Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-12-12T16:33:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Hilda Braz Silva Sousa - 2017.pdf: 2631737 bytes, checksum: 6e1d771b2993515a0db80319a26bed92 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-12-13T09:34:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Hilda Braz Silva Sousa - 2017.pdf: 2631737 bytes, checksum: 6e1d771b2993515a0db80319a26bed92 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T09:34:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Hilda Braz Silva Sousa - 2017.pdf: 2631737 bytes, checksum: 6e1d771b2993515a0db80319a26bed92 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-08 / The main theme of this research is the teaching identity. It is a study that seeks to understand the identity aspects of eight English teachers of the public education of the state of Goiás in Goiânia. It has as theoretical support the cultural theories of identity with the Systemic-Functional Linguistics discourse analysis of, consolidated with the Appraisal System, specifically, its sub-system of Attitude. It is important to note that Systemic-Functional Linguistics considers that it is not possible to do discourse analysis without considering the context of culture and context of situation. These contexts were essential for understanding teachers' identities. Thus in the analysis both theories were used. The Arguments that justify a choice for the profession and evaluations about teacher’s performance in classroom composed the textual corpora, which were generated through semi-structured and transcribed interviews. The discourse analysis of each teacher's speech was based on these interviews. The analysis effort was carried out to search, identify and understand significative aspects, constitutive of the identities of the teachers when uttering their speeches about a choice of the profession and their teaching activities. After the discourse analysis of each participant, it was verified that it had in common in order to understand if the researched teachers shared some identity aspect among the shared ones, it was verified that they evaluate themselves to teach, but that this process is not materialized by factors that are beyond their controls, leaving them uncomfortable with the students' non-learning. From this incongruity between being prepared to teach and not achieved, signing, the participants' identities were interpreted. The result showed that the identity aspects of these teachers are in accordance with the current configuration of society, that is, it is an off-center, fragmented, contradictory identity. / A temática principal desta pesquisa é a identidade docente. É um estudo que busca compreender aspectos identitários de oito professores de inglês da rede pública de educação do estado de Goiás, em Goiânia. Tem como aportes teóricos as teorias culturais de identidade em conjunto com a análise do discurso da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, consolidada com o Sistema de Avaliatividade, especificamente, o seu subsistema de Atitude. É importante observar que a Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional considera que não é possível fazer uma análise do discurso sem considerar o contexto de cultura e o contexto de situação. Esses contextos foram imprescindíveis para entender os aspectos identitários desses professores. Assim, nas análises coadunaram as duas teorias citadas. Argumentos que justificam a escolha pela profissão e avaliações sobre a atuação em sala de aula desses professores formaram os corpora textuais, que foram gerados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e transcritas. A análise do discurso de cada professor baseou-se nessas entrevistas. O esforço das análises foi canalizado para a identificação e compreensão de aspectos significativos, constitutivos das identidades dos docentes ao proferirem seus discursos sobre a escolha da profissão e suas atuações docentes. Após a análise do discurso de cada participante, verificou-se o que havia de comum para entender se os professores pesquisados compartilham alguns aspectos identitários. Dentre os aspectos compartilhados, constatou-se que eles se avaliam preparados para ensinar, mas que este processo não se concretiza por fatores que estão além de seus controles, deixando-os desconfortáveis com o não aprendizado dos alunos. A partir dessa incongruência entre estarem preparados para ensinar e não conseguirem ensinar, interpretaram-se os aspectos identitários dos participantes. O resultado alcançado foi que os aspectos identitários desses professores estão de acordo com a atual configuração da sociedade, ou seja, é uma identidade descentrada, fragmentada, contraditória etc.

