Mechanismen in Verarbeitungsmaschinen bedürfen stets eines Hüll- und Stützsystems - dem Maschinengestell. Die Erfüllung der Genauigkeitsanforderung an einen Mechanismus während einer Bewegungsaufgabe wird durch unvermeidliche EIastizitäten, sowohl des Gestells als auch der Glieder des Mechanismus, erschwert. Zusätzlich sind die Gestelle, aus Gründen der Schwingungsisolation der Umgebung, häufig auf elastischen Maschinenfüßen gelagert. Diese Elastizitäten führen allein durch nicht zu vermeidende statische Verformungen zu unerwünschten Bewegungsabweichungen. Größeren negativen Einfluss üben allerdings ungewollt angeregte Schwingungen des Systems aus. Bei Kenntnis des dynamischen Verhaltens des Systems ist es möglich Bewegungen zu generieren, die das Schwingungsverhalten des Systems positiv beeinflussen. Voraussetzung hierfür ist die Erstellung eines verifizierten und validierten mechanischen Modells des Systems, bestehend aus Gestell und Mechanismus. Das Ziel der Arbeit besteht darin einen möglichen analytischen Modellierungsansatz der Elastostatik für das flexible zweidimensionale Gestell mit ebenem Mechanismus zu recherchieren, zu untersuchen und umzusetzen. Die Vorzugslösung soll in Form eines ausführbaren Skriptes in einer geeigneten Programmiersprache implementiert werden.

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[EN] The Ph.D. Thesis "Atomic decompositions and frames in Fréchet spaces and their duals" presented here treats different areas of functional analysis with applications. Schauder frames are used to represent an arbitrary element x of a function space E as a series expansion involving a fixed countable set {xj} of elements in that space such that the coefficients of the expansion of x depend in a linear and continuous way on x. Unlike Schauder bases, the expression of an element x in terms of the sequence {xj}, i.e. the reconstruction formula for x, is not necessarily unique. Atomic decompositions or Schauder frames are a less restrictive structure than bases, because a complemented subspace of a Banach space with basis has always a natural Schauder frame, that is obtained from the basis of the superspace. Even when the complemented subspace has a basis, there is not a systematic way to find it. Atomic decompositions appeared in applications to signal processing and sampling theory among other areas. Very recently, Pilipovic and Stoeva [55] studied series expansions in (countable) projective or inductive limits of Banach spaces. In this thesis we begin a systematic study of Schauder frames in locally convex spaces, but our main interest lies in Fréchet spaces and their duals. The main difference with respect to the concept considered in [55] is that our approach does not depend on a fixed representation of the Fréchet space as a projective limit of Banach spaces. The text is divided into two chapters and appendix that gives the notation, definitions and the basic results we will use throughout the thesis. The first one focuses on the relation between the properties of an existing Schauder frame in a Fréchet space E and the structure of the space. In the second chapter frames and Bessel sequences in Fréchet spaces and their duals are defined and studied. In what follows, we give a brief description of the different chapters: In Chapter 1, we study Schauder frames in Fréchet spaces and their duals, as well as perturbation results. We define shrinking and boundedly complete Schauder xviiframes on a locally convex space, study the duality of these two concepts and their relation with the reflexivity of the space. We characterize when an unconditional Schauder frame is shrinking or boundedly complete in terms of properties of the space. Several examples of concrete Schauder frames in function spaces are also presented. Most of the results included in this chapter are published by Bonet, Fernández, Galbis and Ribera in [13]. The second chapter of the thesis is devoted to study ¿-Bessel sequences, ¿-frames and frames with respect to ¿ in the dual of a Hausdorff locally convex space E, in particular for Fréchet spaces and complete (LB)-spaces E, with ¿ a sequence space. We investigate the relation of these concepts with representing systems in the sense of Kadets and Korobeinik [34] and with the Schauder frames, that were investigated in Chapter 1. The abstract results presented here, when applied to concrete spaces of analytic functions, give many examples and consequences about sampling sets and Dirichlet series expansions. We present several abstract results about ¿-frames in complete (LB)-spaces. Finally, many applications, results and examples concerning sufficient sets for weighted Fréchet spaces of holomorphic functions and weakly sufficient sets for weighted (LB)-spaces of holomorphic functions are collected. Most of the results are submitted for publication in a preprint