本研究針對台灣熟年世代的旅遊需求，援引美國、紐西蘭等國外熟年旅遊產品之案例，再針對台灣熟年世代的生活型態、旅遊消費習慣等行為，企圖將熟年志工旅遊、熟年深度旅遊的旅遊產品透過社會企業商業模式的形式於台灣做在地化發展。以「喜大人愛旅遊」之提案為例，做熟年世代商業旅遊產品之社會企業商業模式之闡述，該商業模式架構是以Alex Osterwalder等人之商業模式九宮格為基礎，包括目標客層、價值主張、通路、顧客關係、收益流、關鍵活動、核心資源、關鍵合作夥伴、成本結構九大構面。 / This paper focus on the social business model for traveling needs of senior citizens in Taiwan. Based on the reference from senior travel service in foreign country such like America and Australia and research of the lifestyle and the traveling consumption behavior of Taiwanese senior citizens, this paper will discuss about the social business model of localization of senior volunteer-travel and in-depth travel in Taiwan. Take the proposal of “The Senior’s Travelstyle” as an example, this paper will describe the social business model for fulfilling the senior citizens’ traveling needs. The structure of the business model is based on Alex Osterwalder’s the business model canvas, including customer segments, value propositions, customer relationships, channels, revenue streams, key activities, key resources, key partners and cost structure.

建立線上教學服務平台，使年長者學習，打破世代藩籬。 / According to the United Nations, one in every ten persons is over the age of sixty and about two thirds of the world’s older populations live in developing countries. These same persons are our grandfathers and grandmothers. Unfortunately, the concept of ageing is often associated with a negative connotation of decline. This initiated our interest to create an online community that engages people of all ages in order to change these warped perceptions. This idea later evolved into Golden Tutor, an online learning community that helps in the development of its registered students and pre-approved tutors in their academic, professional and personal growth. Our aim of “Building a better society for all ages” along with our online learning platform seeks to instill a lifelong love for academic performance, to trigger more discussions on ageism and to spark a curiosity for inter-generational programs as its remedy. Golden Tutor is a socially minded venture that expects both financial and social gains for the benefit of the local communities in which it operates. Funds will first be reinvested and then later used to establish programs that foster offline social interaction. Our overall purpose is to engage older adults with youths in order to lessen the gap between generations; a new transformation fostered by community based solutions.

This dissertation examines nonprofit, co-operative, and volunteer media enterprises operating outside Saskatchewan’s state and commercial media sectors. Drawing on historical research and contemporary case studies, I take the position that this third sector of media activity has played, and continues to play, a much-needed role in engaging marginalized voices in social discourse, encouraging participation in community-building and local governance, fostering local-global connectedness, and holding power to account when the rights and interests of citizens are jeopardized. The cases studied reveal a surprising level of resiliency among third sector media enterprises; however, the research also finds that the challenges facing third sector media practitioners have deepened considerably in recent decades, testing this resiliency. A rapid withdrawal of media development support from the public sphere has left Saskatchewan’s third sector media at a crossroads. The degree of the problem is largely unknown outside media practitioner circles, even among civil society allies. I argue this relates to the lack of recognition of nonprofit, co-operative, and volunteer media as a distinct third sector, thus obscuring the global impact when hundreds of small undertakings shed staff and reduce operations in multiple locations across Canada. At the same time, there is increasing recognition that such media have the potential to fill a void left by commercial and state media organizations that have retreated from local communities. Accordingly, this dissertation makes the case for a coordinated media development strategy as a component of the social economy. The challenge is to build useful mechanisms of support among civil society allies that do not replicate oppressive donor-client relationships that are all too common in the arena of governmental and private sector support. While never simple, the opportunities and social benefits are considerable when citizens devise the means to participate in the creation of a robust, diverse media ecology.

