Finally when hepatocytes were exposed to exogenous Hsp70, there was no effect on key immunoregulatory genes (IL-1β and IL-8) transcript levels; however, the effect of this protein remains to be tested using other cell systems, including immune cells in fish. Overall, eHsp70 concentration was measured in trout plasma using a competitive ELISA and demonstrates for the first time that stressor exposure affects plasma eHsp70 levels in fish. Furthermore, cortisol, the primary corticosteroid in teleosts, modulates eHsp70 release in trout hepatocytes and this is action is mediated by GR signaling. Also, while trout hepatocytes secrete eHsp70 in response to endotoxin shock, a role for eHsp70 in eliciting an immune response is not clear in lower vertebrates. Taken together the results from this study suggest a role for eHsp70 in acute stress adaptation in fish, but the target tissues involved and the physiological responses remain to be elucidated. Further work on the effects of eHsp70 on target tissues effects, and the mechanisms involved, may have important implications in our understanding of the role of this stress protein in cell signaling and stress adaptation in fish.

Submerged arc welding (SAW) is often the method of choice in pressure vessel fabrication. This process features high production rates, welding energy and/or welding speed and requires minimal operator skill. The selection of appropriate parameters in SAW is essential, not only to optimize the welding process in order to maintain the highest level of productivity, but also to obtain the most desirable mechanical properties of the weld.<p> The focus of this study was to investigate the effect of welding speed on the properties of SA516 Grade 70. Plates of SA516 Gr. 70 steel 17 mm x 915 mm x 122 mm were submerged arc welded with a welding current of 700 A and welding speeds of 15.3, 12.3 and 9.3 mm/s. Following the welding; strength, microstructure, hardness and impact toughness of the specimens were examined. Charpy impact testing was performed according to ASTM E 23 on specimens notched in the weld metal (WM) and in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), to measure the impact toughness. Fractography was performed on broken specimens using optical and scanning electron microscopy in order to correlate the mechanisms of fracture with the impact toughness values.<p> The highest hardness values were in the coarse-grained HAZ followed by the WM with the lowest hardness in the parent metal (PM). The HAZ had higher impact toughness than the WM and PM for all welding speeds. The slowest welding speed (9.3 mm/s) obtained complete penetration and therefore produced the most visually sound weld. The fastest welding speed (15.3 mm/s) had the narrowest HAZ and showed good ductile-to-brittle transition behaviour for both the WM and HAZ specimens, but produced incomplete penetration defects. Welding speed had little affect on the notch toughness of the HAZ with only a 9 J rise in upper shelf energy and an 8 °C drop in the impact transition temperature (ITT) with increased welding speed from 9.3 to 15.3 mm/s. However, for the WM, there was a 63 J drop in the upper shelf energy but also a 41 °C improvement of the ITT between the 9.3 and 15.3 mm/s welding speeds.