of Bonet, Fernández, Galbis and Ribera in [12]. / [ES] La presente memoria "Descomposiciones atómicas y frames en espacios de Fréchet y sus duales" trata diferentes áreas del análisis funcional con aplicaciones. Los frames de Schauder se utilizan para representar un elemento arbitrario x de un espacio de funciones E mediante una serie a partir de un conjunto numerable fijado {xj} de elementos de este espacio de manera que los coeficientes de la reconstrucción de x dependen de forma lineal y continua de x. A diferencia de las bases de Schauder, la expresión de un elemento x en términos de la sucesión {xj}, i.e. la fórmula de reconstrucción para x, no es necesariamente única. Las descomposiciones atómicas o los frames de Schauder son un estructura menos restrictiva que las bases, porque un subespacio complementado de un espacio de Banach con base tiene siempre un frame de Schauder natural, que se obtiene a partir de una base del superespacio. Incluso cuando el subespacio complementado tiene una base, no hay una forma sistemática de encontrarla. Las descomposiciones atómicas aparecen en aplicaciones al procesamiento de señales y la teoría de muestreo, entre otras áreas. Recientemente, Pilipovic y Stoeva [55] han estudiado el desarrollo en serie en límites inductivos y proyectivos (numerables) de espacios de Banach. En esta tesis empezamos un estudio sistemático de los frames de Schauder en espacios localmente convexos aunque nuestro interés principal son los espacios de Fréchet y sus duales. La diferencia principal respecto del concepto considerado en [55] es que nuestra aproximación no depende de una representación fijada del espacio de Fréchet como límite proyectivo de espacios de Banach. El texto queda dividido en dos partes y un apéndice que incluye la notación, las definiciones y los resultados básicos que usaremos a lo largo de la tesis. La primera parte se centra en la relación entre las propiedades de un frame de Schauder en un espacio de Fréchet E y la estructura del espacio. En el segundo capítulo se definen y estudian los frames y las sucesiones de Bessel en espacios de Fréchet y sus duales. A continuación, presentamos una breve descripción de los capítulos: En el Capítulo 1, estudiamos los frames de Schauder en los espacios de Fréchet y sus duales así como los resultados de perturbación. Definimos los frames de Schauder contractivos y acotadamente completos en espacios localmente convexos, estudiamos la dualidad de estos dos conceptos y su relación con la reflexividad del espacio. Caracterizamos cuándo un frame de Schauder incondicional es contractivo o acotadamente completo en términos de las propiedades del espacio. También se presentan varios ejemplos de frames de Schauder en espacios de funciones concretos. La mayoría de los resultados incluidos en este capítulo están publicados por Bonet, Fernández, Galbis y Ribera en [13]. El segundo capítulo de la tesis está centrado en el estudio de las sucesiones de ¿-Bessel, ¿-frames y frames respecto de ¿ en el dual de un espacio localmente convexo de Hausdorff E, en particular, para espacios de Fréchet y espacios (LB) completos E, con ¿ un espacio de sucesiones. Investigamos la relación de estos dos conceptos con los sistemas representantes en el sentido de Kadets y Korobeinik [34] y con los frames de Schauder, considerados en el Capítulo 1. Los resultados abstractos presentados aquí, cuando los aplicamos a espacios de funciones analíticas concretos, nos dan muchos ejemplos y consecuencias sobre los conjuntos de muestreo y los desarrollos en serie de Dirichlet. Presentamos varios resultados abstractos sobre ¿-frames en espacios (LB) completos. Finalmente, recogemos muchas aplicaciones, resultados y ejemplos alrededor de los conjuntos suficientes para espacios de Fréchet de funciones holomorfas y conjuntos débilmente suficientes para espacios pesados (LB) de funciones holomorfas. La mayoría de los resultados incluidos en este capítulo están enviados para publicar e / [CA] La tesi "Descomposicions atòmiques i frames en espais de Fréchet i els seus duals" presentada ací tracta diferents àrees de l'anàlisi funcional amb aplicacions. Els frames de Schauder s'utilitzen per tal de representar un element arbitrari x d'un espai de funcions E com una reconstrucció en sèrie a partir d'un conjunt numerable fixat {xj} d'elements en aquest espai tal que els coeficients de la reconstrucció de x depenen de forma lineal i continua de x. A diferència de les bases de Schauder, l'expressió d'un element x en termes d'una successió {xj}, i.e. la fórmula de reconstrucció per a x, no és necessàriament única. Les descomposicions atòmiques o els frames de Schauder són una estructura menys restrictiva que les bases, donat que un subespai complementat d'un espai de Banach amb base sempre té un frame de Schauder natural, el qual és obtingut a partir d'una base del