A tese propõe uma análise multidisciplinar e dogmática da arbitragem societária, notadamente do processo de inclusão de cláusula compromissória no estatuto social de sociedades anônimas fechadas, com base em uma deliberação assemblear tomada pela regra da maioria (fase pré-arbitral). O ponto de partida do trabalho é o exame da dimensão jurídica do contrato de sociedade aliado à verificação dos limites da autonomia privada dos sócios na definição da estrutura do negócio jurídico societário, à compreensão da categoria dos direitos subjetivos e dos traços fundamentais que formam a tipologia das anônimas fechadas, incluindo o tratamento dado aos direitos individuais dos acionistas. Ato contínuo, desloca-se a discussão para as esferas arbitral e constitucional, com especial atenção para os pressupostos da arbitragem como método de resolução de conflitos. O cerne do trabalho reside na relação entre a situação subjetiva ativa do acionista de manifestar sua vontade favorável ou contrariamente à escolha da arbitragem e a eficácia da regra da maioria como pilar de funcionamento das sociedades anônimas. Sustenta-se que a escolha da arbitragem constitui um direito fundamental de todo o acionista, cuja renúncia depende de manifestação, expressa ou tácita, de sua vontade, a qual não pode ser elidida ou alterada pelo estatuto ou pela assembleia geral majoritária sem o seu consentimento. Após examinar as correntes doutrinárias sobre o tema no Brasil e as possíveis alternativas para resolver o imbróglio, o estudo concluiu que a alteração legislativa que cria uma hipótese adicional de recesso representa a melhor solução para a problemática. / The thesis examines arbitration in corporate law, namely the inclusion of a statutory arbitration clause in the by-laws of a closely held corporation based on a deliberation taken by the majority rule (pre-arbitration phase). The study starts by analyzing the legal aspects of the corporate contract together with the limits of shareholders autonomy in defining the structure of such contract and the characteristics that form the typology of corporations, including shareholders individual rights. The discussion then moves on the arbitration and constitutional spheres, particularly to the premises of arbitration as a form of settling conflicts. The core of the thesis is the relation between the prerogative of a shareholder to express its will in favor of or against arbitration and the incidence of the full effects of the majority rule as an essential element in the structure of a corporation. The study sustains that the choice for arbitration is a fundamental right of all shareholders, which is why renunciation depends on their express or tacit individual manifestation and therefore, majority deliberation cannot in itself insert or remove it from by-laws. Finally, the thesis provides different scholars understandings on the issue as well as the main possible alternatives to dealt with it. The creation of an additional hypothesis of appraisal right within the existing law is suggested as the best solution to solve this conundrum.

Este estudo busca aprofundar a análise dos mecanismos de proteção disponíveis no direito pátrio para a proteção dos interesses de acionistas não controladores e credores, inclusive aqueles titulares de debêntures, bônus de subscrição e partes beneficiárias, das sociedades envolvidas em uma operação de incorporação. Para tanto, são abordados os dispositivos legais, as interpretações jurisprudenciais e as posições doutrinárias no direito pátrio e no direito comparado. A primeira parte do trabalho apresenta o instituto da incorporação envolvendo sociedades anônimas e a sua importância no contexto econômico brasileiro. A segunda parte do trabalho expõe um panorama sobre os mecanismos utilizados para a proteção dos interesses dos acionistas não controladores, com relação a eventuais abusos por parte da administração ou da acionista controladora, nas operações de incorporação envolvendo sociedades anônimas. A terceira parte do trabalho aborda os mecanismos utilizados para a tutela dos credores nas operações de incorporação de sociedades anônimas, com relação aos arbítrios da administração e dos acionistas da companhia. / This paper aims to deepen the analysis of the mechanisms provided by Brazilian Law to protect non-controlling shareholders and creditors, including those who are holders of bonds, warrants and share certificates, of companies involved in a merger transaction. For this purpose, this work examines the legal provisions, case law understandings and doctrinal positions in Brazilian Law and Comparative Law. The first part of this paper presents the merger institute involving corporations and its importance in the current Brazilian economy. The second part of this paper provides an overview of the mechanisms used to protect the interests of non-controlling shareholders, with respect to possible abuses by the management or the controlling shareholder in mergers. The third part of this paper deals with the mechanisms used to protect creditors in the mergers of corporations against the whims of the companys management and shareholders.