Web 2.0 概念的開放、即時、互動、同步、多元的資訊傳遞方式創造出更多的群體價值。社群網站讓組織與使用者的互動更加密切，公眾接觸的概念興起，本研究政府部門的臺北市立動物園與社會企業網路媒體社企流個案，均為良好的公眾接觸個案。越來越多組織應用社群網站的程度，依據在於長期來看，社群網站創造多少效果。因此本研究從資訊系統層面、使用者層面與組織管理層面的文獻檢閱，探討社群網站對於各部門組織的重要性、目標與效果。加入Web 2.0的特性所建立效能衡量架構，檢視社群網站對兩研究個案所帶來的效果與經營策略。 研究設計兼具量化與質化的混合方法，透過量化網路問卷蒐集使用者態度，從資訊系統層面的系統品質、資訊品質、服務品質，以及使用者層面的公眾接觸、社會影響等構面，以多元迴歸模型，探討資訊系統滿意度、使用者忠誠度與顧客關係目標等使用者態度。並以質化深度訪談組織內部，從交易成本與組織創新等理論，探討組織如何導入社群網站、管理的過程、分工、評估與策略等。 研究發現，資訊系統層面顯著提升資訊系統滿意度，但對於使用者忠誠度與顧客關係目標無顯著關係；資訊品質對使用者態度沒有顯著關係。在第三部門意指使用者認同其理念，社群網站的介面和管理相對不重要。在政府機關，系統品質對於資訊系統滿意度以及使用者忠誠度皆有顯著影響，顯示政府在Web 2.0時代，社群網站管理者已能掌握資訊傳播的系統品質。使用者層面的公眾接觸與社會影響均具有顯著關係，其中公眾接觸構面的涉入與共同創造為最良好的解釋變項。在社會影響構面，在描述性統計評價最低，但與使用者態度有顯著關係，其中公眾形象為良好的解釋變項。使用者態度的顧客關係目標，資訊傳播最容易達成，實際行動與深化關係相對較難。組織管理層面，發現社企流為有機式組織，可以快速應變環境變化，待改善者為組際間合作。而動物園優勢為機關長官支持與跨組室推動，待改善為上級機關仍不熟悉Web 2.0，難掌握民意溝通管道。 從研究發現可以歸納出各部門均可適用的社群網站經營核心，包括「社群」、「內容」、「管道」。實務建議包括鎖定粉絲專頁的目標族群、虛實整合、提升公眾接觸、加強人際網絡建立、深化關係等。經營策略包括精美圖片、回應使用者問題、提供穩定與精彩的資訊內容、配合時事話題、異業合作等。 / In recent years, Web 2.0 has been the buzz word for the field of e-governance due to its openness, immediacy, and interactivity, which facilitate a more collective and effective networking life of the population. In this thesis, author reviews the literature from information system design, civil engagement, and organizational management to research on the importance, objective, and effectiveness of social media usage and its impact on non-profit organizations. Author selects two cases, Taipei City Zoo (the first sector) and Social Enterprise Insights (the third sector), to investigate and compare them to answer questions concerning the objective and effectiveness of utilizing social media. In this research, a mixed-method approach is adopted to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. An on-line questionnaire was administrated to users of both Facebook Fan Pages and in-depth interviews with organizational staffs. According to literature reviews, the research framework contains two dimensions: information system (system, information and service quality) and civic engagement and social influence on users. Author uses multiple regression to analyze users’ subjective responses. Findings are as follows. First, information system dimension contributes to merely information system satisfaction and information quality is no significant. Second, users’ dimension is significant, but social influence is the worst in descriptive statistics. Third, compared to deeper engagement and take action, communication of information is easy to obtain. Forth, in the organizational management dimension, SEI is an organic organization to adapt the changing environment. Manager support and cross- unit execution cause good-use of social media in the zoo. From this research, practical advices to social media “page masters” contains three main parts. First, the keys to manage social media are community, contents, and channels of communication. Second, the managing goals are focusing on target group, integrating virtual with real world, promoting civic engagement and establishing interpersonal network. Finally, the strategies are utilizing eye-catching pictures, promptly responding to users’ questions, and stable provision of interesting contents.

