Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T18:07:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao - Leandro Rodrigues da Silva Souza - 2015.pdf: 16210462 bytes, checksum: 475bed9248c2dcb7bf0346adfc69a5f0 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-06T12:44:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao - Leandro Rodrigues da Silva Souza - 2015.pdf: 16210462 bytes, checksum: 475bed9248c2dcb7bf0346adfc69a5f0 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-06T12:44:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao - Leandro Rodrigues da Silva Souza - 2015.pdf: 16210462 bytes, checksum: 475bed9248c2dcb7bf0346adfc69a5f0 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / In order to collaborate with technology and accessibility, this work proposes the development of a Space Frame chassis, constructed with polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). To the development were used PVC tubes and fittings, commonly used in civil builders. The essential parameters of the PVC were obtained experimentally and used to simulate the chassis. Along the development, analyses of tension and deformation were made in the proposed structure. Using computer simulation, the finite element analysis could provide the structure behaviour in different scenarios, as bending, tension and deformation. / Com o intuito de colaborar com o campo da tecnologia e acessibilidade, este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de uma estrutura veicular do tipo Space Frame, construída a partir de tubos de policloreto de Vinila (PVC). Para tanto, foram utilizados tubos e conexões de PVC normalmente empregados na construção civil. Os parâmetros essenciais do PVC para a simulação foram obtidos experimentalmente. São realizadas análises de tensões e deformações da estrutura, por meio de simulação computacional, utilizando um solver de Elementos Finitos, propiciando análise do protótipo, sob condições de solicitação a flexão devido a cargas distribuídas sobre as suas regiões.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-22T15:19:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 liviacristinapereiradesouza.pdf: 1008184 bytes, checksum: 580de0dd6d16ffe40cd9c21d700b7e52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-23T11:54:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 liviacristinapereiradesouza.pdf: 1008184 bytes, checksum: 580de0dd6d16ffe40cd9c21d700b7e52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-23T11:54:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 liviacristinapereiradesouza.pdf: 1008184 bytes, checksum: 580de0dd6d16ffe40cd9c21d700b7e52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo tem como objeto uma prática lingüística convencionalizada como um gênero institucional de oralidade – a aula. Nossa agenda consiste na tarefa de desvelar como o aluno – (a) conceptualiza essa cena escolar, (b) quais suas práticas efetivas e (c) qual a normatização idealizada para esta cena. Para tanto, nossa investigação tem como foco o discurso destes atores, coletado mediante instrumento escrito (questionário) em um cenário específico – uma escola pública do interior de Minas Gerais. Assim, é através do DIZER dos alunos, de seus enunciados lingüísticos presentes em seus discursos que nos propomos a investigar seus papéis dentro da sala de aula. Nossa premissa, sustentada pelo paradigma sociocognitivista, é de que a linguagem é um guia poderoso no processo de busca de desvelamento da forma como os sujeitos concebem, categorizam e vivem experiências sociais, culturais e interacionais. No exercício analítico do discurso, nosso aporte teórico fundamental é a Lingüística Cognitiva, ancorado nos trabalhos de Lakoff (1987, 1999) Processos de categorização e conceptualização; Fillmore (1977, 1982a, 1982b, 2003) Semântica de frames; Hebert H. Clark (1996) A linguagem como forma de ação conjunta, além dos estudos em Antropologia Evolucionista de Tomasello (2003). Nosso propósito fundamental é compreender uma questão educacional; daí a necessidade de uma interpretação dos dados discursivos com vistas ao desvelamento de comportamentos dos sujeitos, enquanto falantes, usuários de práticas lingüísticas interacionais, mas também enquanto sujeitos com necessidades humanas, valores éticos e morais. Nossas conclusões afirmam que, embora haja uma grande contradição entre o discurso sobre as práticas e as reais práticas discentes em sala de aula, o que há é uma não-naturalização das práticas negativas, do conflito existente entre alunos e professores. Frente à tal contradição, faz-se necessária, pois, uma educação sistemática da oralidade nas salas de aula, objetivando a construção de uma ética-cidadã. / The main of this study is a linguistic practice conventionalized as an oral institutional gender – the lesson. Our purpose awakes the way how the student (a) conceptualizes this scholastic scene, what are his effective practices and (c) what is the normatization idealized for this scene. For so