Um modelo de avaliação da propriedade imobiliária referenciado à qualidade ambiental pode ser um instrumento para os estudos de impactos ambientais, relacionando seus efeitos aos valores das propriedades, tendo por preocupação contribuir para o aprimoramento dos Estudos de Impacto Ambiental, e aperfeiçoamento dos Relatórios de Impacto Ambiental, dispositivos legais exigidos pela legislação ambiental brasileira. A metodologia foi desenvolvida a partir de uma abordagem analítica de trabalhos que, tendo por temática central o estudo do valor da propriedade, procuraram, através de um modelo matemático, relacioná-lo à qualidade ambiental da moradia. Parte-se da hipótese de que se uma moradia tem mais atributos desejáveis entre eles a qualidade ambiental do que outra esta avaliação será refletida em um preço mais alto no mercado. A partir do perfil metodológico encontrado neste painel de trabalhos, propõe-se um modelo para avaliação do impacto ambiental nos valores das propriedades imobiliárias e,finalmente, com dados imobiliários extraídos do mercado residencial, testa -se este modelo em um caso concreto na estruturação urbana da cidade de são Paulo: a Usina de Compostagem de Lixo da vila Leopoldina, com os efeitos de seu impacto ambiental nos valores das propriedades residenciais vizinhas. Concluiu-se que a partir do significativo prejuízo, calculado para 33 elementos da pesquisa, ocasionado pelo incômodo registrado como \"um mau cheiro\" pela população da região, pode-se afirmar que na totalidade do espaço físico desta região a magnitude da depreciação recomendaria um deslocamento da usina com efetivo ganho não apenas para a comunidade, como também para a municipalidade, com um previsível salto na tributação do imposto territorial e urbano proporcionado pela revalorização dos valores imobiliários. / A model for the evaluation of real estate regarding the environmental quality can be a tool for the environmental impact studies, relating its effects to the estate values, aiming at contributing to the improvement of the Environmental Impact Studies and the perfection of the Environmental Impact Reports, legal devices required by the Brazilian environmental legislation. The methodology was developed after an analytical approach to papers which, having the study of the estate value as central theme, have tried, through a mathematical model, to relate it to the environmental quality of housing. Starting from the hypothesis that if one housing happens to have more desirable attributes among them the environmental quality -than another, this evaluation will be reflected in a higher price in the market. From the methodological profile found in this collection of papers, a model for the evaluation of the environmental impact on the prices of the real estate is proposed and finally, with real estate data extracted from the housing market, this model is tested on a concrete case in the urban structuring o f S o Paulo city: the Vila Leopoldina Garbage Composting Plant, with the effects of its environmental impact on the prices of neighboring residential estates. It was concluded that judging from the significant loss calculated for 33 elements of the research, caused by the disturbance reported as \"a bad smell\" by the neighboring population, it can be stated that on the whole of the physical space in this area, the magnitude of the depreciation would recommend the removal of the plant with effective profit not only for the community, but also for the municipality, with a foreseeable increase of the urban and territorial taxes yielded by the restoration of the real estate prices.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-08-02T14:54:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrieladasilvapires.pdf: 3876837 bytes, checksum: 354396fd2c6464588ee00023a54dc85b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-04T10:56:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrieladasilvapires.pdf: 3876837 bytes, checksum: 354396fd2c6464588ee00023a54dc85b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T10:56:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrieladasilvapires.pdf: 3876837 bytes, checksum: 354396fd2c6464588ee00023a54dc85b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-20 / Enunciados como (1) “até que para um carro 1.0 ele anda bem na estrada” e (2) “PRA QUEM JÁ MORDEU UM CACHORRO POR COMIDA, ATÉ QUE EU CHEGUEI LONGE” têm nos chamado a atenção pelo fato de expressarem um tipo de concessividade (frustração de expectativas) ao passo que um elemento é colocado em evidência em comparação ao frame ao qual é vinculado. Ancorados nos pressupostos da Gramática das Construções (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006; FILLMORE; LEE-GOLDMAN & RHOMIEUX, 2012), Teoria dos Espaços Mentais (FAUCONNIER, 1994, 1997; FAUCONNIER & TURNER, 2002) e igualmente norteados pelas abordagens sobre concessividade (KÖNIG & SIEMUND, 2000) e comparação linguística (HASEGAWA et al, 2010), buscamos legitimar esses tipos de ocorrências como instâncias do que chamamos de Construção Concessivo-comparativa Anteposta Enfática (CCCAE), em (1), esquematizada por “ATÉ QUE PARA X, Y”; e Construção Concessivo-comparativa Anteposta Simples (CCCAS), em (2), esquematizada por “PARA X, Y”. Nesses esquemas, “X” é marcado como um Sintagma Nominal preferencialmente Indefinido, que gera certas expectativas sobre frames; e “Y” contém um comentário avaliativo contrário às expectativas. Nesse sentido, contribuem para a pesquisa os estudos sobre Semântica de Frames (FILLMORE, 1982) e estudos complementares sobre Avaliatividade (MARTIN & WHITE, 2005). Seguindo uma metodologia empírica, constituímos um banco de dados, por meio de busca em três domínios da internet: “abril.com.br”, “blogspot.com.br” e “br.answers.yahoo.com”, com as seguintes expressões de busca: “(até que) para/pra alguém”; “(até que) para/pra quem”; “(até que) para/pra um”; “(até que) para/pra uma”. Ao final, obtivemos 19 ocorrências válidas em CCCAS e 385 ocorrências válidas em CCCAE. A partir das análises dos dados, podemos considerar alguns aspectos das construções. Foi verificado que, quando configuradas com correferencialidade (direta ou indireta) entre X e o elemento comentado em Y, essas construções atuam tipicamente para estabelecer uma relação concessivo-comparativa entre a expectativa gerada a partir de X e a quebra de expectativa feita no comentário em Y, sobre um elemento que atua como membro menos prototípico da categoria acionada pelo frame evocado em X. Quanto à CCCAE, os frames mais evocados nos comentários feitos em Y – Desirability, Success_or_failure e Aesthetics – são esquemas conceptuais ligados à avaliação, o que é um forte indício de que esta construção tenha caráter avaliativo. Como recurso avaliativo, a CCCAE é mais comumente usada para apreciar a qualidade de produtos e julgar comportamento humano em relação à capacidade. Tanto CCCAE como CCCAS parecem promover um processo de mesclagem conceptual, que relaciona escalas entre os espaços mentais e promove o surgimento de categoria ad hoc, em que a avaliação feita é relativizada a um grupo de expectativas; podendo variar entre o elogio e a crítica. Assim, essas construções, ao promoverem um tipo de crítica velada, mostram-se fortes recursos argumentativos e avaliativos da língua. / Utterances as (1) “até que para um carro 1.0 ele anda bem na estrada” and (2) “PRA QUEM JÁ MORDEU UM CACHORRO POR COMIDA, ATÉ QUE EU CHEGUEI LONGE” call our attention to the fact that they express a kind of concessivity (frustration of expectations) whilst an element is put in evidence as compared to the frame to which it is bound. Based on the assumptions of Construction Grammar (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006; FILLMORE;-LEE GOLDMAN & RHOMIEUX, 2012), Mental Space theory (FAUCONNIER, 1994, 1997; FAUCONNIER & TURNER, 2002), and also approaches to concessivity (KÖNIG & SIEMUND, 2000) and linguistic comparison (HASEGAWA et al, 2010), we aim to legitimize these kinds of occurrences as instances of Emphatic Prefixed Concessive-comparative Construction (henceforth CCCAE), in (1), schematized by “ATÉ QUE PARA X, Y”; and Simple Prefixed Concessive-comparative Construction (henceforth CCCAS), in (2), schematized by “PARA X, Y”. In these schemes, “X” is marked as a Noun Phrase preferably Indefinite, which creates certain expectations of frames; and “Y” contains an evaluative comment contrary to expectations. In this sense, studies on Frame Semantics (FILLMORE, 1982) and further studies on Appraisal (MARTIN & WHITE, 2005) contribute to the research. Following an empirical methodology, we set up a database by searching in three areas of the Internet: “abril.com.br”, “blogspot.com.br” and “br.answers.yahoo.com” with the following search expressions: “(até que) para/pra alguém”; “(até que) para/pra quem”; “(até que) para/pra um”; “(até que) para/pra uma”. At the end, we obtained 19 valid occurrences of CCCAS and 385 valid occurrences of CCCAE. From the data analysis, we can consider some aspects of the constructions. When there is coreferenciality (directly or indirectly) between X and the element mentioned in Y, these constructions typically act to establish a concessivecomparative relationship between the expectation generated from X and the break of expectations in the comment in Y, which is about an element that acts as a less prototypical member of the category driven by the evoked frame in X. As for CCCAE, the three most mentioned frames in Y – Desirability, Success_or_failure and Aesthetics – are conceptual schemes linked to the evaluation, which is a strong indication that this construction has an evaluative character. As an evaluative resource, CCCAE is most commonly used to assess the quality of products and judge human behavior in relation to capacity. Both CCCAE and CCCAS seem to promote a conceptual blending process, which relates scales between mental spaces and promotes the emergence of ad hoc category, in which the evaluation is relativized to a group of expectations; ranging between praise and criticism. As these constructions promote a kind of veiled criticism, they act as powerful argumentative and evaluative linguistic resources.