superespai. Inclòs quan el subespai complementat disposa de una base, no hi ha una forma sistemàtica per tal de trobar-la. Les descomposicions atòmiques apareixen en aplicacions a processat de senyals i teoría de mostreig entre altres àrees. Recentment, Pilipovic i Stoeva [55] han estudiat els desenvolupaments en sèrie en límits inductius o projectius (numerables) en espais de Banach. En aquesta tesi comencem un estudi sistemàtic dels frames de Schauder en espais localment convexos, tot i que el nostre interés està en els espais de Fréchet i els seus duals. La diferència més important amb el concepte estudiat en [55] és que el nostre estudi no depén de una representació fixada del espai de Fréchet com a límit projectiu de espais de Banach. El text està dividit en dos capítols i un apèndix que ens aporta la notació, definicions i els resultats bàsics que utilitzarem al llarg de la tesi. El primer dels capítols està centrat en la relació entre les propietats de un frame de Schauder en un espai de Fréchet E i la estructura del espai. En el segon capítol es defineixen i estudien els frames i les successions de Bessel en espais de Fréchet i els seus duals. En el que segueix, donem una breu descripció dels diferents capítols: En el Capítol 1, estudiem els frames de Schauder en els espais de Fréchet i els seus duals, així com els resultats de pertorbació. Definim els frames de Schauder contractius i fitadament complets en espais localment convexos, estudiem la dualitat d'aquests dos conceptes i la seua relació amb la reflexivitat del espai. Caracteritzem, en quines situacions, un frame de Schauder incondicional és contractiu o fitadament complet en termes de les propietats del espai. També presentem alguns exemples de frames de Schauder concrets en espais de funcions. La majoria dels resultats inclosos en aquest capítol estan publicats per Bonet, Fernández, Galbis i Ribera en [13]. El segon capítol de la tesi està centrat en el estudi de les successions ¿-Bessel, ¿-frames i frames respecte de ¿ en el dual d'un espai localment convex de Hausdorff E, en particular, per a espais de Fréchet i espais (LB) complets E, amb ¿ un espai de successions. Investiguem la relació d'aquests dos conceptes amb sistemes representants en el sentit de Kadets i Korobeinik [34] i amb els frames de Schauder, que han sigut investigats en el Capítol 1. Els resultats abstractes presentats ací, quan els apliquem a espais de funcions analítiques concrets, ens donen molts exemples i conseqüències sobre els conjunts de mostreig i els desenvolupaments en sèrie de Dirichlet. Presentem diversos resultats abstractes sobre ¿-frames en espais (LB) complets. Finalment, recollim moltes aplicacions, resultats i exemples al voltant dels conjunts suficients per a espais de Fréchet de funcions holomorfes i conjunts dèbilment suficients per a espais pesats (LB) de funcions holomorfes. La majoria dels resultats inclosos en aquest capítol estan sotmesos a publicació per Bonet, Fernández, Galbis i Ribera en [12]. / Ribera Puchades, JM. (2015). Atomic decompositions and frames in Fréchet spaces and their duals [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/49987

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Sutton F. Stephens / The hazards of seismic activity on building structures require that engineers continually look for new and better methods of resisting seismic forces. Buckling restrained braced frames (BRBF) are a relatively new lateral force resisting system developed to resist highly unpredictable seismic forces in a very predictable way. Generally, structures with a more ductile lateral force resisting system perform better in resisting high seismic forces than systems with more rigid, brittle elements. The BRBF is a more ductile frame choice than special concentrically braced frames (SCBF). The ductility is gained through brace yielding in both compression and tension. The balanced hysteretic curve this produces provides consistent brace behavior under extreme seismic loads. However regular use of the BRB is largely limited to Japan where the brace type was first designed. The wide acceptance of buckling restrained braced frames requires the system to become easily designable, perform predictably, and common to engineers. This report explains the design process to help increase knowledge of the design and background. This report also details a comparison of a BRBF to a SCBF to give familiarity and promote confidence in the system. The design process of the BRBF is described in detail with design calculations of an example frame. The design process is from the AISC Seismic Provisions with the seismic loads calculated according to ASCE 7 equivalent lateral force procedure. The final members sizes of the BRBF and SCBF are compared based on forces and members selected. The results of the parametric study are discussed in detail.