much, our investigation deals with these actors’ speech, collected by means of a written task (questionary) in a specific scene – a public school from the interior – Minas Gerais. Because of the students saying, also their linguistic statements which are present in their speeches, we propose to investigate their role in the classroom. Our premise, sustained by sociocognivism paradigm, points out that language is a powerful instrument in the process of how people conceive, categorize and live social, cultural and interacional experiences. In analytic exercise from the speech, our theorical and fundamental support is Cognitive Linguistic, based on Lakoff”s works (1987, 1999) Process of categorization and conceptualization; Fillmore (1977; 1982a; 1982b, 2003) Semantic of frames; Tomasello’s Evolucionist Antropology (2003). Our fundamental aim is to understand an educational question, that is the necessity of an interpretation of the speech considering people’s behavior and their awakening, as speakers users of interactional linguistic with human necessities and ethics and moral values. Our conclusions affirm that although there is a contradiction between the speech and students’ reality in class, what counts is a non-naturalization of negative practices, about the conflict between students and teachers. In spite of this contradiction, it’s necessary a systematic education of the orality in class, in order to construct a ethic-citizen.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-06T14:05:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 josehumbertogoesalves.pdf: 7726809 bytes, checksum: 2bdc724ae928df55c996d5d453664a9a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T20:24:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 josehumbertogoesalves.pdf: 7726809 bytes, checksum: 2bdc724ae928df55c996d5d453664a9a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T20:24:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 josehumbertogoesalves.pdf: 7726809 bytes, checksum: 2bdc724ae928df55c996d5d453664a9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-02 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Frente ao grande número de entulhos gerados na construção civil atualmente no Brasil, surgem novos métodos construtivos, se servindo de processos mais industrializados para racionalizar os materiais de construção. O Light Steel Frame (LSF) é um desses novos métodos, baseado em perfis de aço que trabalham em conjunto através de subsistemas estruturais, não requisitando água nem produção de materiais in loco. Não só a forma de construir deve ser atualizada para melhor utilizar os recursos produtivos, como também deve-se promover melhorias no gerenciamento das construções. Em virtude disso, uma crescente tecnologia que está cada vez mais sendo agregada na construção civil é a Modelagem De Informação Da Construção, ou simplesmente BIM, da sigla em inglês. BIM permite planejar, projetar, construir, usar e manter uma construção. Para isso, não é necessário que exista um aplicativo que englobe todas essas tarefas. Por utilizar informação parametrizada, aplicativos distintos podem compartilhar uma mesma informação e gerar seus resultados, processo esse denominado de interoperabilidade. Assim, este trabalho tem como foco principal desenvolver uma ferramenta capaz de modelar estruturas em LSF, realizar um pré-cálculo estrutural e também prover meios de permitir a interoperabilidade com outros softwares. Para este fim, foi empregado o SketchUp, que possui uma interface de programação em linguagem Ruby, e possui módulos de geração de dados compatíveis com as necessidades da interoperabilidade. Como resultado, a ferramenta gerada neste trabalho alcançou desempenho satisfatório, mesmo que ainda existam muitos recursos para serem agregados. / The large amount of construction waste currently generated in Brazil demands new construction methods and more industrialized process. The Light Steel Frame (LSF) is one of those new methods based based on structural subsystems comprising steel properties, not ordering water or production of material in loco. Building and its management should be improoved. Building Information Modeling, or simply BIM, allows the planning design, building using and maintaing of building. Therefore, it is not necessary to have an application that includes all these tasks. By means of parameterized information, different applications can share the same information and generate results, a process known as interoperability. This work is mainly focused on developing a tool capable of modeling structures in LSF, performing a structural pre-analysis and also providing a means to enable interoperability with other software. To this end, we applied the SketchUp, which has a programming interface in Ruby language, and has data generation modules compatible with the interoperability needs. As a result, the generated tool in this work has achieved satisfactory performance, even though there are still many resources to be aggregated.