Orientador: Aparecida Mari Iguti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T07:36:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_PauloNavarrode_M.pdf: 3013113 bytes, checksum: f0dd8a3c7e9ead4c27aa569c2b08dcc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A grande crise global do capitalismo, iniciada nos anos 1970, teve repercussões importantes, tanto na reorganização dos processos produtivos quanto na reorganização dos Estados Nacionais, sob a égide ideológica neoliberal. No tocante aos processos produtivos, tiveram lugar variados processos de reengenharia da gestão do trabalho que são conjuntamente denominados por Lima (1996) como Novas Políticas de Recursos Humanos (NPRH). Este processo teve lugar no Brasil nos anos 1990, sendo reconhecido nesta pesquisa como Contra-Reforma do Estado brasileiro. Partindo da premissa de que um dos efeitos deste avanço neoliberal consiste da progressiva incorporação dos conceitos e diretrizes das Novas Políticas de Recursos Humanos no âmbito do serviço público, materializada na implantação de programas que introduzem arranjos e dispositivos da lógica empresarial na gestão do trabalho dos servidores públicos, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa de tipo documental com o objetivo de compreender a utilização da Avaliação do Desempenho do Trabalhador como estratégia gerencial na Atenção Básica à Saúde. Recortou-se, como corpus empírico, a adoção de dois programas governamentais: em nível nacional, o Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica, e em nível municipal, o Programa de Avaliação Periódica do Desempenho dos servidores públicos municipais de Campinas. Utilizou-se metodologia inspirada na Análise de Conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011), procedendo-se um estudo descritivo seguido de uma análise por categorização. Os documentos oficiais foram analisados destacandos-se três grupos de categorias de análise, relacionados a (1) os parâmetros; (2) o modo de condução; e (3) o sistema de recompensas. Com diferentes nuances, concluímos que ambos os Programas possuem, em seus discursos normativos, elementos de aproximação com as NPRH, sendo a utilização da Avaliação do Desempenho do Trabalhador como instrumento gerencial semelhante ao uso que é feito no setor privado. Tal utilização pode ser considerada como uma forma de privatização da gestão do trabalho dos servidores públicos, o que consideramos um indicativo de avanço da hegemonia neoliberal no Estado e na sociedade brasileira / Abstract: The great global crisis of capitalism, started in the 1970s, had important repercussions, both in the reorganization of production processes and in National States, under the neoliberal ideological aegis. Concerning to the production processes, several reengineering processes of the work management took place, that are jointly referred by Lima (1996) as New Policies of Human Resources (NPRH). This process took place in Brazil in the 1990s, being recognized on this research as the Counter-Reformation of the Brazilian State. Assuming that one of the effects of this neoliberal progress is the gradual incorporation of the concepts and guidelines of the New Policies of Human Resources within the public service, substantiated on the implementation of programs that introduce arrangements and devices from business logic on managing the work of civil servants, a documentary type of qualitative research was carried out, in order to understand the use of the Employee Performance Appraisal as a management strategy in Primary Health Care. It was stressed, as empirical corpus, the adoption of two governmental programs: on the national level, the National Program of Improvement of the Primary Care¿s Access and Quality (PMAQ-AB), and on the municipal level, the Program of Periodic Performance Evaluation of municipal servants of Campinas. A methodology inspired on the Content Analysis (BARDIN, 2011) was used, carrying out a descriptive study followed by an analysis by categorization. Official documents were analyzed with emphasis on three groups of analysis¿ categories, related to (1) the parameters; (2) the driving mode, and; (3) the reward system. With different nuances, we conclude that both Programs have, in their normative discourses, elements of approach with the NPRH, being the use of Employee Performance Appraisal as management instrument similar to the use that is made on the private sector. Such use can be considered as a privatization way of the work management of the public servants, what we consider an advancement indicative of neoliberal hegemony in the State and Brazilian society / Mestrado / Política, Planejamento e Gestão em Saúde / Mestre em Saude Coletiva

This master thesis presents an approach on how to design moral behaviour in a scenario with een. een is an iteration of emobn which is based on bn, an action selection system with activation dynamics among modules, goal oriented and capable of prediction and planing. The design is based on current research from prominent psychologist like Haidt and uses Mikhial’s umg framework for causal and intentional validation. Also Roseman’s appraisal model and Haidt’s mft is used for determining moral emotions in a moral context. The design is tested against empirical results from philosophical experiment know as the trol- ley problem, a well known moral dilemma.