The Basque conflict has waged since the 1950s in its current form. However, with the arrival of democracy 36 years ago, the Basque Country has been the scene of an intense peace mobilization, dominated by two peace organizations: Gesto por la Paz, a group of community organizations that mobilize to publicly reject political violence, and Lokarri/Elkarri, an organization that includes a conflict resolution proposal based on dialogue between conflicting parties. While there is some literature on these organizations, none has analysed their extraordinary impact on Basque society. This research explores how the Basque peace movement has impacted on the social and political culture of the Basque conflict. It seeks to understand the nature of this impact and to determine the channels and methods by which it was achieved, using frame analysis. Three interlinked questions serve to guide the research, asking first if there is a Basque Peace Frame and if it could be considered a master frame, how this Basque Peace Frame has evolved, and, finally, how the Basque Peace Frame has impacted on other Basque Civil Society Organizations related to the conflict. This qualitative research spans the period between the March 2006 declaration of ceasefire by ETA and the end of fieldwork for this research in September 2008. The research includes 18 in depth interviews, written media, and analysis of seven notable Basque social organizations related to the conflict, in addition to the two peace organizations mentioned above. The research found the impact of the Basque peace movement in the Basque Country is significant and rich. The Basque Peace Frame developed based on the rejection of the use of violence as a political tool and identifies that violence as the main barrier to achieving an inclusive conflict resolution. The Basque peace movement organizations developed a specific kind of mobilization to enforce the Basque Peace Frame based on silent and symbolic acts. The objective was to counter the former dynamics of mobilization that were contentious and directed to promote Basque national rights. The Basque Peace Frame proposed a change in the way the political collective identity was constructed in the Basque Country, showing that an association between nationalism and violence is not obligatory. The Basque Peace Frame has evolved and spread between social organizations in the Basque Country, using sympathetic identity networks as the main channel of frame diffusion. Even organizations that did not reject the use of contentious methods of protest are now questioning the use of violence, signifying exciting prospects for the future of non-violent political action in the Basque Country.

Multilingual terminological resources do not always include valid equivalents of legal terms for two main reasons. Firstly, legal systems can differ from one language community to another and even from one country to another because each has its own history and traditions. As a result, the non-isomorphism between legal and linguistic systems may render the identification of equivalents a particularly challenging task. Secondly, by focusing primarily on the definition of equivalence, a notion widely discussed in translation but not in terminology, the literature does not offer solid and systematic methodologies for assigning terminological equivalents. As a result, there is a lack of criteria to guide both terminologists and translators in the search and validation of equivalent terms. This problem is even more evident in the case of predicative units, such as verbs. Although some terminologists (L‘Homme 1998; Lerat 2002; Lorente 2007) have worked on specialized verbs, terminological equivalence between units that belong to this part of speech would benefit from a thorough study. By proposing a novel methodology to assign the equivalents of specialized verbs, this research aims at defining validation criteria for this kind of predicative units, so as to contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon of terminological equivalence as well as to the development of multilingual terminography in general, and to the development of legal terminography, in particular. The study uses a Portuguese-English comparable corpus that consists of a single genre of texts, i.e. Supreme Court judgments, from which 100 Portuguese and 100 English specialized verbs were selected. The description of the verbs is based on the theory of Frame Semantics (Fillmore 1976, 1977, 1982, 1985; Fillmore and Atkins 1992), on the FrameNet methodology (Ruppenhofer et al. 2010), as well as on the methodology for compiling specialized lexical resources, such as DiCoInfo (L‘Homme 2008), developed in the Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte at the Université de Montréal. The research reviews contributions that have adopted the same theoretical and methodological framework to the compilation of lexical resources and proposes adaptations to the specific objectives of the project. In contrast to the top-down approach adopted by FrameNet lexicographers, the approach described here is bottom-up, i.e. verbs are first analyzed and then grouped into frames for each language separately. Specialized verbs are said to evoke a semantic frame, a sort of conceptual scenario in which a number of mandatory elements (core Frame Elements) play specific roles (e.g. ARGUER, JUDGE, LAW), but specialized verbs are often accompanied by other optional information (non-core Frame Elements), such as the criteria and reasons used by the judge to reach a decision (statutes, codes, previous decisions). The information concerning the semantic frame that each verb evokes was encoded in an xml editor and about twenty contexts illustrating the specific way each specialized verb evokes a given frame were semantically and syntactically annotated. The labels attributed to each semantic frame (e.g. [Compliance], [Verdict]) were used to group together certain synonyms, antonyms as well as equivalent terms. The research identified 165 pairs of candidate equivalents among the 200 Portuguese and English terms that were grouped together into 76 frames. 