This master thesis analyses hook loader NKH 8A340. For calculation of load states was used the dynamic simulation in program MSC.ADAMS. This results were used like a input data to solve the construction with finished element method. After evaluation of results were made design changes of hook loader. Part of this thesis contains drawings of modified parts of hook loader.

Abstract The present study investigates phenomena of caring from the point of view of nursing work in the Western society, approaching the topic from historical and theoretical frames of reference. The historical frame of reference is an entity where descriptions of the concepts and phenomena of nursing, nursing ethics and caring are explored from the point of view of hermeneutic interpretation of history. Data from an earlier period include publications, text books and research papers from the years 1903–1938 on nursing in Finland, nursing ethics and caring and also material on the life work of Ms. Naima Kurvinen (1876–1933), matron at the Oulu Province Hospital. Data from a later period consist of articles, literary work and research papers on nursing work, nursing ethics and caring from the years 1979–2004. The theoretical frame of reference will here be approached from the points of view of phenomenology and philosophical hermeneutics. The data include philosophical literature on phenomenology, philosophical hermeneutics, and the essence, ethics and knowledge of humanity. Heidegger's philosophy of the mind of being proved to be a central theory in interpreting the phenomenon of caring. Morality, autonomy and universality were the three theoretical statements of caring found in the study. Central characteristics describing the moral essence of caring were grouped under four theses as follows: 1. Moral statements describing caring are normative, i.e. they contain moral principles which guide our actions. The good of another individual emerged as the expressed function of caring. 2. Some values, such as humaneness, dignity, health, and well-being can intuitively be named as the good within caring. 3. The act of caring is to place oneself to take care of another person. This is based on freedom, authentic presence and ability to assume another person's preferences. The combination of these qualities describes altruism within caring. 4. The humane essence of man and interaction with others include ethical meanings of caring. Caring is action that protects, maintains and enriches life and involves hope. The autonomous nature of caring is here described with the following three theses: 1. The autonomy of caring signifies the nurse's independence and the special nature of the context. Knowledge and the ability to place oneself to take care of another person are essential prerequisites. 2. The practical knowledge of caring is ethical in nature. 3. Prerequisites explaining caring, such as ethicality, knowledge, and awareness and meanings of nursing describe the phenomenological features of caring, making the act of caring an autonomous one. The following two theses are used to argue for the universal essence of nursing: 1. Our humane and historical qualities are part of universally recognized humane values. Concern represents the manner of being within caring, describes meanings and values given to it and, finally, attaches one's awareness to the real world. 