Abstract There has been extensive literature published about NGO adoption and use of social media, however these studies have only focused on large, and primarily Western operated organizations, while research on NGO and social enterprise adoption in emergent nations is drastically limited. Cambodia was particularly relevant for a study on social media, because in fact Facebook has surpassed television as Cambodian people’s main source for gathering news. In particular this research focused on a famous Khmer-owned NGO, Phare Ponleu Selpak and their sister organization the Phare Performing Social Enterprise. This organization is well-known in Cambodia, because they produce world-renowned visual and performing artists, and are especially known for the circus, which is a major tourism attraction in Siem Reap. In this anthropological, exploratory case study, I conducted in-depth interviews with key staff members and executed a thematic analysis of PPSA and PPSE’s social media platforms in order to unveil the reasons for social media adoption as well as an in-depth analysis of the strategies involved. The results indicated that community engagement and organizational transparency were the key indicators for social media adoption. For strategy, community engagement and informational postings were also more important than posts that prompted actions such as donating, voting, or participating. Finally, social media was seen as a vital tool in the dissemination of information about Cambodian arts and intangible heritages, because Facebook has become the key source for information in Cambodia due to the state owned media. Therefore, Cambodians are able to learn about their history and the arts by following PPSA and PPSE, particularly on Facebook. Furthermore, tourists can also celebrate and learn about Cambodian art and intangible heritage through these social media channels. Keywords: Nongovernmental Organization, Social Enterprise, Social Media, Social Media Adoption and Use, Intangible Heritage

Submitted by Daniel Marques Périgo (danielmpsp@outlook.com) on 2018-06-19T15:31:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TA Revisão_final_DP_v3.pdf: 1795482 bytes, checksum: b2c593d258e3925a86aabc23f6f4a154 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br) on 2018-06-19T17:00:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TA Revisão_final_DP_v3.pdf: 1795482 bytes, checksum: b2c593d258e3925a86aabc23f6f4a154 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-06-19T21:41:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TA Revisão_final_DP_v3.pdf: 1795482 bytes, checksum: b2c593d258e3925a86aabc23f6f4a154 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-19T21:41:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TA Revisão_final_DP_v3.pdf: 1795482 bytes, checksum: b2c593d258e3925a86aabc23f6f4a154 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-19 / O aumento da competitividade, o cenário macroeconômico e a importância crescente dos aspectos sociais e ambientais, associados ao esgotamento dos modelos de negócios convencionais focados prioritariamente na busca de lucro econômico, estimulam o surgimento de novos modelos de negócio, baseados na obtenção de ganho econômico e no atendimento às expectativas sociais. Os negócios sociais surgem como alternativas aos modelos de negócio tradicionais, ao harmonizar a busca pelo impacto positivo na sociedade e as atividades comerciais de geração de renda, combinando a lógica de mercado com a necessidade filantrópica, a fim de atingir uma missão social; no entanto, seu caráter híbrido carrega tensões intrínsecas do esforço de equilibrar esses dois aspectos. Sistemas de mensuração e gestão de desempenho podem ter um papel importante neste contexto, ao permitir a avaliação da adesão da organização aos objetivos sociais, por meio de métricas financeiras e sociais alinhadas à sua estratégia. Entender de que modo a adoção desses sistemas pode influenciar a gestão e orientar a criação de valor social nesses empreendimentos é o objetivo deste trabalho. Para isso, o Social Enterprise Balanced Scorecard (SEBC), uma versão do Balanced Scorecard de Kaplan e Norton, foi utilizado como modelo de análise. O estudo foi efetivado por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória, baseada no estudo de casos múltiplos e em entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com representantes de cinco negócios sociais brasileiros, de naturezas jurídicas diversas. Os dados coletados foram consolidados e os indicadores analisados e distribuídos segundo as perspectivas do SEBC. O trabalho demonstrou que, das cinco organizações, três possuíam sistemas de mensuração implementados, com uma tendência maior de adoção nos negócios do terceiro setor. No entanto, a avaliação das métricas demonstrou uma predominância da medição de outputs, uma medição limitada de outcomes mais generalistas e a ausência de medição de impacto, sugerindo um potencial desalinhamento entre as métricas de desempenho e a missão social da organização. Outro ponto constatado foi a vinculação da missão social à figura do empreendedor, caracterizando uma abordagem mais pessoa-dependente e menos processo-dependente. Por fim, os resultados do trabalho apontam para a potencial aplicabilidade do Social Enterprise Balanced Scorecard como mecanismo de mensuração e gestão no contexto dos negócios sociais, ao proporcionar uma visão mais equilibrada do seu desempenho. / The increase in competitiveness, macroeconomic scenario and the growing importance of social and environmental aspects, associated with the exhaustion of conventional business models focused primarily on economic profit, stimulate the emergence of new business models, focused on obtaining economic gain and meeting the social expectations. Social businesses emerge as alternatives to traditional business models, by harmonizing the search for positive impact on society and commercial income-generating activities, combining market logic with philanthropic need in order to achieve a social mission; however, its hybrid character carries intrinsic tensions in the effort to balance these two aspects. In this context, performance measurement and management systems can play an important role by allowing the assessment of the organization's adherence to its social objectives, by using financial and social metrics aligned with its strategy. Understanding how the adoption of these systems influences the management and creation of social value in these enterprises is the main objective of this work. The Social Enterprise Balanced Scorecard (SEBC) - a version of the Balanced Scorecard of Kaplan and Norton - was used as the analysis model. The study was carried out through a qualitative, exploratory research, based on the study of multiple cases and semi-structured interviews with representatives of five Brazilian social businesses, of different legal natures. The data collected were consolidated and the indicators analyzed and distributed according to the perspectives of the SEBC model. The study showed that three out of the five organizations surveyed had implemented measurement systems, with a greater tendency of adoption in the third sector businesses. However, the evaluation of the metrics demonstrated a predominance of output measurements, a limited measurement of generic outcomes and the absence of business impact measurement, suggesting a potential misalignment between performance metrics and the organization's social mission. Another point observed was a strong association of the social mission to the figure of the entrepreneur, characterizing a more person-dependent and less process-dependent approach. Finally, the results of the study point out to the potential applicability of the Social Enterprise Balanced Scorecard as a measurement and management mechanism in the context of social businesses by providing a more balanced view of their performance.