71% of the pairs of equivalents were considered full equivalents because not only do the verbs evoke the same conceptual scenario but their actantial structures, the linguistic realizations of the actants and their syntactic patterns were similar. 29% of the pairs of equivalents did not entirely meet these criteria and were considered partial equivalents. Reasons for partial equivalence are provided along with illustrative examples. Finally, the study describes the semasiological and onomasiological entry points that JuriDiCo, the bilingual lexical resource compiled during the project, offers to future users. / Les ressources multilingues portant sur le domaine juridique n‘incluent pas toujours d‘équivalents valides pour deux raisons. D‘abord, les systèmes juridiques peuvent différer d‘une communauté linguistique à l‘autre et même d‘un pays à l‘autre, car chacun a son histoire et ses traditions. Par conséquent, le phénomène de la non-isomorphie entre les systèmes juridiques et linguistiques rend difficile la tâche d‘identification des équivalents. En deuxième lieu, en se concentrant surtout sur la définition de la notion d‘équivalence, notion largement débattue en traductologie, mais non suffisamment en terminologie, la littérature ne propose pas de méthodologies solides et systématiques pour identifier les équivalents. On assiste donc à une absence de critères pouvant guider tant les terminologues que les traducteurs dans la recherche et la validation des équivalents des termes. Ce problème est encore plus évident dans le cas d‘unités prédicatives comme les verbes. Bien que certains terminologues (L'Homme, 1998; Lorente et Bevilacqua 2000; Costa et Silva 2004) aient déjà travaillé sur les verbes spécialisés, l‘équivalence terminologique, en ce qui concerne ce type d‘unités, bénéficierait d‘une étude approfondie. En proposant une méthodologie originale pour identifier les équivalents des verbes spécialisés, cette recherche consiste donc à définir des critères de validation de ce type d‘unités prédicatives afin de mieux comprendre le phénomène de l‘équivalence et aussi améliorer les ressources terminologiques multilingues, en général, et les ressources terminologiques multilingues couvrant le domaine juridique, en particulier. Cette étude utilise un corpus comparable portugais-anglais contenant un seul genre de textes, à savoir les décisions des cours suprêmes, à partir duquel 100 verbes spécialisés ont été sélectionnés pour chaque langue. La description des verbes se base sur la théorie de la sémantique des cadres (Fillmore 1976, 1977, 1982, 1985; Fillmore and Atkins 1992), sur la méthodologie de FrameNet (Ruppenhofer et al. 2010), ainsi que sur la méthodologie développée à l‘Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte pour compiler des ressources lexicales spécialisées, telles que le DiCoInfo (L‘Homme 2008). La recherche examine d‘autres contributions ayant déjà utilisé ce cadre théorique et méthodologique et propose des adaptations objectives du projet. Au lieu de suivre une démarche descendante comme le font les lexicographes de FrameNet, la démarche que nous décrivons est ascendante, c‘est-à-dire, pour chaque langue séparément, les verbes sont d‘abord analysés puis regroupés par cadres sémantiques. Dans cette recherche, chacun des verbes « évoque » un cadre ou frame, une sorte de scénario conceptuel, dans lequel un certain nombre d‘acteurs obligatoires (core Frame Elements) jouent des rôles spécifiques (le rôle de juge, le rôle d‘appelant, le rôle de la loi). Mis en discours, les termes sont souvent accompagnés d‘autres renseignements optionnels (non-core Frame Elements) comme ceux des critères utilisés par le juge pour rendre une décision (des lois, des codes, d‘autres décisions antérieures). Tous les renseignements concernant les cadres sémantiques que chacun des verbes évoque ont été encodés dans un éditeur xml et une vingtaine de contextes illustrant la façon spécifique dont chacun des verbes évoque un cadre donné ont été annotés. Les étiquettes attribuées à chaque cadre sémantique (ex. [Compliance], [Verdict]) ont servi à relier certains termes synonymes, certains termes antonymes ainsi que des candidats équivalents. Parmi les 200 termes portugais et anglais regroupés en 76 cadres, 165 paires de candidats équivalents ont été identifiés. 71% des paires d‘équivalents sont des équivalents parfaits parce que les verbes évoquent le même scénario conceptuel, leurs structures actancielles sont identiques, les réalisations linguistiques de chacun des actants sont équivalentes, et les patrons syntaxiques des verbes sont similaires. 29% des paires d‘équivalents correspondent à des équivalents partiels parce qu‘ils ne remplissent pas tous ces critères. Au moyen d‘exemples, l‘étude illustre tous les cas de figure observés et termine en présentant les différentes façons dont les futurs utilisateurs peuvent consulter le JuriDiCo, la ressource lexicale qui a été compilée pendant ce projet.