Dès le XIe siècle, le royaume de France est témoin du retour d’un mal terrifiant : la lèpre. L’Auvergne n’est pas épargnée et souffre de la maladie dès le début du XIIe siècle au moins. L’endémie frappe alors les populations et contraint les autorités locales à réagir pour stopper la propagation du mal avec, notamment, l’installation de plusieurs léproseries. Au sein du diocèse de Clermont, ce sont les Montferrandais qui sont les plus organisés avec un tribunal fondé sur une procédure inquisitoire atypique et unique en France : « la Purge ». Les origines de cette juridiction sont obscures. L’historien n’en saisit l’existence et le fonctionnement qu’au début du XIVe siècle, quand elle est créée ou officialisée sous la forme d’un tribunal royal, utilisé ensuite jusqu’au XVIIe siècle. La Purge, détenue et présidée par les consuls de Montferrand, a pour but de convoquer, d’examiner, de juger puis d’écarter de la société saine les lépreux en Auvergne, mais aussi dans les pays voisins. La recherche porte sur l’histoire de la lèpre (premières mentions de la maladie en Auvergne, installation des léproseries, cartographie hospitalière), mais s’attache surtout au tribunal de la Purge. L’étude s’intéresse particulièrement à cet organe juridico-médical, à son origine, à son fonctionnement, à son ressort et aux difficultés rencontrées par la cour royale. Les origines sociales et géographiques des officiers composant l’institution comme leurs carrières sont également appréhendées au moyen de l’outil prosopographique. Le but de la recherche, enfin, est de déterminer quel est le statut du lépreux en Auvergne à la fin du Moyen Âge et au début de l’époque moderne. Les ladres sont-ils traités comme de simples malades ou comme des « criminels » tels que le suppose la masse documentaire de la Purge ? / From the 11th century, the kingdom of France witnesses the return of the terrifying evil : the leprosy. Auvergne is not spared and suffers from the disease from the beginning of the 12th century at least. The endemic disease strikes then the populations and forces the local authorities to react to stop the distribution of the evil with, in particular, the installation of several leper-houses. Within the diocese of Clermont, it is the city of Montferrand which is the most organized with a court based on a procedure atypical and unique in France name "the Purge". The origins of this jurisdiction are dark. The historian seizes the existence with it and the functioning only at the beginning of the 14th century, when it is created or officialized under the shape of a royal court, used then until 17th century. The Purge, held and chaired by the consuls of Montferrand, aims at summoning, at examining, at judging then at pushing aside from the healthy society the lepers in Auvergne, but also in the nearby countries. The research concerns the history of the leprosy (first mentions of the disease in Auvergne, installation of leper-houses, hospitable mapping), but becomes attached especially to the court of the Purge. The study is particularly interested in this juridical-medical organ, in its origin, in its functioning, in its competence and in the difficulties met by the royal court. The social and geographical origins of the officers composing the institution as their careers are also studied by means of the prosopographique tool. The purpose of the search, finally, is to determine what is the status of the leper in Auvergne at the end of the middle Ages and at the beginning of modern time. Are the lepers treated as simple patients or as "criminals" such as supposes it the documentation of the Purge?