2. The moral of caring is universal in nature. / Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tässä tutkimuksessa hoitamisen ilmiötä länsimaisen hoitotyön näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen lähestymistavaksi valitsin historiallisen ja teoreettisen viitekehyksen. Historiallinen viitekehys on kokonaisuus, jossa hoitotyön, hoitoetiikan ja hoitamisen käsitteiden ja ilmiöiden kuvaukset muodostavat historiallisen aineiston, jota tarkastelen hermeneuttisen historiantulkinnan näkökulmasta. Varhaisempi aineisto sisältää suomalaista hoitotyötä, hoitoetiikkaa ja hoitamista käsitteleviä julkaisuja, oppikirjoja ja dokumentteja vuosilta 1903–1938 sekä Oulun lääninsairaalan ylihoitajatar Naima Kurvisen (1876–1933) elämäntyöhön liittyvän aineiston. Myöhäisempi aineisto koostuu hoitotyötä, hoitoetiikkaa ja hoitamista käsittelevistä artikkeleista, teoksista ja tutkimuksista vuosilta 1979–2004. Historiallinen viitekehys on opastanut minua hoitamisen alkuperäistä luonnetta esittävien kysymysten etsimisessä, tutkimuskohdetta kuvaavan aineiston löytämisessä ja sen hedelmällisessä tulkitsemisessa. Teoreettisen viitekehyksen tarkastelunäkökulmiksi valitsin fenomenologian ja filosofisen hermeneutiikan. Aineisto sisältää fenomenologiaa ja filosofista hermeneutiikkaa sekä ihmisyyden olemusta, etiikkaa ja tietoa käsittelevää filosofista kirjallisuutta. Teoreettinen viitekehys mahdollisti tutkimuskulun ymmärtämisen sekä sen esittämisen. Heideggerin olemisen mielen filosofia osoittautui keskeiseksi teoriaksi hoitamisen ilmiön tulkitsemisessa. Hoitamisen ensimmäisen väittämän, moraalisuuden, ominaispiirteet esitän seuraavissa teeseissä: 1. Hoitamista kuvaavat moraalilausumat ovat normatiivisia eli ne sisältävät toimintaa ohjaavia moraaliperiaatteita. Niissä ilmaistu hoitamisen funktio on toisen ihmisen hyvä. 2. Joitakin arvoja voidaan nimetä intuitiivisesti hoitamisen hyvän määritelmiksi. Näitä ovat inhimillisyys, arvokkuus, terveys ja hyvinvointi. 3. Hoitaminen on asettautumista toisen ihmisen hoitamiseen. Asettautumisen perustana on vapaus ja autenttinen läsnäolo sekä kyky toisen preferenssien omaksumiseen. Nämä ominaisuudet yhdessä kuvaavat altruismia hoitamisessa. 4. Ihmisen inhimillinen olemus ja kanssakäyminen toisten ihmisten kanssa sisältävät hoitamisen eettisyyden merkityksiä. Hoitaminen on elämää suojelevaa, ylläpitävää ja rikastavaa sekä toivoa sisältävää. Toisen väittämän, autonomisuuden, olemusta kuvaavat ominaispiirteet esitän seuraavasti: 1. Hoitamisen autonomisuus tarkoittaa hoitajan itsenäisyyttä ja kontekstin erityislaatuisuutta. Tieto ja asettautuminen ovat sen välttämättömiä ehtoja. 2. Hoitamisen praktinen tieto on eettistä. 3. Hoitamista perustelevat ennakkoehdot, kuten eettisyys, tieto ja tiedostaminen sekä hoitamisen merkitykset, kuvaavat hoitamisen fenomenologisia ominaisuuksia. Nämä tekevät hoitamisesta autonomisen. Hoitamisen universaalia olemusta perustelen kahden teesin avulla: 1. Ihmisen inhimilliset ja historialliset ominaisuudet kuuluvat yleismaailmallisesti esiintyviin humaanisiin arvoihin. Huoli ilmentää hoitamisen olemisen tapaa, kuvaa sille annettuja merkityksiä ja arvoja sekä kiinnittää tietoisuuden reaaliseen maailmaan. 2. Hoitamisen moraalin luonne on yleinen.