A construção civil é um dos setores com maior impacto ambiental, decorrentes do uso elevado de recursos naturais como matérias-primas e pela geração de resíduos. No Brasil ainda são utilizados em larga escala sistemas construtivos convencionais como os em alvenaria e em concreto armado, que muitas vezes empregam materiais de baixa qualidade e com alto impacto ambiental e social, como blocos e telhas cerâmicas fabricados de forma irregular em olarias clandestinas. A madeira, um material de construção de fonte renovável, possui características vantajosas relativas à sustentabilidade, assim como boa trabalhabilidade e relação peso específico/resistência, podendo ser utilizada combinada a outros materiais na industrialização de componentes de madeira, como painéis de vedação vertical, pisos e coberturas, sendo facilmente transportado e montado em obra, de forma racional, com controle de qualidade e custos, desde a fase de projeto, e baixa geração de resíduos. Vale ressaltar, que como a madeira é um material de origem orgânica, ela é passível da ação de deterioração por organismos xilófagos e intempéries, o que faz com que a etapa de projeto e o adequado detalhamento de todos os componentes deve ser cuidadoso, respeitando as características geográficas (climáticas) do local onde o sistema construtivo será empregado. Para que uma construção possa caminhar no sentido da sustentabilidade, ela deve conciliar os aspectos ambientais, econômicos e sociais. O sistema construtivo em wood frame consiste em painéis estruturados em madeira de floresta plantada tratada autoclavada, combinada com diferentes materiais para revestimento interno e externo, com materiais isolantes no seu interior, para proteção a intempéries, contra o fogo e para melhorar o desempenho termoacústico. É um sistema construtivo a seco, que apresenta baixa geração de resíduos, mas ainda é pouco aceito e empregado no Brasil. Novos sistemas construtivos visam aumentar a qualidade e a competividade, por meio de construções racionais, sustentáveis e competitivas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as características do sistema construtivo wood frame, avaliar o desempenho termoacústico dos painéis de vedação verticais deste sistema por meio de ensaios de campo realizados com base na norma brasileira de desempenho NBR 15575 (ABNT, 2013) em uma habitação unifamiliar em wood frame, discorrer sobre a resistência ao fogo e os tratamentos utilizados atualmente nos componentes de madeira deste sistema, de modo a corroborar seu potencial e empregabilidade para construção de habitações no Brasil. Foram feitos baseados na norma NBR 15575 (ABNT, 2013) ensaios pelo método de engenharia em campo para determinação do desempenho acústico. Foram feitas medições in loco da temperatura do ar externa a edificação e interna nos dormitórios, o cálculo das propriedades térmicas de condutibilidade térmica (U) e capacidade térmica (CT) dos painéis de vedação vertical externos, e a área de aberturas para ventilação, para determinação do desempenho térmico. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, atendendo aos requisitos de desempenho estabelecidos pela norma de desempenho vigente. Desta forma foi evidenciada a viabilidade da utilização deste sistema construtivo para locais com caraterísticas climáticas semelhantes a da cidade de São Carlos - SP. / Civil construction is one of the sectors with the greatest environmental impact, resulting from the high use of natural resources as raw materials and the generation of waste. In Brazil, conventional construction systems such as masonry and reinforced concrete are still used in large scale, which often use low quality materials with high environmental and social impact, such as blocks and irregularly manufactured ceramic tiles in clandestine pottery. Wood, a renewable source construction material, has advantageous characteristics related to sustainability, as well as good workability and specific weight / resistance ratio, and can be used in combination with other materials in the industrialization of wood components such as vertical fence panels, floors and roofing, being easily transported and assembled in a rational way, with quality control and costs, from the design phase, and low waste generation. It is worth noting that, since wood is a material of organic origin, it is susceptible to deterioration by xylophagous and weathering organisms, which means that the design stage and the adequate detailing of all the components must be careful, respecting the geographic (climatic) characteristics of the place where the construction system will be employed. For a construction to move towards sustainability, it must reconcile environmental, economic and social aspects. The construction system in wood frame consists of panels structured in autoclaved treated planted wood, combined with different materials for internal and external coating, with insulation materials inside, for protection against the elements, against fire and to improve thermoacoustic performance. It is a dry construction