This dissertation seeks to understand the factors that influence government responses to HIV/AIDS among sub-Saharan African countries. Specifically, I hypothesize that 1) under certain circumstances, countries with democratic institutions are more likely to fight the epidemic aggressively and 2) there are multiple pathways to strong government action. By examining government performance in 29 sub-Saharan African countries, I find strong support for both hypotheses. A case study of Botswana shows that various aspects of a democratic society, from the competitiveness of the political arena to an active civil society, shape government responses to HIV/AIDS.This research has both theoretical and practical implications. It contributes to the existing knowledge about the effects of democracy on public well-being by highlighting that, even in regions where democratic institutions may not be well-established, their dynamics are still powerful enough to encourage governments to adopt policies that benefit their populations. Additionally, it expands our understanding of HIV/AIDS policy-making in sub-Saharan Africa and in other areas of the world by specifying the different environments which lead governments to be aggressive in addressing the epidemic, a finding of interest to those involved in the field of development.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-11-08T11:56:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciane Pinheiro Jardim_.pdf: 2133534 bytes, checksum: 9286f4084a31d1adf582bc660cc4c53b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-08T11:56:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciane Pinheiro Jardim_.pdf: 2133534 bytes, checksum: 9286f4084a31d1adf582bc660cc4c53b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente proposta de tese de doutorado visa, por meio de um estudo comparativo, compreender como os governos estaduais do Rio Grande do Sul e de Pernambuco;os governos municipais de Porto Alegre e de Recife (representados pelos gestores dos programas estaduais e municipais de DST/HIV/AIDS e profissionais de saúde);e da mesma forma, os representantes do Movimento Social de Luta contra AIDS–Fórum ONG/AIDS/RS e Articulação AIDS/PE; percebem as condições de efetividade daproposta de mudança, no modelo de atenção especializada ao HIV/AIDS, para o Serviço de Atenção Básica.Para esse estudo foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa no campo das Ciências Sociais, através de um estudo comparativo, no qual os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados foram: a entrevista semiestruturada, a análise documental, o diário de campo e a observação participante, e como técnica de análise de dados,foi realizada uma análise comparativa qualitativa. A partir dos dados coletados, verificou-se que a proposta do Ministério da Saúde em descentralização do HIV para Atenção Básica, está em andamento no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e Porto Alegre, embora apresentem limitações, enquanto que, em Pernambuco e Recife, o processo não foi implantado, devido à fragilidade dos serviços de Atenção Básica. Contudo, considera-se que para a implementação ou manutenção, desta estratégia de compartilhamento do cuidado, deve haver, além da vontade política e gerencial, o financiamento para fomentar as ações necessárias, bem como, a concessão de direito de acesso universal aos serviços de saúde. / The present proposal of doctoral thesis aims by means of a comparative study to understand how the state governments of Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco; the municipal governments of Porto Alegre and Recife (representedby managers ofstateand municipal STD / HIV / AIDS programsandhealthprofessionals); and in thesameway, therepresentativesofthe Social MovementofFightagainst AIDS - NGO / AIDS Forum / RS andArticulationAIDS/PE; perceive the conditions of effectiveness of the proposal of change, in the model of specialized attention to HIV/AIDS, for the Basic Attention Service. For this study, a qualitative research was conducted in the field of Social Sciences, through a comparative study, in which the methodological procedures used were: semi-structured interview, documentary analysis, field diary and participant observation, and as analysis technique A qualitative comparative analysis was performed. From the data collected, it was verified that the Ministry of Health's proposal for decentralization of HIV for Basic Care is in progress in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and Porto Alegre, although there are limitations, while in Pernambuco and Recife the process was not implemented due to the fragility of Primary Care services. However, it is considered that for the implementation or maintenance of this strategy of sharing care, there should be, beyond the political and managerial will, the funding to foster the necessary actions, as well as the granting of universal access rights to health services.

This thesis analyzes the state aids policy in EU especially by taking the post-2008 crisis implementations in the banking sector into consideration. The main goal of the thesis is to examine the questions about how the EU directs the considerably strict state aids policy in the crisis term and whether or not there has been a turn in state aids policy tradition during the crisis. For this purpose, the study, first, evaluates the competition policy as the umbrella title for state aids policy, the definition and components of state aids and international rapprochements to state aids policy. Then, the tradition of state aids policy in EU is explained by taking the history and sources of this policy into consideration. Under the light of this advance information, actions of the Union during the post-2008 financial crisis related to the banking sector are tried to be evaluated. State aids implementations in general, attitudes in crisis periods and recent efforts in legislation processes about state aids in Turkey as a candidate country make it worth to link the subject of state aids in Turkey with the study as a subordinate title.