Les systèmes de dialogue homme-machine ont pour objectif de permettre un échange oral efficace et convivial entre un utilisateur humain et un ordinateur. Leurs domaines d'applications sont variés, depuis la gestion d'échanges commerciaux jusqu'au tutorat ou l'aide à la personne. Cependant, les capacités de communication de ces systèmes sont actuellement limités par leur aptitude à comprendre la parole spontanée. Nos travaux s'intéressent au module de compréhension de la parole et présentent une proposition entièrement basée sur des approches stochastiques, permettant l'élaboration d'une hypothèse sémantique complète. Notre démarche s'appuie sur une représentation hiérarchisée du sens d'une phrase à base de frames sémantiques. La première partie du travail a consisté en l'élaboration d'une base de connaissances sémantiques adaptée au domaine du corpus d'expérimentation MEDIA (information touristique et réservation d'hôtel). Nous avons eu recours au formalisme FrameNet pour assurer une généricité maximale à notre représentation sémantique. Le développement d'un système à base de règles et d'inférences logiques nous a ensuite permis d'annoter automatiquement le corpus. La seconde partie concerne l'étude du module de composition sémantique lui-même. En nous appuyant sur une première étape d'interprétation littérale produisant des unités conceptuelles de base (non reliées), nous proposons de générer des fragments sémantiques (sous-arbres) à l'aide de réseaux bayésiens dynamiques. Les fragments sémantiques générés fournissent une représentation sémantique partielle du message de l'utilisateur. Pour parvenir à la représentation sémantique globale complète, nous proposons et évaluons un algorithme de composition d'arbres décliné selon deux variantes. La première est basée sur une heuristique visant à construire un arbre de taille et de poids minimum. La seconde s'appuie sur une méthode de classification à base de séparateurs à vaste marge pour décider des opérations de composition à réaliser. Le module de compréhension construit au cours de ce travail peut être adapté au traitement de tout type de dialogue. Il repose sur une représentation sémantique riche et les modèles utilisés permettent de fournir des listes d'hypothèses sémantiques scorées. Les résultats obtenus sur les données expérimentales confirment la robustesse de l'approche proposée aux données incertaines et son aptitude à produire une représentation sémantique consistante / Spoken dialog systems enable users to interact with computer systems via natural dialogs, as they would with human beings. These systems are deployed into a wide range of application fields from commercial services to tutorial or information services. However, the communication skills of such systems are bounded by their spoken language understanding abilities. Our work focus on the spoken language understanding module which links the automatic speech recognition module and the dialog manager. From the user’s utterance analysis, the spoken language understanding module derives a representation of its semantic content upon which the dialog manager can decide the next best action to perform. The system we propose introduces a stochastic approach based on Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) for spoken language understanding. DBN-based models allow to infer and then to compose semantic frame-based tree structures from speech transcriptions. First, we developed a semantic knowledge source covering the domain of our experimental corpus (MEDIA, a French corpus for tourism information and hotel booking). The semantic frames were designed according to the FrameNet paradigm and a hand-craft rule-based approach was used to derive the seed annotated training data.Then, to derive automatically the frame meaning representations, we propose a system based on a two decoding step process using DBNs : first basic concepts are derived from the user’s utterance transcriptions, then inferences are made on sequential semantic frame structures, considering all the available previous annotation levels. The inference process extracts all possible sub-trees according to lower level information and composes the hypothesized branches into a single utterance-span tree. The composition step investigates two different algorithms : a heuristic minimizing the size and the weight of the tree ; a context-sensitive decision process based on support vector machines for detecting the relations between the hypothesized frames. This work investigates a stochastic process for generating and composing semantic frames using DBNs. The proposed approach offers a convenient way to automatically derive semantic annotations of speech utterances based on a complete frame hierarchical structure. Experimental results, obtained on the MEDIA dialog corpus, show that the system is able to supply the dialog manager with a rich and thorough representation of the user’s request semantics

Traditionally, joints are assumed to be either pinned or fully rigid, but in reality, many behave between these two extremes giving them a semi-rigid classification. By acknowledging the semi-rigidity of nominal pin joints, steel frames can be designed as semi-continuous in which the beam bending moments are partially transmitted to the column members and the need for lateral bracing is eliminated, thus reducing material and construction costs. This thesis presents the results of numerical and theoretical studies of the behaviour of bolted endplate connections to Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS) columns using flowdrill bolts and their applications in semi-continuous frame design. Such connections exhibit significant levels of initial stiffness, strength, and deformation capacity while being more cost-effective than fully welded connections. Despite this, there is limited theoretical work carried out that allows such connections to be designed using analytical methods. In addition, there are no standardised connection design tables like that for open section columns (SCI, 1995), thereby inhibiting their adoption in practice. In this thesis, newly derived equations for initial stiffness that have a greatly improved range of validity and accuracy over existing equations are presented. Equations for bending strength of a newly derived elliptical mechanism based on yield line theory and for membrane action based on internal work principles are given. Equations for flowdrill thread stripping due to gross deformation of the RHS face are also presented thus allowing prediction of all common RHS face failure mechanisms. Equations for deformation capacity are derived thus making it possible to predict the full load-deflection behaviour of the RHS face in tension component. When combined with existing equations for bolt and endplate components, it is possible to predict the full moment-rotation behaviour of bolted endplate connections to RHS columns. Extensive parametric studies using finite element analysis (FEA) as well as validation against existing tests show that the newly derived equations can accurately predict the component-level and whole joint behaviour for a wide range of configurations. Taking advantage of the initial stiffness properties that these connections offer, a parametric study is conducted to show that connections with relatively simple detailing can offer sufficient initial stiffness and strength to enable unbraced semi-continuous design of low-rise steel frames. A hand calculation method for SLS sway in semi-continuous frames is also presented thus allowing the designer to readily carry out scheme designs without advanced software knowledge. A systematic method for the detailing of these connections for use in unbraced frame design is presented to facilitate adoption in practice.