system, which presents low generation of waste, but is still little accepted and used in Brazil. New constructive systems aim to increase quality and competitiveness by means of rational, sustainable and competitive constructions. The objective of this work is to present the characteristics of the wood frame construction system, to evaluate the thermoacoustic performance of the vertical sealing panels of this system by means of field tests carried out based on the Brazilian performance standard NBR 15575 (ABNT, 2013) in a single family dwelling in wood frame, to discuss the fire resistance and treatments currently used in the wood components of this system, in order to corroborate its potential and employability for housing construction in Brazil. Based on the NBR 15575 (ABNT, 2013) tests were made by the field engineering method to determine the acoustic performance. Measurements were made in loco of internal and external air temperature in the dormitories, calculation of the thermal conductivity (U) and thermal capacity (CT) properties of external vertical sealing panels, and the area of ventilation openings, for determination of thermal performance. The results were satisfactory, meeting the performance requirements established by the current performance standard. In this way, the feasibility of the use of this constructive system for places with climatic characteristics similar to the city of São Carlos -SP.

[pt] Jogos educacionais vêm sendo propostos no ensino de ciências da computação, e também no ensino de a engenharia de software. Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma abordagem de modelagem intencional apoiada em conceitos de transparência para a implementação do jogo educacional SimulES. SimulES é um jogo para apoiar o ensino de engenharia de software. A abordagem é inovadora neste contexto. Acreditamos que a modelagem intencional é pertinente para modelar jogos, já que ela permite representar a interação e colaboração entre os atores, além de apoiar conceitos de transparência. Essa modelagem foi usada no desenvolvimento do software SimulES-W que implementa o jogo num ambiente Web. / [en] Educational games have been proposed for teaching computer science, and software engineering as well. This work presents an approach for intentional modeling supported by concepts of transparency towards the implementation of the educational game SimulES. SimulES is a game for helping software engineering teaching. The approach is innovative in that context. We believe that intentional modeling is akin to game modeling, since it allows us to represent the interaction and collaboration among the actors as well concepts of transparency. The intentional model we produced was used to develop the software that implements SimulES-W, a Web based version of the game.

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att försöka besvara frågan: Vilka attityder och värderingar kommer till uttryck i Lars Ohlys respektive Göran Hägglunds användning av metaforer i debatten om arbetslöshetspolitiken? Jag har valt att studera de metaforer som förekommer när det gäller arbetslösa, arbetslöshet och den egna politiken i frågan. Jag har också analyserat de metaforer som används när de talar om/bemöter sina motståndare och deras politik. De artefakter jag har använt i min undersökning är två tal samt en TV-sänd partiledardebatt.</p><p>Min ena hypotes var att det i talarens val av metaforer döljer sig attityder och värderingar som kanske inte syns vid ett oreflekterat mottagande av talarens budskap. Efter att ha studerat de båda partiledarnas val och användning av metaforer vill jag, till viss del,  påstå att en stor del av metaforerna öppet signalerar attityder och värderingar, inte minst när de tillskriver varandra negativa sådana. Men vissa värderingar syns först efter lite hårdare skrapande på ytan. Det intressanta är dock att båda partierna tycks vilja tillskriva sig själva liknande attityder och värderingar som i bägge fallen bygger på solidaritet, empati och förståelse. Samtidigt, som de båda, vill tillskriva varandra rakt motsatta värderingar.</p><p>Min andra hypotes var att jag skulle kunna se övergripande frames som visar på olika underliggande attityder och värderingar, och till viss del tycker jag mig ha fått min hypotes besannad. Ohly och Hägglund visar prov på övergripande frames och metaforsystem som kan påverka hur vi, och de,uppfattar vår omvärld och därmed också hur vi handlar. Ohly skapar en frame för de arbetslösa som oskyldiga offer som står maktlösa inför yttre krafter. Hägglund koncentrerar istället sin frame för arbetslöshetspolitiken kring behovet av goda förutsättningar för företagande. Dessa olika attityder till frågan om arbetslöshet lämnar olika handlingsutrymme.</p><p>Sammanfattningsvis kan jag säga att det i en undersökning som denna är svårt att dra en kortfattad slutsats, då den rika flora av metaforer som används kan tolkas som olika attityder och värderingar, och därmed präglas attityder och värderingar av mångfald.