This dissertation investigates the public response to HIV/AIDS in Sweden in the 1980s and early 1990s. The analysis focuses on the National Commission on AIDS (NCA,“Aidsdelegationen”). The NCA was appointed by the government in 1985, led by the Minister of Social Affairs and mandated to initiate and coordinate the national response to the epidemic and in function until 1992. The dissertation’s theoretical framework is based on the understanding of an epidemic as a cultural and historical concept, emphasizing that health policy in the late twentieth century must be analyzed as a complex process of problematization.  The study includes four parts. The first part covers the years 1982 to 1985, an era characterized by small scale action, based mainly on voluntary initiatives with small resources. The second part examines the period 1985-1989, when the NCA formed an official national policy based on both strong legislation (enabling quarantine of recalcitrants, registration, contact tracing etc.) and massive nationwide information efforts (through mass media campaigns). This highly active phase was followed by a period of consolidation, from 1989 to 1992, examined in the third part of the study. This period included a new infectious disease act focused on HIV/AIDS as well as official campaigns with stronger focus on the individuals’ responsibility for their own health. In the last part, covering the years 1992-1996, I show how the HIV/AIDS problem was institutionalized as a disease and health topic alongside many others. The national campaigns continued through the 1990s, focusing on empowerment and individualization. As in many similar countries, the main aim of the Swedish strategy was to educate and encourage people to act with caution and responsibility towards themselves and their fellow citizens. In addition to this cooperation and inclusion approach, a strategy of contain and control was also implemented. This second strategy can, as I show, be explained by the strong connection made between HIV/AIDS and drug users. Through this connection, the Swedish drug policy had a decisive influence on the Swedish HIV/AIDS policy.

The HIV and Aids pandemic and its impact on socio-economic development in South Africa led to the development of the broad National Strategic Plan (NSP 2007-2011) with the aim to guide the country’s response to the pandemic. This document was the second plan post 1994, to deal with the pandemic, the first one being the NSP 2000-2005. However, despite addressing the HIV and Aids pandemic since the 1990s, national statistics indicate that the country still grapples with curbing the spread of new HIV infections. The goal of the study was to investigate the alignment of the FBOs HIV and Aids service delivery with the NSP 2007-2011 in Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality (EMM). To achieve this goal, the study conceptualised and analysed the NSP 2007-2011 with regards to its implications for partnerships in addressing the HIV and Aids pandemic within the context of the social development approach. The study investigated the Faith-Based Organisations (FBOs) HIV and Aids service delivery, the main partners in the field and policy implementation, to establish the extent of their service alignment with the NSP 2007-2011 and to identify and describe elements required for service delivery necessary for alignment to the policy. A qualitative research approach, using a collective case study design was utilised for the study. Data was gathered by means of two focus group interviews with the HIV and Aids Projects’ managers/coordinators in the employment of the Christian-based FBOs in Ekurhuleni. Findings showed that most FBOs HIV and Aids service delivery focus on the management of the disease, and as a result neglect the grassroots and fundamental integrative prevention services. Some difficulties in the partnership between FBOs and government were found by the study, coupled with poor communication between government and FBOs leading to the isolation of FBOs in rendering HIV and Aids services. Research findings further revealed poor application of the NSP 2007-2011 elements of effective communications, partnerships, service coordination, monitoring and evaluation including provision of support through financial resources by government to enhance FBOs HIV and Aids service delivery. The study concluded that the FBOs service delivery in the field of HIV and Aids in EMM is not in full alignment with the NSP 2007-2011. Furthermore, it was established that without an application of the developmental approach to facilitate the implementation of the NSP elements, FBOs HIV and Aids service delivery in alignment with the NSP 2007-2011, will be difficult to achieve. The study recommended that the NSP implementation must be based on the social development model to facilitate HIV and Aids service delivery linkages amongst government departments on a broad range of the interrelated development issues caused by the pandemic. It was also recommended that future National Strategic Plans should include social developmental themes, to ensure improved alignment of FBOs HIV and Aids service delivery, namely, a rights-based approach; partnerships; economic and social development; participation and a macro and micro focus. In particular, it was noted that government needs to strengthen its partnership with the FBOs and to provide intensified funding towards HIV and Aids service delivery. Further research should be conducted to establish how the NSP 2012-2016 (RSA, 2012) has incorporated these recommendations in order to fill the gaps identified in this study. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Social Work and Criminology / MA / Unrestricted