Warehouse automation is a measure E-commerce companies can take to get a more streamlined flow through their warehouse. Order picking is the most labor intensive task in a warehouse. By automating the order picking process companies can lower their costs and improve their response times. This thesis studies the A-frame, an automated order picking system, at a large online pharmacy, Apotea AB. An A-frame has dispensing channels on its side and a conveyor belt that runs through the entire machine. Products for an order are ejected from the channels onto the conveyor belt and at the end of the machine they are dropped into a box. The box is then sealed, labeled and sent to the customer. For the automatic flow to function correctly, all orders picked by the A-frame need to be complete orders. Complete orders are orders where there are no products missing. To maximize the throughput of the A-frame, an appropriate product allocation will be required. Due to the vast number of combinations, it is extremely difficult to identify an optimal product allocation. This study has examined three different approaches to the product allocation problem for an A-frame. The first two methods are based on ranking the products depending on their quantities sold. The last method uses association rule learning, which is a machine learning technique for finding interesting patterns in a data set. Association rule learning was used to find which products were associated to each other. These associations were then placed in a graph structure and solved using a heuristic. To evaluate the different allocation methods, a simulation model was created. The A-frame was simulated using a discrete event simulation, which meant all methods could be tested on the same data to correctly compare the performance of each allocation. The study showed that the heuristic using association rules gave the highest number of picks for the tested period. However, it was only marginally better than the method that first removed orders that could not be picked from the A-frame and then ranked all products by their quantities sold. The study's conclusion is that while association rule learning resulted in the highest number of picked orders, the gain of using it does not motivate its complexity. Instead a more simple approach by ranking products by their quantities sold should be used. Warehousing in the era of E-commerce has to be fast, correct and cheap.

Syfte: Stål och betong har länge varit dominerande inom byggnation av den anledningen att flervåningshus med en stomme i trä mellan 1874 och 1994 i Sverige inte varit tillåtet. Detta har lett till att erfarenhet och kunskap inom flervåningshus i trä inte har utvecklats i samma takt. Med en ökad medvetenhet om miljön är nu fler intresserade av att bygga i trä då materialet anses vara bättre ur en miljösynpunkt. KL-trä har möjligheten att konkurrera med stål- och betongelement i bärighet och hållfasthet men står inför andra utmaningar när det kommer till brand- och ljudkrav. Målet med studien är att ta fram underlag för arbetsmoment, arbetstid och exempel på tvärsnittslösningar som använts för att upprätta mer korrekta kalkyler och tidplaner i anbudsskedet vid val av en KL-trästomme eller betongstomme i bostäder. Metod: Undersökningen genomförs som en kvalitativ fallstudie där analys sker av både kvantifierbara sekundärdata i form av enhetstider och tidigare tvärsnittslösningar, så väl som kvalitativ primärdata från semistrukturerade intervjuer. Genom triangulering av insamlade data tas tvärsnitt fram som utgör jämförelsen mellan KL-trä och prefabricerad betong med hänsyn till arbetsmoment och arbetstid.  Resultat: KL-trästommen kräver med hänsyn till brand- och ljudkrav fler arbetsmoment och en längre enhetstid än vad en prefabricerad betongstomme gör. Resultatet baseras på en kvadratmeter av tvärsnitten. Arbetsgången mellan de olika stommaterialen skiljer dessutom där betong efter sitt stommontage anses mer färdigt medan en KL-trästomme kräver fler påbyggda skikt. Konsekvenser: Studien grundas på en kvadratmeter i ett tvärsnitt i stället för en bredare bild av ett helt projekt. Vidare rekommenderas att kommande studier behandlar fler stomdelar, fuktsäkerhet och övergripande tidsåtgång för arbete med de olika stommaterialen. Begränsningar: Studien tar endast hänsyn till bjälklag och lägenhetsskiljande väggar i KL-trä respektive prefabricerad