</p> / <p>In this dissertation (written in Swedish), I have tried to answer the question ”Which attitudes and values are expressed in the metaphores that Lars Ohly and Göran Hägglund uses in the debate of unemployement?” I have studied the metaphores used when they mention the question of unemployement, but also when they talk about their respective political parties’ politics and the other party’s political standpoint.</p><p>One of my hypothesis was that the choice of metaphores conceals attitudes and values that are not so apparent for an unreflected listening. Though, in some aspects, my reserach has shown that some of  the metaphores openly signals attitudes and values. Not the least when they try to give each other negative values. And yet, some values are not as apparent, it takes some reflection to notice them. One interesting thing, though, is, that they both tries to givet hem selves attitudes and values built upon solidarity, compassion and understanding – meanwhile they both tries to attach the oposing values upon each other.</p><p>Another hypothesis was that I also would be able to se frames that could show underlying attitudes and values. In some ways I did find this. Ohly, as well as Hägglund, shows examples  of ”overall-frames” and systems of metaphores which can affect the way we percept our world and also the way we chose to act and make decisions. Ohly creates a frame for the unemployed as innocent victims, who powerlessly faces outer forces, while Hägglund concentrates his frame around the need of good conditions for companies. These two different attitudes towards the question of unemployement creates different alternatives on how to decide and act.</p><p>It is hard to draw a short conclusion in an analysis as this one, since the richness of the metahpores used can be interpreted as different values and attitudes. One conclusion is that values and attitudes are characarized whith multitude.</p> / Bilagor ej bifogade. Exempel på analyserade metaforer finns dock i uppsatsen.

Since 2004 there have been multiple devastating tsunamis around the globe triggered by large magnitude earthquakes; with the most recent being the Tohoku, Japan tsunami in March 2011. These tsunamis have caused significant loss of life and damage to the coastal communities impacted by these powerful waves. The resulting devastation has raised awareness of the dangers of tsunamis and the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) housesmash project (NEEShousesmash), was started to investigate several different areas of tsunami inundation. The work presented in the following two manuscripts was performed at the O.H. Hinsdale Wave Lab and Gene D. Knudson Wood Engineering Lab, which are located at Oregon State University. This work represents a small portion of the total NEEShousesmash project, and is focused on improving the knowledge and predictability of tsunami loading and structural performance. The first manuscript investigates tsunami wave impact on full scale light-frame wood walls, and compares the measured forces to calculated values using the linear momentum equation, previously evaluated by Cross (1967). The results show for each wave height tested a peak transient force followed by a sustained quasi-static force, with a ratio of transient force to quasi-static force of 2.2. The results also show that the linear momentum equation did an acceptable job of predicting the measured transient forces on the walls to within ±10%, and that increased wall flexibility, 2x4 vs. 2x6 dimensional lumber, resulted in lower measured transient forces when subjected to similar tsunami wave heights. These results are important for practical use because the linear momentum equation is a simple equation to use, that only requires a couple of site specific input variables. The second manuscript is a continuation of the work done in the wave lab for the first manuscript. These experiments provide a starting point for expanding the testing of the structural response and performance of larger scale structures subjected to tsunami wave loads. By simulating tsunami loading in a traditional structures laboratory, the inherent limits of testing structural performance in small scale tsunami laboratory facilities is removed. The results show that a light-frame wood shear wall, built to current standards, is susceptible to premature failures from concentrated impact loads at intermediate heights compared to the design strength at full height. It is also shown that the out-of-plane walls subjected to both elastic and inelastic loads behave like a one way slab with minimal load sharing between adjacent studs. The failures observed during the hydrodynamic wave testing of the nailed connection between the bottom plate and studs was successfully reproduced, and shows that current construction standards are not fully utilizing the available capacity of each stud when subjected to tsunami waves. The reinforcement of this connection with traditional metal brackets would help increase the capacity of the out-of-plane wall to resist tsunami wave loads. / Graduation date: 2012