The researcher explored problems that hamper the implementation of the HIV/AIDS Policy at a specific public high school in KwaZulu-Natal. The research was designed as a qualitative single case study. Various data collection methods were implemented: a one-on-one interview was conducted with the principal, while the SMT and Life Orientation team took part in focus groups and the school governing body members completed a questionnaire. The researcher succeeded in answering the research question: Which problems hamper the implementation of the HIV/AIDS Policy at the participant high school in KwaZulu-Natal? She identified the principal and school governing body’s limited knowledge of their obligations with regard to the implementation of the HIV/AIDS Policy, different beliefs and myths related to specific ethnic groups towards HIV/AIDS, non-disclosure as a result of negative stigma and discrimination, the lack of cooperation from parents, cultural and religious beliefs as the main problems hindering the implementation of the HIV/AIDS Policy at this school. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Following the wake of the AIDS-catastrophe in the beginning of the eighties, homosexual men or 'men who have sex with men' (MSM) have been barred from donating blood throughout the planet. In this thesis I look into the different discourses at play in the context of creating the legal framework for blood donation in Sweden. Genealogically tracing the emergence of the category of MSM and mapping how the category is brought to use in contemporary negotiations on blood safety, I scrutinize how scientific truth is established within blood transfusion practice. I argue that the rationality of risk group exclusion is contingent on economical grounds, and that the foucauldian concept of biopolitics could productively be used to understand this rationality. In particular, the concept of the 'biopolitics of blood' can be employed in order to understand the reluctance from the involved actors to acknowledge the heteronormative consequences of the legal framework of contemporary blood donation. / Sedan HIV-virusets uppkomst i början av åttiotalet har homosexuella män eller 'män som har sex med män' (MSM) uteslutits från blodgivning. I den här uppsatsen tittar jag på de sexualitetsdiskurser som cirkulerar i de sammanhang där dessa regler utvecklas. Genom att genealogiskt spåra uppkomsten av kategorin MSM och sedan följa hur den används i samtida förhandlingar om blodsäkerhet undersöker jag hur vetenskaplig sanning etableras inom svensk blodtransfusion. Jag menar att riskgruppslogiken till viss del vilar på ekonomiska grunder, samt att begreppet 'blodets biopolitik' produktivt kan användas för att förstå den motvilja som de inblandade aktörerna visar mot att erkänna de heteronormativa konsekvenser som dagens lagstiftning kring blodgivning har.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research has sought to critically discuss and analyse how the introduction of a HIV and AIDS policy in the workplace reduces stigma and discrimination within the workplace, increases VCT and reduces the risk of infection. This research, sought to further discuss and analyse how the ideas, beliefs and values embedded within a HIV and AIDS policy can be further extended into the community. This research focused on the literature of key theorists such as Donnely, S. (2002). A New Form of Discrimination in the Workplace (www.iol.co.za April 29th 2002), Hereck, G.M. (1990). Illness Stigma and AIDS. Psychological Aspects of Serious Illness. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Noted on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New Jersey: Prentice Hall as a means of validating the research. This research has further made use of both qualitative and quantitative methods through the use of biographical questionnaires and structured one-on-one interviews. In so doing the research has found that the implementation of a HIV and AIDS workplace policy would assist in eradicating stigma and discrimination in the workplace. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om te bepaal tot watter mate die implementering van 'n MIV/Vigsbeleid stigma en diskriminasie in die werksplek kan verminder, vrywillige toetsing kan aanmoedig en infeksie kan voorkom. Die navorsing poog verder om te bepaal op welke wyse die idees, waardes en gelowe, soos vervat in 'n MIV/Vigsbeleid, uitgebrei kan word na die wyer gemeenskap. Die navorsing focus op die teoretiese werk van Donnely, S. (2002), A New Form of Discrimination in the Workplace (www.iol.co.za April 29th 2002); Hereck, G.M. (1990). Illness Stigma and AIDS. Psychological Aspects of Serious Illness. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association en Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Noted on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New Jersey: Prentice Hall ten einde die geldigheid van die navorsing te bepaal. 'n Gestruktureerde vraelys en onderhoude is vir dataversameling gebruik en die bevinding van die studie is dat 'n goed-geformuleerde MIV/Vigsbeleid wel stigma en die diskriminasie in die werksplek kan voorkom.

The point of departure in this study was to find a logical structure to answer the research question. In order to do this, the central concept adequate was defined, clarified and linked to the research question while on the same score, concepts related to it were also defined and clarified. The objectives of the study and the conceptual instruments were combined and thereafter linked to HIV/AIDS as a real life phenomenon. The literature reviewed assisted in accessing sources relevant to the topic, in setting the theoretical framework for the study and selecting appropriate tools to measure and evaluate the adequacy of governmental health and welfare interventions. The theoretical framework of the study is informed by the idea that the Government has obligations in terms of a social contract with society. On this basis, a conceptual instrument was built, bearing in mind section 2 of the 1996 Constitution. The evaluation criteria used involves collection and sifting through information and data while on the same score, making judgements about the validity of information obtained and deriving inferences from such information. / Public Administration / M. Admin. (Public Administration)

The AIDS epidemic affects the capacity of the South African public service to deliver essential services. In response, the Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism in Limpopo implemented its HIV/AIDS workplace policy in 2003. This research evaluated the extent to which resources were allocated towards the implementation of the workplace policy, to effectively respond to the impacts of HIV/AIDS on the workplace. A combined quantitative and qualitative approach was used. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews of 43 officers involved in the implementation of the workplace policy, using a semi-structured questionnaire. The results indicated that the resources allocated for the workplace HIV/AIDS policy, namely budget, human resources and materials, were inadequate, with district offices being worse affected. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)