betong. Sekundärdata i form av tvärsnitt är endast insamlat från en av vardera källor rörande stommaterialen, nämligen organisationerna Svenskt Trä och Svensk Betong. Enhetstiderna är tagna ur Ny- och ombyggnadslistan 2018 men är kompletterade med respondenters ackordsunderlag. Intervjuerna är utförda med respondenter från byggbranschen som varit involverade i ett eller flera projekt med antingen KL-trästomme eller prefabricerad betongstomme. / Purpose: Steel and concrete has for a long time been dominating in construction because of the reason that multi-storey buildings of wood were forbidden between 1874 and 1994 in Sweden. This has led to that experience and knowledge about multi-storey buildings made of wood have not developed in the same rate. With an increase of awareness about the environment, more have now become interested of building with wood since it is deemed better for the environment. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) can compete with steel and concrete elements in terms of load-bearing capacity and strength of material but face other challenges when it comes to fire and sound regulations. The goal of this study is to bring forward information about work activities, working hours and example of used cross-section solutions to execute more correct calculations and time schedules for projecting with either CLT or concrete in housing.  Method: The study will be conducted as a qualitative fall study were analysis of both quantifiable secondary data in shape of unit times and earlier used cross-section solutions as well as qualitative primary data from semi-constructed interviews. Through triangulation of the collected data a cross-section will be selected that will compose the comparison between CLT and precast concrete regarding work activities and working hours. Findings: CLT frame requires more work activities and a longer working time than a prefabricated concrete frame with regards to fire and sound regulations. The result is based on a square meter of the cross-section. The work process differs between the different materials were a concrete frame, after it has been assembled is deemed more complete than a CLT frame which requires more layers for completion. Implications: The foundation of the study was formed on a square meter of a cross-section instead of a wider picture of a complete project. Further recommendations for upcoming studies are to include more frame parts, moisture safety and a general timescale of working with the different materials. Limitations: The study includes apartment differencing floors and walls of CLT and prefabricated concrete. Secondary data are only collected from one of each material, these are collected from the organizations Swedish Wood and Swedish Concrete. Unit times are taken from the New- and Reconstruction list 2018 (Ny- och ombyggnadslistan 2018) and these are complemented with response from the interviews. The interviews are conducted with respondents from the construction industry who has been involved in one or more projects with either a CLT frame or a precast concrete frame.

This case study explores the securitization of Marseille's banlieues during the era of the Frame of Republican order that in the last decade of the twentieth century and first years of the new millennium significantly influenced intensive securitization of French banlieues with a high concentration of ethnic minorities and countless overlapping social and economic problems. In 2005, in reaction to the era of intensive securitization, unprecedently violent riots and social unrest broke out in banlieues across France, yet banlieues in Marseille remained calm. This thesis, therefore, aims to describe the securitization process and at the same time expose causes that lowered the intensity of securitization, mitigated the influence of the Frame of Republican order and alleviated its adverse effects on the local population. For this purpose, the thesis builds on a combined theoretical framework of securitization theory and framing theory that enables to put the securitization process into the broader context and considers specific historical background. This thesis also interprets findings on the securitization process and offers a critical evaluation of recent development in Marseille that puts into danger Marseille's resistance to securitization and exposes the city to adverse consequences.