不動產估價獨立客觀為金融體系穩定的關鍵因素，而客戶影響是探討估價獨立性的重要議題。過去多以問卷調查、實驗設計或深度訪談方式進行相關研究，卻難以證明不動產估值受到客戶影響之真實情形。本文蒐集公開資訊觀測站相同不動產其買賣雙方各自委託之估值及其成交價，在雙方均有影響估值之動機前提下，以獨立樣本t檢定及Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney檢定驗證其估值溢價率以及估值差異比率在不同變數情況下之差異情形。實證結果顯示，不動產估值因客戶為買方或賣方不同而有顯著差異，另經驗老練客戶將使不動產估值差異更為擴大，而不動產採標售方式買賣者，其估值差異比率遠較採議價方式高。 / The independent objective of real estate appraisal is the key factor of the stability of the financial system, while the client influence is an important issue of the independence of valuation. In the past, more of the relevant research by questionnaire, experiment or interview, but it is difficult to verify the real situation of the client influence. This paper collected the cases of same real estate that both the buyer and the seller commissioned the valuation and the transaction price from MOPS, under the premise that both parties have the motivation to influence the valuation, to examine the valuation premium ratio and valuation difference ratio with the independent sample t test and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. The results show that the real estate valuation is significantly different from clients, and experienced clients will make the real estate valuation differences more widened. However, the valuation difference ratio of the transactions by auction is much higher than the valuation difference ratio of the transactions by bargain.

This paper is concerned with media perceptions and how these manifest as hegemonic practices. Exploring the theme ‘language and politics’, against the backdrop of the Occupy Central with Love and Peace (OCLP) demonstrations in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), this paper sheds light on the discursive constructions of media representations in three ‘Chinese’[1] regions as well as on how such representations constitute vested interests. By addressing mediatised social, political and institutional discourses in the ‘Chinese’ context, this leads to an exploration as to how perceptions are embedded within larger socio-political discourses of sovereignty and legitimacy. The focus of analysis is the English-language press in Hong Kong (HK/HKSAR), China (PRC) and Taiwan (ROC). Critical discourse analysis is carried out on a series of thirteen newspaper articles[2] with the objective of making explicit the invisible ‘work’ that discursive strategies do in influencing interpretations and understanding of a political event in a non-Western context. Guided by Martin & White’s (2005) appraisal theory, the analysis views newspaper discourses not only as value-laden texts but by doing so also reveals readers’ and writers’ stance thus dispelling the myth that ‘news’ is objective. Findings depict varied perspectives on the Occupy Central demonstrations – Mainland and HK newspapers’ treatment were rather critical, while Taiwanese perceptions tended towards the analytical. This difference suggests HK and Mainland media as ideologically aligned – hegemonic – and positions Taiwanese media as potentially counter-hegemonic. Amidst issues of declining press freedoms, considerable variations were also found among the HK newspapers suggesting the presence press plurality. Regardless, media hegemony over public perceptions were found not only to contribute to and uphold certain interests vested in the maintenance of ‘Chinese’ sovereignty over HK under the ‘one country, two systems’ framework. Overall, findings confirmed just how influential a role the media plays as an extension of and in the realm of politics as well as in shaping public opinion. Through the lens ‘language and politics’, this paper explores the notion of ‘language’ and ‘discourse’, its functions and significance within non-English/Western national media systems. Such an examination thus highlights concepts and issues relevant in the field of bi-/multilingualism in society. [1] The term ‘Chinese’ is used in inverted commas throughout this paper and is mainly employed as an umbrella term to refer to the regions of Hong Kong, Taiwan and China for expediency. However, the inverted commas also denote that caution should be exercised when using the term as a referent to either language, culture and/or people as it may index different norms depending on context. This point is further elucidated in the introductory part of this paper as the term ‘Chinese’ is viewed as a social construction. [2] The data is taken from two newspapers per region with two news articles per newspaper, with the exception of Hong Kong’s South China Morning Post (SCMP) where 3 news articles were analysed.