近期關於組織目標的研究指出，傳統以營利為目的的公司，隨著政府與大眾對於社會議題的日益關注而開始履行企業社會責任；另一方面，傳統以解決社會問題為目的的非營利組織，為了處理資金問題而開始從事營利行為。因為營利與非營利組織的分界開始模糊，各種混合型態的組織跟著出現，構成了一個組織目標的光譜。然而，這個概念上的目標光譜並不容易呈現，目前針對社會價值的創造(Social Value Creation，簡稱SVC)在量化上的分析成果亦有限。本研究從產業經濟學的混合寡占理論出發，提出一個「SVC投資市場」以衡量組織對於社會價值的重視程度，並使用觀察到的資料描繪出SVC投資市場中的需求。再透過組織目標函數的設定以及在市場中競爭的結果，推估組織考量社會價值的比重，找出組織在目標光譜中的位置。本研究針對台灣上市公司的企業社會責任報告書資料以及財報資料進行分析後發現，目前台灣上市公司的消費者並不太重視公司的SVC活動。政府若欲提升公司對於SVC的重視程度，可以嘗試藉由改變消費者的購買決策來影響公司的目標決策。

The degradation of the ecological and social systems has largely resulted from human activities that deplete natural resources and undermine human needs in society. Traditional business culture, driven mainly by profit maximization, is a factor that has worsened this sustainability challenge. Social enterprises (SEs) are a form of business that hold the potential to help make the transition towards a sustainable society. The purpose of this study is two-fold. First, it explores SE contributions to creating a sustainable social system. Second, it examines how SEs exhibit the dimensions of trustworthiness, leading to trusting relationships in society. Social sustainability principles (SSPs) define social sustainability and are drawn from the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development. They are used as a foundation for identifying SE contributions. The researchers draw on experiences from social entrepreneurs and experts in the field of social entrepreneurship. SEs contribute at two levels: the individual level and the societal level. They break down barriers to the SSPs and provide opportunities to individuals with respect to the five principles. SEs operate based on a culture of impartiality and create opportunities for meaning for individuals in their target groups. They consistently take leaps of faith, believing in the trustworthiness of those who are otherwise deemed untrustworthy.

Les structures d'insertion par l'activité économique (SIAE) proposent à des personnes rencontrant des difficultés sociales ou professionnelles particulières une mise en situation de travail et une prise en charge visant à la résolution de leurs diverses problématiques. Depuis une dizaine d'années, les SIAE ont engagé un processus de rapprochement avec les entreprises classiques alors qu'antérieurement prévalaient des relations de méfiance réciproque. L'objet de la thèse est précisément d'analyser le fonctionnement des collaborations nouées entre les SIAE et les entreprises classiques. A cette fin, nous mobilisons tout d'abord la littérature sur l'entreprise sociale qui permet de caractériser la spécificité des SIAE. Nous construisons ensuite un modèle d'analyse inspiré de l'économie des conventions. Les collaborations entre SIAE et entreprises classiques supposent en effet qu'elles s'accordent concernant le contenu de la notion d'insertion. Sur la base d'une enquête qualitative réalisée au sein de trois SIAE, nous distinguons alors trois « conventions d'insertion » (civique-marchande, civique-industrielle et civique-connexionniste) qui sont autant de compromis permettant une coordination. Ces « conventions d'insertion » sont présentes au sein de chacune de nos études de cas mais dans des proportions variables, en fonction des milieux institutionnels dans lesquels évoluent SIAE et entreprises classiques. / Work integration social enterprises (WISE) aim to allow disadvantaged workers to benefit from contracts of employment, in order to facilitate their social and professional inclusion. Since the end of the last decade, collaborations between private businesses and WISE have been increasing in France, whereas at first the attitude was one of mutual mistrust. This study focuses on how WISE and private businesses collaborate. First we use the literature about social enterprise to characterize the special features of WISE. Then we build a framework inspired from the “economics of conventions” school. Collaborations between WISE and private businesses rest on an agreement about what integration means. We produce three kinds of “integration conventions” (civic-market, civic-industrial and civic-connective) that are compromises allowing coordination. We use this typology to investigate three case-studies. In each one all of our “integration conventions” are present but in variable proportions, depending on the institutional constraints faced by WISE and private businesses.

Titel: Sociala företags finansieringsproblematik: En litteraturstudie om bidragande faktorer till finansieringsgapet mellan sociala företag och dess finansiärer. Författare: Jeanette Koznar, Håkan Lindgren och Sandra Nilsson Handledare: Anders Wrenne Institution: Managementhögskolan, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola   Kurs: Kandidatarbete i Företagsekonomi, 15 högskolepoäng Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att identifiera det befintliga kunskapsläget för hur fem utvalda faktorerna påverkar finansiärers benägenhet att investera i sociala företag, för att därefter urskönja mönster mellan dessa fem faktorerna och diskutera hur ett samspelande kan minska finansieringsgapet. Metod:  Vi valde att använda oss av en explorativ litteraturstudie som metod då denna karaktäriseras av att fördjupa förståelsen för ett forskningsproblem.   Slutsatser: Vi fann att genom att se sambanden mellan de faktorer som påverkar finansieringsgapet, mellan sociala företag och finansiärer, kan flera faktorers inverkan på finansieringsgapet minskas framförallt genom att attackera en av dessa faktorer: de organisatoriska färdigheterna. / Title: The financial problem for social enterprises: A literature review on contributing factors to the funding gap between social enterprises and its financiers. Authors: Jeanette Koznar, Håkan Lindgren och Sandra Nilsson Supervisor: Anders Wrenne Department: School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology  Course: Bachelor’s thesis in Business Administration, 15 credits Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to identify the existing level of knowledge for how the five specifically chosen factors affect financiers' propensity to invest in social enterprises, and descry patterns between these five factors and discuss how an interaction between them can reduce the funding gap.   Method: We chose an exploratory literature review as a method to conduct this study based on that it is characterized by further deepening the understandings of a specific research problem.   Results: We found that by investigating the connection between the factors that contribute to the funding gap between social enterprises and financiers, the impact on the funding gap can be reduced primarily by attacking one of these factors: the organizational skills.